
Class L- I "}<=? ; 

Book____ijL_____ 

Copi§fitN°_A5^^ 



Progressive Maps, No, 1. 



92 TjOnf.-fiatn Q2 GxeeriAviclT- 8 2. 




East of the Mssissippi,)^ 

m mmnm m mt mmmm. 



15 Long. front lo Wash'g't'it 



PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY 



OF THE 



IJ^s^TED STATES; 



TO AVHICH ARE ADDED 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 



COiXSTITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH 

QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 

JOHN Jr" ANDERSON, A.M., ■^INGT^^^'''^ 



LATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL ^0. 31, NEW YORK CITY: 

AUTHOR OF SCHOOL HISTOKIES OF THE UNITliD STATES, A MANUAL OF GENERAL HIS CBX 
A HlSXtmi: OF tAULAJiJJ, ANJI .VX HISTORICAL KEADEP.. 

NEW YORK. 

CLARK, & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 
5 Barclay Stheet. 
1872. 



Anderson's Historical Series. 



1. Introductory School IIi§tory of the United 

states. Illn8trated with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. ^^iilieo 

This work, thonph arranged on the catechetical plan, may be read as a continnono 

narrative, the text havin- been fully written befoVe the questions i^?epreZed 

JJl ^ESI«^EI^ FOR CLASSES OP ADVANCED AS WELL AS l6wER GRADES? IN WUICli 
ONLY A VERY BRIKP OUTLINE OP THE HISTORY Olf THE COUNTRY FROM ITS DIS 
COVERT TO THE PRESENT TIME IS TAUG'^T. iJ«i«i i!«OM ITS DIS 

Til ?• .S"™.*"**" School History of the United States. 

Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. ]6mo. •^K»i.t^s. 

!^ Ji!!^ ^'■'f ^r "^"u^ catechetical than the preceding, sjnc* the answers are more 
independent of each other. Designed for large graded schools. 

„ .,p- CJraminar School History of the United States. 

\Vith one series of maps showing the location of the places referred to; and another 

dJvisS.'^lsf "p'^'ILl '" '"""^'^ ^" ''' '""■^'^'•'"^ acquisitions'and poIiSj 

thJ^r^^7^f^.'! """ ^r^ narrative plan, with a set of qnestions for topical review at 
io.^^il^ ^^^ sections. It will meet all the wants op graded schools and 

Pnii?n,'*.'^t^?'''f;' **^*'®®" History of the United States. 

Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. 

f^P^ll^^'"'"^^ *^?^^° ^V^^^ narrative plan, but more circumstantial in its statements 
than the preceding. Designed for high-schools and academies. 

*,*fu^!i,^^^'^^'^'^ above-named works contains the Declaration of Independence 
and the Constitution of the United States, with questions and explanat"on?rand fu 
the Grammar bchool History, wiU also be found Washington's FareweU Address. 

5. A Jflanual of General History. 419 pp i2mo iiins 

trated with maps, showing the changes in the political divisions of the world and 
giving the location of important places. Various tables of chronolo'ry and contem- 
poraneous events are also given, with a complete pronouncing iuJiix. Designed 
FOR classes op advanced grade. 

6. A School History of En$£-land. 300 pp. ismo. iiius, 

trated with nv.ps, showino: the geographical changes in the country at different 
periods. Chronological and genealogical tables arc iriven ; also a complete pro- 
uounciug index. Designed for classes op advanced grade. 

7. Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History, iihistiated with 

colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Designed for classes op high grade. 

J^'One of the leading aims in all of Anderson's ITisiories is to connect the acoara. 
phy with the chronology. ^ -^ 

8. The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse 
from standard writers in Ancient and Modem Ilistorv; with a Vocabulary of diflicul'. 
or unusual words, and a Geographical and Biographical Index. 12mo. 

CLARK & MAYNARD, Publishers, 

NEW YORK. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 

JOIIX J. ANDERSON, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



PREFACE. 

The work here offered embraces several features which, it 
is thought, will not fail to recommend it to such teachers as 
desire that their pupils should acquire a more comprehensive 
knowledge of the history of our country than can be obtained 
from either of the author's previous and more elementary 
works. 

It has been the leading aim, in the present one, to state 
every important fact in the history in clear and concise lan- 
guage, so that the pupil may be able readily to comprehend 
it, and, at the same time, to see its connection with the events 
preceding it. No important event, it is believed, has been 
omitted, nor any of the particulars necessary to make it fully 
understood. 

The questions at the bottom of the pages are more numer- 
ous than in any other school history. This has been done as 
much for the benefit of the teacher as of the pupil ; for, though 
the former may not actually need them, they will facilitate his 
labor, and secure better recitations from his pupils, by requir- 
ing greater precision, on their part, in the selection of their 
answers. In this way, the important habit of giving exact 
and explicit answers will be greatly encouraged. Discursive- 
ness in recitation may, indeed, sometimes be allowed, but 
always with great caution, so as to avoid that rambling and 
immethodical mode of thought which is so tiresome and 
injurious. 

By the plan of this work, every fact is learned with a due 
regard to its relative importance, and all are linked together 
so as to constitute, in the mind of the pupil, a complete and 
aninterrupted chain. It may be objected, that the plan of re- 
quiring only brief answers is not calculated to encourage this 



PREFACE. 



logical connection of events on the part of the young student. 
This objection has been obviated by the insertion, at the end 
of every few pages, of a list of review questions of an entirely 
different character, and much more comprehensive than those 
at the foot of each page. 

These review questions are, in the author's estimation, one 
of the chief recommendations of the book. They directly 
call into active exercise the pupil's power of continuous 
thought, the answer to a single question very often requiring 
the substance of several paragraphs of the text. The pupil is 
thus made to perceive more clearly the connection between 
the events, and habits of thoughtful study are necessarily 
induced. 

It will be also observed that the work is copiously illustra- 
ted with, maps ; that dates are inserted with great frequency ; 
and that the chronological tables of battles, the settlement 
and admission of the States, the inauguration of the Presi- 
dents, and the general events in the history of the country 
from its discovery, are given -with fullness and precision. 

These maps and tables do not serve merely to enhance the 
attractive appearance of the work, but will contribute, it is be- 
lieved, greatly to its usefulness and value. Not only are they 
constantly referred to in the text, but a series of questions 
running through the book, and connecting the geography with 
the chronology, brings them forcibly before the pupil's atten- 
tion, and thus serves to give additional accuracy as Avell as 
permanency to his knowledge of the subject. 

The pronunciation of proper names has also been given 
more copiously than in either of the author's previous works, 
the authorities used being the gazetteer of Baldwin and the 
dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. 

While returning thanks to his fellow-teachers for the favor 
with which his former works have been received, the author 
submits this new one, with the hope that it may not prove less 
acceptable. 



OONTEE"TS. 



SECTION I.— Discoveries and Exploeations Page 11 

Colurabus (11); Amerigo Vespucci (13); John and Sebastian Cabot (13); 
Ponce de Leon (14); Balboa (15): De Ayllon (15); Cordova (IC); Gri- 
ialva (16); Cortez (16); Narvaez(17), De Soto (17); Verrazani (IS); Car- 
tier (18); Coligny (19); Melendez (20); De Gourges (20); Gilbert (20); 
Ealeigh(21); Amidas and Barlow (21); GrenviUe (22); Gosnold (22); Pring 
(23); Newport (25). 

SECTION II.— Colonial History 27 

Virginia (27); Massachusetts (37, 52); New Hampshire (43); Connecticut (45); 
Khode Island (49); New Yoric (60); New Jersey (66); Maryland (70); 
Pennsylvania (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina (7S); Geor- 
gia (81). 



SECTION III.— The French and Indian War . 



Events of 1753 (86); Events of 1754 (88); Events of 1755 (91); Events of 
1756 (95); Events of 1757 (96); Events of 1758 (100); Events of 1759 (103); 
Events of 1760 (106); Table of Principal Battles of the French and Indian 
War (108). 

SECTION IV.— The American Revolution 110 

Causes of the war (110); Events of 1775 (116); Events of 1776 (127); Events 
of 1777 (136); Events of 1778 (154); Events of 1779 (159); Events of 1780 
(16:3); Events of 17S1 (174) ; Close of the Revolution, and events to the begin- 
ning of Washington's Administration (186) ; Table of the Names of the Ameri- 
can Revolutionary Officers (190); Table of Principal Battles of the Revolution 
(191). 

SECTION V. — From the beginning of Washington's Administration to 

THE CLOSE OF JeFFERSON'S 194 

Washington's Administration (194); John Adams's Administration (200); 
Jetterson's Administration (203). 

SECTION VI.— Madison's Administration 210 

Causes of the Second War with England (210) ; Events of 1812 (212) ; Events 
of 1813 (218); Events of 1814 and Close of the War (231); Table of the Prin- 
cipal Land Battles of the Second War with England (243); Table of the Prin- 
cipal Naval Battles (244) ; War with Algiers (244). 

SECTION VII.— From the beginning of Monroe's Administration to 

THE CLOSE OF TyLER'S 248 

Monroe's Administration (248) ; John Quincy Adams's Administration (253); 
Jackson's Administration (254); Van Buren's Administration (261); Harrison''s 
Administration (263) ; Tyler's Administration (264). 

SECTION VIII.— From the beginning of Polk's Administration to the 

CLOSE OF Buchanan's P^g*^ 269 

Causes of the War with Mexico (270): Events of 1846 (271); Events of 1847 
(278); Table of the Principal Battles of the War (284); Taylor's Administra- 
tion (286); Fillmore's Administration (288); Pierce's Administration (289;; 
Buchanan's Administration (291). 



CONTENTS, 



SECTION IX. — From the deginning of Lincoln's Administration to the 

PRESENT TIME Page 297 

The Great Civil War (298); Events of 1862 (306); Events of 1863 (318); Events 
of 1864: (326) ; Events of 1865 (337) ; Jolinson's Admiuistratiou (3-iO); Grant's 
Administration (345). 

Territorial Growth of the United States 347 

Civil Progress of the Nation 351 

Chronological Table of the principal events relating to the History of the 

United States, from 1492 361 

A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 375 

A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 376 

The Declaration of Independence. Appendix, page 3 

The Constitution of the United States, with Questions and Explanations. . . 8 



PAGE 

1. Progressive Map, No. 1. Frontispiece 

2. First Voyage of Columbus to America 4 

3. Discoveries and Explorations 10 

4. Discoveries of Cartier, in 1535 .11. ........ . 19 

5. Gosnold's Expedition 23 

6. Vicinity of Chesapeake Bay . ■ 24 

7. Environs of Jamestown 29 

8. Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay 37 

9. German Ocean (Track of the May Flower) [ 39 

10. Poi'tsmouth and vicinity [ 44 

11. Vicinity of Louar Island Sound . .. 47 

12. The State of New York '." '.'.".'.".' 62 

13. The upper part of New Jersey with vicinity' of Philadelphia '.'.".... 68 

14. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 79 

15. Map showing the location of Events in the French and Indian War 85 

16. Oswego 90 

17. Nova S3:.t.a, New Brunswick, and vicinity . . . . . . . . . . .... ......." . .... 103 

18. B) lion and vicinity , 120 

19. Part of the Sorel River .". .".".'.* .".'.'.'..'.'........ ........ 124 

20. Vicinity of Charleston 129 

21. New York Bay 131 

22. Central Part of New Jersey." .'.'..............!..........'.. 136 

23. PhQadelphia and vicinity • 142 

24. Vicinity of Fort Schuyler.. '."'.................."..... 148 

25. Saratoga and vicinity ........." 149 

26. The Eastern part of the Carolinas. ............ .. .".'.* ................ .... 164 

27. Stony Point and Aacinity '.' 169 

23. New London and vicinity 183 

29. Progressive Map, No. 2. Facing 190 

30. Part of the Western States '. . . ."...'.' 192 

31. Detroit and vicinity . . " " 214 

32. Niagara Frontier .....................!..! .. .. 215 

33. State of Alabama ..I ... .....[. .'.V. ...... ...... .. 223 

34. Part of the Sorel River ^... ......... .[.\ ................ . 231 

35. Niagara Frontier [[..'".'.[. ..^i.. 233 

36. Part of Virginia and Maryland ....!!!!."....!"...!........." . . . . '. . ." 237 

37. Baltimore and vicinity 238 

38. Mobile and vicinity 239 

39. Part of Florida...". '..'..'..".'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .V.V. '.'.'.'.'."..'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.' 257 

40. Mexico, California, Texas, &c 268 

41. Taylor's Campaign in Texas and Mexico [ 271 

42. Scott's CamiDaign in Mexico 279 

43. Progressive Map, No. 3. Facing ..." *. . '. . ^\ . .......[[. . 284 

44. Pensacola and vicinity 295 

45. Part of the Southern and Western States. .'.".".'.'.'.'.'.'.*.'.' ".'.".'.'.'.".' ' '.'.'.'.'. .'.'.'.'.'. 300 

46. Norfolk and vicinity 312 

47. Vicinity of Richmond ^^ .^. ..... .... ....[ !!....'.!....."! 313 

48. Part of the Southern States . '320 

49. Part of Maryland and Eastern Part of Virginia. Facing .'.'.' 321 

50. Region Southwest of Washington 330 

51. Progressive Map No. 4. Facing 340 

52. Territorial Growth of the United States. Facing V.V." " " . . '. 347 



HOAV TO TEACH HISTORY. 

The author of this hook havlos boon solicited ''?, "S^'uf ^hofon'olh^- "lie 

rides as in accordance with circumstances. 

ASSIGNING THE LESSON. 
1 " Give out " a short lesson, at the same time designating a 
map to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, 
among other things, the location of the important places mention- 
ed in the lesson, m^ Let it be understood that no lesson is learn- 
ed by a pupil until he has learned how every place mentioned m 
it is located. 

2. Let the lesson be read by the class, care being taken to 
have all the proper names correctly pronounced. Endeavor also, 
to give interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throw- 
ing in historical incic'ents, and referring to authors. 

KECITATION. 

3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. In this duty- 
the teacher may be aided very much by a system of examinations 
carried out by the pupils themselves, who will derive benefit in 
many respects by the exercise. 

4. Brinff ont the facts of the lesson ivilh ^'l<^f.^ ^^^^s, partic 
ularlyZ relation of causes to results. 1 ^'^y ^'^^^'''''^'^tlfl 
answered, put others to elicit what has been omitted. Then ask 
the first question again, requiring it to be properly answered^ Of 
course the teacher should in all c«ses aim o have his questions 
answered with intelligence. Use outline wall-maps, and question 
freeTy on the geography. Occasionally have tl>e maps drawn on he 
blackboard. £# Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear that 
tiie pupil is S^^ainted with the location of the places referred 

to in it. 

REVIEWS. 

5 Review bv tonics. Besides the oral method, the composition 
plan, and XeoLTy written diagrams (see --^^^J.Pr-edinyx 2J). 
should occasionally be used. (The Review Questions, at different 
places in the book, furnish a number of topics and suggest 
others. A list of about two hundred topes is also given on the 
pages directly preceding the Declaration of Independence.) 

6 Dates. Do not reqnire dates too freely,-the month and 
the day of the month in no case, unless there is a special reason 
for it "^ Take the date of an important event - ^^^^^^^.P^^^VJ 
and when it is well fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the 
train^f events as causes, and on the other the tram of results. 




r^ 



INTRODUCTION. 



1. The geographers of ancient times had no knowledge 
whatever of America ; though it has been asserted that, 
several years before Christ, navigators had sailed out of 
the Mediterranean Sea, and, being wafted across the 
Atlantic Ocean by the trade-winds, had reached the West- 
ern Continent. 

2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of 
America by Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Nor- 
way and adjoining countries, colonized Iceland and Green- 
land, and made explorations in America as far south as 
New England. Settlements are also said to have been 
made in these regions by them, and intercourse kept up for 
some time with the mother country. These expeditions, 
however, seem not to have attracted any general atten- 
tion ; nor were their results permanent, or known to the 
other nations of Europe. 

3. It is almost certain that when Columbus set sail on 
his eventful Aoyage in 1492, he had not the least knowl- 
edge of the existence of a second continent ; nor is there 
any evidence whatever that he even imagined there was 
such a continent. His great aim was to find a shorter and 
better route to India than the one then traveled by way 
of Egypt and the Red Sea. The route around the south- 
ern extremity of Africa was not discovered until five years 
after. To him, nevertheless, is justly ascribed the honor 
of being the discoverer of the New World, since it was 



INTRODUCTION. 



tbrouo^h his enterprise and sagacity that its existence came 
to be generally known. 

4. At the time of Columbus's discovery the continent 
of America, from the icy latitudes of the ISTorth to the re- 
gions far south of the equator, together with most of its 
islands, was inhabited by various races who differed in 
many respects from Europeans. As the country at that 
time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean (p. 
15), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants 
were called Indians. In some parts of the country they 
were found to have attained a considerable degree of 
civilization ; in others they were in the savage state, 
being divided into tribes, living in rude huts called Avig- 
wams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting. They 
spoke different languages, and their religion consisted in 
worshiping an unknown and invisible Deity, whom they 
called the " Great Spirit." 

5. Whence did they come ? How' did they reach 
America ? How long bad they been living there ? These 
questions have been asked a great many times, but have 
never yet been satisfactorily answered. Many theories 
have been advanced to solve the difficulty ; but the origin 
of these various races, both civilized and uncivilized, re- 
mains as much a mystery as ever. 

6. According to one of these theories, America received 
its first inhabitants from eastern Asia, by way of Behring's 
Straits ; while otlier and more probable statements are, 
that vessels were at A^arious times wafted by the trade-winds 
across the Atlantic Ocean from the Old World, and that 
thus people of different races being accidentally carried to 
the other continent, settled there, and founded the differ- 
ent nations which inhabited it at the time of its discov- 
ery by Columbus. 



INTRODUCTION. 



V. Of one thing there can Be no doubt. When America 
was discovered by Columbus, it had been inhabited for 
centuries ; and the i^revious occupants of certain portions 
of it had attained a degree of civilization not possessed by 
their inliabitants at the time of this discovery. The evi- 
dences of this are still abundant in the ruins of temples and 
other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver 
found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of 
pottery of great antiquity have also been found ; and 
mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain parts, the 
origin of which was Tinknown to the uncivilized Indians. 

8. After Columbus led the way, expeditions Avere un- 
dertaken by Europeans of different nations, in order to ex- 
plore the New World and make settlements in various 
parts of it. None were marked by more heroism and 
self-sacrifice than those conducted by the French Catho- 
lics in their efforts to explore the country in the reo-ion 
of the great lakes, and along the Mississippi River and its 
tributary streams. Marquette {mar-ket'), La Salle {sal), 
and others, penetrated tlie vast wilderness by way of the 
St. Lawrence; and they were followed by others, who 
established stations at various places, and labored to con- 
vert the Indians to their faith (p. 212). 

9. At the close of the Revolutionary War the western 
boundary of the territorial possessions of the United States 
extended only to the Mississippi (p. 186). By the "Loui- 
siana Purchase," in 1803, the limits were extended to the 
Rocky Mountains (pp. 203, 204). The coast strip about 
fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed 
by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United 
States at the beginning of the "War of 1812," and, under 
tlie claim that it was part of the " Louisiana Purchase," 
was retained. In 1819, Florida was acquired by cession 



INTllODUCTION. 



from Spain (p. 249), all the " rights, claims, and preten- 
sions " of Spain, to territory Avest of the Mississippi and 
north of the 42d parallel, being, at the same time, also 
ceded to the United States. 

10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending 
from latitude 42*^ to about 54°, with the Pacific for its Avest- 
ern boundary, Avas long kno\A^n as Oregon. It Avas claim- 
ed by the United States, because, among other reasons, its 
principal river had been discoA'ered by an American — 
Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston — in 1792, 
and because, during the administration of President Jef- 
ferson, it Avas explored by Captains Lcaa^s and Clark, com- 
manding an o\'erland expedition sent out by the United 
States gOA-^ernment. Gray gaA^e the name of his A'essel to 
the river he discovered. By the treaty made Avith Spain 
in 1819, the United States strengthened their claim to the 
region. 

11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, Avhen 
by treaty, the boundary line betAveen the possessions of 
the tAvo nations Avas fixed at the 49th parallel ; and thus 
Avas settled a controversy Avhich had been continued for a 
number of years, and Avhich, at one time, threatened to 
produce a Avar betAveen the tAv^o countries. In 1845, Texas 
became a member of the Union, by annexation (pp. 269, 
270). California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada 
Avere acquired from Mexico by conquest ; and their pos- 
session Avas confirmed by a treaty made at the close of the 
Avar with that country (p. 284), and by a subsequent treaty 
made in 1853. Alaska Avas purchased from Russia in 1867 
(p. 343). 



j:^ DISCOVERIES c^) 

^EXPLORATIONS 
IN- 
NORTH AMERICA 




-1r ^ 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SE CTIOIS" I. 
Discoveries and ExjAoratiotis. 

EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN I6OY. 



I. Christopher Columbus,* 
the discoverer of America, was 
born in the city of Genoa 
(jen'-o-a), Italy. At an early 
age he manifested a predilec- 
tion for the sea, and the most 
of his life, previous to its great 
event, was passed on the waters 
of the Mediterranean, and the 
west coast of Africa ; and he 
Columbus. even made a voyage towards 

Greenland, passing beyond the island of Iceland. 

II. In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, 
the usual route to India — the country in the southeast part of 
Asia with the adjacent islands being so called — was by way 
of Egypt and the Red Sea. Columbus, believing the earth to 
be round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner 

» Columbus was born about the year 1435. He died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. 




I. Questions. — 1. B7 whom was America discovered? 2. Where was Columbus 
born ? 3. llow is Genoa situated ? (See map of Europe.) 4. How did Columbus 
spend the most of his time previous to his discovery of America ? 

II. 5. By what route did European travelers reach India at that time? 6. 
What part of the earth was then known as India? 7. What theory did Columbus 
have as regards a more direct route to India ? 8. By what religious conviction was 
he also influenced ? 



12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

reach India than by taking this route. He was also influ- 
enced by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaven 
to carry the Gospel to the heathen of unknown lands. 

III. His first application for aid was to the government of 
Genoa : it was refused. After applying, without success, to 
tli(^ monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by 

Isabella (iz-a-hel'-lah), Queen of 

Spain, and he set sail from Palos 

(pah'-los), at the mouth of the river 

Tinto, in that country, with three 

vessels, namely : the Pinta [peeii'- 

tah), Santa Maria [san'-tah ma-re' - 

ah), and '^um(ne'-nah). The first 

land which he saw was one of the 

Bahama Islands, called by the 

i>,\iii.LLA natives Guanahani [gwah-nah- 

hah^-ne), by him San Salvador, now sometimes known as Cat 

Island; and thus, in 1492,* was America discovered. 

IV. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just de- 
scribed, his discoveries were confined to the islands between 
North and South America; but in his third voyage, in 1498, 
he discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river Ori- 

* According to a theory, advanced by a German author, there have heen three different discoveries of 
America; namely: — the tirst, during the period from one thousand to six hundred years liefore Christ, by 
navigators who sailed from Asia, througn the Mediterranean ; the second, in the tenth century after 
Christ, by the Norwegians; and the third, in ]49i, by Columbus. 




III. Questions. — 9. To whom did he first appeal to assist him in testing his the- 
ory ? 10, W^ith what success? 11. To whom did he afterwards appeal ? 12. What 
was the result? 13. Who finally did help him? 11. Of how many vessels did his 
fleet consist? 15. Give their names. IG. From what place did he set sail ? 17. In 
what part of Spain is Palos situated ? (See map, p. 2.) IS. The. islan<l which he first 
discovered belonged to what group ? 19. IIow are the Bahama Islands situated ? 
(See map, p. 10) 20. "What did the Indians call the island discovered? 21. "What 
name did Columbus give to it? 22. "What is the meaning of the name San Salvador? 
Anft.—IIol'j Saviour. 23. I>y what name is the island now known? 24. In what di- 
rection Is it from Cuba? (See map, p. 10.) 25. From St Augustine? (See same map.) 

I"V". 26. IIow many voyages in all did Columbus make to America? 2T. "What 
can you say of the first two? 2S. W^hen did he make his third voyage? 29. "What 
discovery did he then make? 30. What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage? 
81. In what conviction, touching the discovery of America, did Columbus die ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



13 



noco, in South America; and in the fourth and last, he 
examined the coast of Darien. He still, however, believed 
that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of 
Eastern Asia {a'-shc-ct)^ instead of a new continent, and in this 
conviction he died, being, as: intimated, entirely i2;norant of the 
real grandeur of his discovery. 

V. In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the conti- 
nent, Amerigo Vespucci* {a-md-re-go ves-pooi'-she), an Italian 
navigator, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, 
in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He pre- 
pared accounts of these two voyages, which were published in 
Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European that 
had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the 
claim set up by him, as well as from the fact that his were the 
.first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it 
was called America. 

VI. In 1497, one year before 
Columbus discovered the conti- 
nent, and two years previous to 
Amerigo's visit, John Cabot and 
his son Sebastian, while sailing 
under a commission from Henry 
VII., of England, discovered the 
coast of Labrador, and thus 
^vere the first to discover the 
continent of Amei'ica. In a 
second voyage, made by Sebas- 
tian Cabot in 1498, the coast 




SKRASTIAN CABOT. 



Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy, in 1451. He dieil in Seville, Spain, 



V. QiTESTioxs. — 3-2. "When did Vespucci visit America? 33. What part of Amer- 
ica did he visit? 34. How did the country come to be called America ? 

VI. 85. What discovery was made in 149" ? 3G. What larsc island southeast of 
Labrador? (Sec map. p. 10.) 37. Did the Cabots or Vespucci first discover the con- 
tinent? 38. Was the honor of naming this country rifrhtly bestowed? 39. Did that 
honor belonsr either to the Cabots or Vespucci, rather than to Columbus? 40. When 
did Sebastian Cabot make a second voyage. 41. Give an accountof it. 42. Of 
what special importance did the successes of the Cabots prove ? 



14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay — some say to Florida — 
was explored; landings were made in several places, and 
natives were seen, clad in the skins of beasts and makino- use 
of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery 
and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially 
to England, as, by reason of them, that country based h(3r 
claim to all the region from Labrador to Florida. 

VIL Twenty years after Columbus's first and great discov- 
ery, Ponce de Leon* [pon'-tha da la-6n'), an aged Spaniard, 
sailed from Porto Rico {re'-co)^ in search of a wonderful foun- 
tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, 
and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of 
its waters. After visiting several islands of the Bahamas, 
and tasting the waters of every river, lake, and fountain found, 
he turned to the northwest, and, in 1512, discovered an un- 
known land. This was thought to be an island ; and, from the 
abundance of flowers with which the forests were adorned, 
and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
the Spaniards call Pascica Florida (pah'-scoo-a/i flo-re'-dah)^ it 
received the name of Florida. He continued his search along 
the coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas Islands, but, of 
course, without finding any such fountain. 

VIII. Several years after, he made another voyage to 
Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, he having been 
appointed governor of the country upon the condition that 
he would colonize it. He effected a landing, but was met by 
the natives with determined hostility; and, in an attack made 
by them, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their 

* JMff Ponce de Leon was born in Leon, Spain. lie died in 1521. 



VII. Questions. — i3. In what year did De Leon make a voyage in search of a 
wonderful fountain? 44. From what place did he sail? 45. Was he an old or a youn2 
man at the time? 46. "What tradition then existed, in relation to the fountain? 47. 
What efforts did De Leon make to find the fountain ? 48. When did he discover Flo- 
rida? 49. Why did he call it Florida? 50. Among what islands did he search be- 
sides the Bahamas ? 51. In what direction from Florida are the Tortugas Islands ? 
(Pee map, p. 10.) 

VIII. 52. Why flid De Leon go to Florida a second time? 53. What appoint- 
ment bad he received? 54. What further account can you give of him ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 



ships, and De Leon himself received a mortal wound of which 
he died in Cuba. 

IX. In 1513, Balboa,* the Governor of the Spanish colony 
at the Isthmus of Darien, the first colony established on the 
American Continent, while crossing the isthmus gained the 
summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific 
Ocean. After falling upon his knees and thanking God for 
the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he 
descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole 
coast in the name of the Spanish crown. 

X. About the time of De Leon's defeat in Florida, De 
Ayllon (da ile-yone'), a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in 
an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large 
number of Indians to work the plantations and mines of St. 
Domingo [do-7ning'-go). At a place in the southern part of 
South Carolina, a great number of natives were treacherously 
captured ; but the undertaking proved unsuccessful, for of the 
two vessels employed, one was lost while on the return to St. 
Domingo, and many of the captives in the other sickened and 
died. 

XL It was not many months after this unprofitable specu- 
lation, that De Ayllon obtained the appointment as governor 
of Chicora [che-ko' -rah) , the name given to that part of 
Carolina which he had visited, and he wasted his fortune in 
fitting out an expedition to conquer the country The issue 
of this second enterprise was likewise disastrous : one of his 
ships, the largest and best, was stranded and lost ; many of 
his men were killed by the natives, in revenge for the treachery 

* Vasco Nunez de Balboa was born in Spain, in 1475. Having been sunerseded in the grovernorship of 
the colony at Darien, and afterwards charged by the new governor with the design of making other dis- 
coveries without authority, he was tried and found guilty. Although he persisted that he was unjustly 
condemned, he was beheaded in conformity with the sentence, in 1517. 

IX. Questions.— 55. By whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered? 56. When was 
the discovery made? 57. What civil position did Balboa hold at the time? 58. 
Where was he when he discovered the Pacific ? 59. What ceremony did he observe ? 

X. 60. Who was De Ayllon ? 61. What enterprise did he engage in ? 62. What 
was the result? 

XL 63. Wha<, appointment did he afterwards receive? 64 What was the object 
of his second expedition? 65. What account can you give of it? 



16 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

which he had previously been guilty of ; and he himself barely 
made good his escape. 

XII. In 1517, Cordova, a Spanish navigator, sailed from 
Cuba and discovered the northern coast of Yucatan. Upon 
his return he gave such a favorable account of the civilization 
and riches of the people whom he had seen, as to awaken a 
keen desire among the Spaniards to undertake their con- 
quest. Accordingly Velasquez' [va-lah'-skefh), the governor 
of Cuba, sent an expedition under the direction of Juan de 
Grijalva [gre-hahV -vaK), the result of which was very satisfac- 
tory. Grijalva, after an exploration of the southern coast of 
Mexico, returned with a large amount of treasure, obtained by 
trafficking with the natives. 

XIII. Velasquez, then de- 
termining to conquer the Mex- 
icans and get possession of 
their wealth, sent an expedi- 
tion, consisting of eleven ves- 
sels and more than six hundred 
armed men, under the com- 
mand of Fernando Cortez. 
Cortez landed, in 1519, near 
Vera Cruz (ya'-rah kroose), 
''"^■^^^- and was at once met by 

friendly deputations from Montezuma {mon-ta-thoo' -mah)^ the 
Mexican emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood 
and duplicity, he succeeded in reaching the city of Mexico, 
the Indian capital ; and by stratagem and boldness, and with 
the aid of Indian tribes opposed to the Mexican rule, finally 



.XII. Questions.— GG. When was Tucatan discovered? 6T. By whom? 6S? 
"What can you say of the account which he gave? 69. What expedition was sent in 
consequence of this account ? 70. What did Grijalva accomplish ? 

XIII. 71. What did Velasquez then determine upon ? 72. Who commanded the 
expedition against Mexico? 73. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 74. 
When did he land in Mexico? 75. At what place ? 76. By whom was he met? 77 
What account can you give of Cortez's further movements ? 





vai 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. l7 

completed the conquest of the people, and Mexico became a 
province of Spain in 1521. 

XI Y. In 1528, Narvaez {nar- 
ih'-eth), having been appointed 
governor of Florida by the Spanish 
sovereign, sailed from Cuba to con- 
quer and possess the country. The 
attempt proved most disastrous ; for, 
of the three hundred men Avho land- 
W ed in Florida and penetrated the 
de suxu. wild regions, only four, after years 

of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement 
in Mexico. These four men asserted that Florida was the 
richest country in the world, a statement which the people 
of Spain generally believed ; but to no one was credulity more 
disastrous than to Ferdinand de Soto* {da so' -to), a brave cava- 
lier who had gained riches and military honors with Pizarro, 
in Peru. 

XV. De Soto having solicited permission to conquer Flori- 
da at his own expense, the Spanish sovereign not only granted 
his request, but appointed him governor of Cuba, and of the 
immense territory to which the name of Florida was then 
vaguely applied. With a fleet of ten vessels and a gay com- 
pany of six hundred armed men, he sailed for the New World 
in 1538. Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, he proceeded to 
Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the sum- 
mer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior, toward 
the fancied land of gold. 

XVI. After wandering for nearly three years in the wilder- 

* De Soto was born iu Spain, in 1500. He died in 1542. 

XIV. Questions. — TS. "What expedition was undertaken in 1528 ? 79. What was 
the result? 80. What opinion did De Soto entertain with regard to the wealth of 
Florida? 81. What successes had he previously met with ? 

XV. S2. What request did he make of the Spanish sovereign '/ S;5. How was the re- 
quest treated? 84. When did ho sail for America? 85. Where did he leav^ his wife? 
86. Where did lie land? ST. In what part of Florida is Tampa Bay? (See map, jk 
10.) 88. When did he commence his march ? 



18- DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 




ness, encountering the hostility of the natives and sufferincj 
disasters and disappointments, De Soto sickened and died. 
To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with 
fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the Mississippi, 
a river which he had discovered in 1541. After vainly trying 
to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his follow- 
ers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along 
the coast of Mexico until they arrived at a Spanish settlement. 

XVII. In 1524, Verrazzani (va-rat-tsah'-ne), a Florentine 
navigator, while sailing in the service of 
France, explored the coast of North 
America from the Carolinas to New- 
foundland (new' -fund-land). To the 
whole region thus explored he gave 
the name of New France, a name which 
was afterwards restricted to the territory 

vjiRRAzzANi. of Canada, and- which was so retained 

while that country remained in the possession of the French. 

XVIII. No other explorations were made by the French 
until 1534. In that year and the following James Cartier* 
{car-te-a') made two successful voyages, discovered the river 
St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the 
whole country in the name of his king. Though Cartier 
and the Lord of Roberval [ro-hare-vaV), some years after, un- 
dertook to colonize Canada, the French effected no permanent 

* Cartier was born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. The time of his death is not known, though it is sup- 
posed he lived to an advanced age. 

XVL Questions.— 89. What river did he discover? 90. When did he discover the 
Mississippi ? 91. IIow long did he wander in the wilderness?^ 92. What finally be- 
came of him ? 93. What was done by his followers after his death ? 

XVII. 94. What exploration was made seventeen years before De Soto discov- 
ered the Mississippi? 95. What name did Verrazzani give to the region which ho 
explored ? 96. ^o what territory was that name afterward restricted ? 9T. IIow 
long did Canada retain the name of New France? 

XVIII. 98. When, after the exploration made by Verrazzani, did the French 
make other explorations? 90. Who commanded the expeditions? 100. How- 
many voyages did he make in 1534 and 1535? 101. Through what strait did he 
sail? (See mai>. p. 19.) 102. In what year did he discover the St. Lwrence? (See 
map, p. 10.) 103. When was Quebec settled? 104. By whom was it settled? 10& 
How is Quebec situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



19 



settlement until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 1608, 
by Champiain. 




XIX. Quebec is not however, the oldest French settle- 
ment in America, as Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova 
Scotia [sco'-she-ah)j was settled three years before by De 
Monts (du-monr/), a wealthy Huguenot. Port Ptoyal was 
then spoken of as being in Acadia, a name which, at the time, 
was applied to the whole territory now included in Nova 
Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent islands. 

XX. More than forty years before the settlement of Port 
Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, 
undertook to establish a colony — first in South Carolina and 
afterwards in Florida — as a place of refuge for their people. 
Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and aid of 
Jaspar Coligny* {ko-leen'-ye)^ Admiral of France. The first, 
intrusted to the command of John Ribault (re-bo'), reached the 



* Colipny, or, as the name ii sometimes v»ritt«n, Colig:ni, was bom in France, 
dered at Paris, in 1572. 



. 1517. He was mur- 



XIX. Questions.— 106. Which is the oldest French settlement in America 
107. In what year Avas Port Royal settled ? 108. How is Port Royal situated ? (See 
map, p. 10.) 109. By what name is Port Royal now known ? 110. "What territory 
was th.ii called Acadia * 



20 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



coast in 1562. The colonists landed at Port Royal entrance, 
selected their place of refuge, and bailt a fort, to which they 
gave the name of Carolina, in honor of King Charles (Caro- 
lus) of France. It was thus that this country received its 
name, a century before it was occupied by the English. Ri- 
bault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession, returned to 
France for reinforcements ; but the promised aid not arriving, 
the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. The 
second expedition was sent out in 1564, when a settlement was 
made on the banks of the St. John's River, Florida. 

XXI. Hardly had the news reached Spain of the Huguenot 
settlement on the St. John's River than Melendez, who had been 
appointed governor of Florida upon condition that he would 
conquer the country within three years, departed on his expe- 
dition of conquest. After forming a settlement at St. Augus- 
tine {aiv-gus-ttne') in 1565, which is the oldest in the United 
States, he proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he sur- 
prised ; and massacring men, women, and children, broke up 
the colony. This did not long go unavenged ; for, in little 
more than two years after, De Gourges {du-goorg), a brave 
soldier of France, having fitted out three ships at his own 
expense, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's River, 
and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 

XXII. The first enterprise on the part of the English for the 
purpose of planting a colony in America was undertaken in 
1579, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who sailed from England 
under a patent which had been granted by Queen Elizabeth ; 
but severe storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to 
put back, and the scheme, for a time, was abandoned. In 

XX. Questions. — 111. Where had the Huguenots previously undertaken to es- 
tablish a colony ? 112. What object had they in view ? 113. \Vho aided and direct- 
ed them? lU. Who commanded their first expedition ? 115. Give an account of it. 

116. In what direction from St. Augustine is Port Eoyal entrance? (See map, p. 10.) 

117. When was the second expedition sent? 118. Where was a settlement made? 
119. Describe the St. John's Eiver. (See map, p. 10.) 

XXI. 120. What was the foto of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's? 121. 
When and where did Melendez make a settlement? 122. What can you say of that 
settlement? 123. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avcuge<l f 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 

1583 he sailed a secoifd time for America, and landed at 
Newfoundland ; but accomplished little more than the erec- 
tion of a pillar bearing the arms of his government. While 
returning to England, in the same year, his vessel foundered, 
and he, with all on board, perished. 

XXIII. Sir Walter Raleigh* (raw'-le), not disheartened by 
the sad fate of his step-brother^ 
Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth 
an ample patent, and sent two 
vessels, under the command of 
Amidas, and Barlow. The 
voyagers arrived on the coast 
of Carolina, visited the islands 
in Pamlico and Albemarle 
Sounds, took possession of the 
country in the name of Eliza- 

EALEiGu. beth, and, after trafficking with 

the natives, returned to England. So glowing an account did 
they give of the country, that Queen Elizabeth declared the 
event to be the most glorious in her reign ; and, in memorial 
of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. Upon 
Raleigh sho conferred the honor of knighthood. 

XXIV. Two attempts were afterwards made by Raleigh to 
establish a colony in America ; one in 1585, and the other in 
1587. In the first, more than a hundred persons were sent. 

» Raleigrh was born at Haves, in Devonshire, a county of Enjjland, in 1552. The death of Queen Eliz- 
abeth, in 160S, proved fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of high treason, convicted, 
and, after a period of fifteen years, thirteen of which he passed in confinement, he was beheaded in Lon- 
don, on the 29th of October, 1618. 




XXII. Questions.— 124. "What account can you give of the first English enter- 
prise to establish a colony in America ? 125. "When did Gilbert sail a second time ? 
12fi. At what place did he land? 127. "What body of water is on the west of that 
island? (See map, p. 10.) 12S. What became of Gilbert? 

XXIII. 129. How wore Gilbert and Raleigh related ? 130. What patent did Kaleigh 
obtain? 131. How many vessels did he send to America? 132. "Who commanded 
them? 133. When did Amidas and Barlow reach America? (See map, p. 10.) 134, 
What exploration did they make? 135. What else did they do? 136. In what direc- 
tion is Roanoke Island from Jamestown? (See map, p. 29.) 137. What can you say 
of the account which Amidas and Barlow gave of the country they visited ? 



22 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

These, with Ralph Lane as governor, were conveyed by a fleet of 
seven vessels, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. 
They proceeded to Roanoke, an island on the coast of North 
Carolina, where a settlement was commenced. After a year 
of distress, they all embarked for England with Sir Francis 
Drake, who had stopped at Roanoke on his way from the 
West Indies. 

XXV. The second colony was composed of agriculturists 
and artisans with their families. Having reached Roanoke, 
and there, on the site of the former settlement, commenced 
building "the city of Raleigh," John White, the governor, 
went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an 
absence of nearly three years, Roanoke was deserted, and no 
trace of the colonists could be found. 

XXVI. The next attempt, after Raleigh's, to plant an Eng- 
lish colony in America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, 
in 1602. After discovering the promontory which he called 
Cape Cod, also Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the 
group known as the Elizabeth Islands, he landed on one of 
the last named, where he selected a position for a settlement 
and built a storehouse and fort. The persons chosen to re- 
main becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and at 
the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, and the whole 
party returned to England. 

XXVII. Gosnold made such favorable reports of the coun- 
try, that the merchants of Bristol were induced to fit out two 



XXIV. Questions. — 138. How many attempts did Ealeigh make to establish a 
colony in America? 139. When were they made? 140. Give an account of the first. 

XXV. 141. Of whom did the second colony consist? 142. Who was their gov- 
ernor? 143. Where did they commence to build a city? 144. What name did they 
give to the city? 145. "Why did the governor of the colony leave? 146. IIow long 
was he gone? 147. What did he find upon his return to Roanoke? 

XXVI. 14S. When was the next attempt made to plant an English colony in 
America? 149. Who commanded the undertaking ? 150. What discoveries did Gos- 
nold make? 151. In what direction from Martha's Vineyard is Nantucket? (See 
map, p. 28.) 152. At what place did Gosnold make preparation to make a settle 
ment? 153. What are the Elizabeth Islands now called ? (See map, p. 23.) 154 
Why did not the settlement on Elizabeth Islands prove permanent? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



23 



vessels, under tlie command of Martin Pring, for exploration and 
trade. During the first voyage, made in 1603, the shores and 
several larorc rivers of Maine, as well as the coast a*^ far south 



^-£3 







tVARD 







°^A%^^^''^^0 



nantuc* 



'/Vs 



Mnd 



MS Martha's A'incyard, were examined, and a prolitable traffic 
was carried on with the natives. Three years later, Pring re- 
peated his previous voyage, and made a more accurate survey 
of Maine. 

XXVIII. The territory which the English claimed, basing 



XXVII. QuKSTiONS.— 155. "What reports did Gosnold make of the country which 
sie had discovered and visited ? 156. Give an account of Pring' s first voyage. 15T. 
Of his second. 



34 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



their claim, as has been previously stated, principally upon 
the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 
45th degrees of north latitude. In 1606, James I. granted 
the northern portion, from the 41st to the 45th, to an associa- 
tion of "knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west of 
England," known as the Plymouth [pUm'-uth) Company, call- 
ing the region North Virginia. The southern portion, from 
the 34th to the 38th, called South Virginia, he granted to an 
association of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants, in and 
about London," known as the London Company. 




XXIX. During the following year, 160Y, the Plymouth 
Oompany sent a number of planters, who began a settlement 
at the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine ; but the in- 
tense cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse 



XXYIII. QxTESTiONS.— 158. What extent of territory did the English claim in 
America? 159. Upon what did they base their claim? 160. What two extensive 
grants were made of this territory ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 

by fire, and the death of their president, George Popham, 
discouraged them, and the}'' returned to England. 

XXX. The London Company were more successful. They 
sent a fleet of three vessels, commanded hy Christopher New- 
port, and carrying more than a hundred colonists. During 
the long voyage of four months, dissensions arose among the 
leading men, and John Smith, whose genius had excited their 
jealousy, was placed in confinement. The design of the colo- 
nists was to form a settlement on Roanoke, but a storm car- 
ried the vessels farther north, into Chesapeake Bay. They 
sailed about fifty miles up a large stream which they named 
James River, and, selecting a place for a settlement, called it 
Jamestown. 

XXIX. QtTESTioNS. — 161. When did the Plymouth Company attempt to make a 
settlement? 1G2. At what place ? 163. Describe the Kennebec Eiver. (See map, p. 
10.) 164 "What else can you say of the settlement on the Kennebec? 

XXX. 165. Were the London Company more or less successful? 166. Of how 
many vessels did the fleet, sent by them, consist? 167. Who commanded the 
fleet? 168. How many colonists were there onboard of the three vessels? 169. 
How long a voyage did they have? ITO. How was John Smith treated during the 
voyage? 171. At what place did the colonists intend to make their settlement? 
172. Why did they not do so ? 



REYIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. Give an account of Columbus previous to the year 1492 11 

2. How was India reached bj European travelers at that time?. . . 11 

3. What theory did Columbus have respecting a different route ? 11, 12 

4. How many and what applications did lie make for aid? 12 

5. For what was he indebted to Isabella, Queen of Spain ?, 12 

6. "What fleet did he command, and whence did he sail? 12 

T. What success did lie meet with ? 12 

8. Give an account of his three subsequent voyages 12, 13 

9. When and at what place did Amerigo first visit America?.. 13 
10". When and at what place did he make his second visit ? 13 

1 1. What accounts did Amerigo prepare ? , 13 

12. What was afterwards done with the accounts ?. 13 

13. What was the consequence, and of Amerigo's claim? 13 

14. When was the continent of America discovered? 13 

15. Was that before or after Amerigo's first visit to America?. ... 13 



26 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

16. Grive an account of the voyage made by the two Cabots 13 

17. What explorations were made in 1498 ? 13, 14 

18. What claim was based upon the achievements of the Cabots ? 14 

19. What account can you give of Juan Ponce De Leon ? 14 

20. What of his expedition in search of a fountain? 14 

21. What discovery was made in the year 1512? 14 

22- Give an account of De Leon's second expedition 14, 15 

23. What discovery took place in 1513 ? 15 

24. Which was the first colony established on the continent ? 15 

25. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific 15 

26. When did De Ay lion make his first expedition to Carolina?. ... 15 
21. What was the object of the expedition ? 15 

28. Give an account of it, stating what you can of De Ayllon himself 15 

29. Give an account, in full, of the second expedition 15, IG 

30. Who was Cordova, and what discovery did he make ?. . 16 

31. What induced Velasquez to send the expedition under Grijalva ? IG 

32. What induced him to send the one under Cortez ? 16 

33. Of how many vessels and men did Cortez' s expedition consist?. IG 

34. Give the further account of the expedition IG, 17 

35„ When and whence did Narvaez make an expedition to Florida? 17 

36. Give an account of it, including that of the four men 17 

37. Who was De Soto, and what great preparations did he make ?. . 17 

38. Give an account of his expedition and sad fate 17, 18 

39. Who was Yerrazanni, and what explorations did he make ? 18 

40. How many voyages did Cartier make to America ? 18 

41. In his third voyage, what did he and another person undertake? 18 

42. When and where did De Monts make a settlement in America? 10 

43. Give an account of the Huguenot attempt to settle S. Carolina. 19, 20 

44. Of the destruction of the Huguenot settlement in Florida. ... 20 

45. Of De Gourges's expedition of retaliation 20 

46. Of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition and sad fate 20, 21 

47. Of the expedition made by Amidas and Barlow 21 

48. Of Raleigh's first attempt to colonize America 21 

49. Of his second attempt, with some account of Raleigh himself. 21, 22 

50. Of the attempt at colonization made in 1602 22 

51. Give an account of Pring's first voyage to America ^3 

52. Give an account of his second voyage to America . . 23 

53. What region was afterward known as North Virginia? 24 

54. What region was, at the same time, known as South Virginia ? 24 

55. Give an account of the Plymouth Co.' s attempt at settlement. 24, 25 

56. Of the London Company's expedition, with its success 25 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



SPANISH. 



Columbus discovered all the lai-ge islands of the West Indies, 
"besides a number of the small ones. He also discovered South 
America (1498) and explored the coast of Darien (1503). 

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida and explored its coast 
(1512). 

Balboa, while crossin<^ the isthmus of Darien, discovered the 
Pacitic Ocean, and called it tlie South Sea (1513), 

Cordova explored the northern coast of Yucatan (1517). 

Magellan sailed around South America to the Pacitic (1520) ; and 
westwaid as far as tlie Philippine Islands, where he was killed in 
a contest with the natives. One of his vessels continued the voy- 
age, thus making the first circumnavigation of the earth (1522). 

De Ayllon made two expeditions to Carolina (1520 and 1524). 

Cortez sailed to Mexico (1519), and conquered it (1521). 

Narvaez explored the interior of Florida (1528). 

De Soto explored a large part of the country from Florida to a 
point several hundred miles west of the Mississippi (1539 to 1542). 

ENGLISH. 

The Cabots discovered Labrador (1497) ; and Sebastian Cabot, 
in a second voyage, sailed along the coast from Labrador to Chesa- 
peake Bay (1498^. 

Drake sailed along the coast of California (1579). 

Gilbert made a voyage to Newfoundland (1583). 

Raleigh sent an expedition to North Carolina (1584) ; and made 
two attempts to found a colony (1585, 1587). 

Gosnold explored the coast of Massachusetts (1602). 

Pring explored the coast of New England (1603). 

Smith explored the coast of New England (1614). 

FRENCH. 

Verrazzani explored the coast from Carolina to Newfoundland, 
being the first European to enter the harbor of New York (1524). 

Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence (1534), and, in a second 
voyage, sailed up the river as far as Montreal (1535). 

DUTCH. 

Hudson sailed up the Hudson River as far as Albany (1609). 



Other Expeditions. Other important voyages and discoveries 
were made during the first hundred years after the discovery of 
America, but those mentioned above are the most important in 
their relation to the history of the United States. 



MODEL OF A DIAGRAM FOR A WRITTEN ANALYSIS. 



TOPIC— COLUMBUS, HIS VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 
(See pages 11, 12, and 13 ; also the answer to question 34, Appendix, p. 65.) 



His Early 
Life. 



' Born at Genoa. 
Passed much time 



On the Mediterranean 
and 



( west coast of Africa. 
Made a voyage toward Greenland. 



( The route to India. 
His Theory. < Shape of the earth. 

( Conclusion regarding India. 



Efforts for 
Aid. 



Voyages 

AND 

Discoveries. 



To the republic of Genoa. 

To the mouarchs of England and Portugal. 

To Isabella, b}^ whom he was aided. 



Sailed with three vessels. 
Voyage lasted ten weeks. 
Discovered San Salvador. 

Discovered other islands 
betvfeen North and South America. 



^ ( Discovered South America. 

^ ] (Was sent back to Spain in irons.) 

■5 { Examined the coast of Darien. 



^ Death.-! Died in Spain, at the age of seventy. 



Topics. — The Cabots, their voyages and discoveries. — Vespucci's 
voyages and their consequences. — De Leon and his two voyages 
to Florida. — Narvaez's expedition and its consequences. — De Soto 
and his expedition. — Verrazzaui and his explorations.- Cartier and 
his two voyages. — The Huguenots and their settlements.— Gilbert 
and his expedition to Newfoundland.— Raleigh and the three expe- 
ditions sent by him. — Gosnold in Massachusetts and Virginia. 
Spanish discoveries and explorations. — English.— French. 



27 



SECTION II. 

Colonial History. 

EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO 
THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 



1754. 



YiEaiisriA. 




1. The first settlement 
in Virginia was made in 
1607, at Jamestown.* 
The colony was gov- 
erned under a charter 
granted by James I., the 
supreme government be- 
ing vested in a council 
resident in England, and 
the local government in 
a colonial council, the 
members of both deriv- 
ing their appointment 
from the king. 

IT. The first I council 
consisted of seven per- 
sons, among whom Av ere 
Bartholomew Gosnold, 
John Smith,! and John 
Ratclifte, with Edward 
Wingfield, an avaricious and unprincipled man, for governor. 

* With the exception of the ruins of two or three houses, anil of a church and fort, nothing remains of 
the ancient town. 

t John Smith was born in Willou^hby, county of Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. His life was a most 
eventful one, and, considering the age iii which "he lived, he was indeed a remarkable man. The narra- 
tive of the part lie took in wars against the Turks, of his captivity by them, and his escape, seems more 
like a romance than a reality. He died in London, in 1631. 

Virginia.— I. Questions.—!. When was Virginia first settk-d? 2. At what 
place? 3. IIovv was Jamestown si tuatcf}? (See map, p. 20.) 4. In what direction 
from the Bermuda Islands was Jamestown? (See map, p. 10.) 5. How was the 
colony at first governed ? t Colonial. 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



Smith, at first, was not permitted to take a seat in the council, 
because of a false charge of sedition made against him by his 
colleagues ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to 
his station. 

III. For a time the colony did not prosper. The scarcity 
of provisions, the hostility of the natives, the want of indus- 
trial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to 
the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly 
ratal to its existence. Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector 
of the settlement, and a man whose influence had greatly con- 
tributed to promote harmony in the council, was among those 
who died. 

IV. Wingfield, the president, having embezzled the public 
stores, and become concerned in a plot .to abandon the settle- 
ment, in a vessel belonging to the colony, was expelled from 
the council. He was succeeded in the presidency by Rat- 
cliffe ; but, in consequence of the inefficiency of the latter, 
the management of afi"airs fell into the hands of Captain John 
Smith. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 
Ratcliffe, Smith was formally elected in his place. 

V. To the efforts of the new president, almost unaided as 
they were, the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He 
made frequent excursions into the neighboring country, and 
returned with supplies of corn. He also explored Chesapeake 
Bay, ascended the James and other rivers as far as he could 
in boats, and made his knowledge, thus acquired, of great use 
in the government of the colony. 



II. Questions.— 6. Of how many persons did the council consist? 7. Name 
four of the most prominent men belonging to the first council. S. W' ho was the 
first governor ? 9. What was his character ? 10. How was Smith at first treated by 
the council ? 

III. 11. Did the colony, at the beginning, prosper or not? 12. What wore the 
causes? 13. What is said of Gosnold? 

IV. 14. Of what two crimes was Wingfield guilty? 15. By whom was he super- 
seded? 16. "What is said of Eatcliffe's managomont? 17. What was the conse- 
quence ? 

Y. 18. "What is said of the efforts of Smith? 19. "What of his excursions fur 
corn? 20. Of his explorations? 



VIRGINIA 




(Qiiesiions to be answered from the above map?) 
Name five rivers that How into Chesapeake Bay, What two capes are at the en- 
trance of the bay? To what large body of water is Chesapeake Bay tributary? 
Am.— TheAtlantiG Ocean. How was Jamestown situated? Into what body of 
water does the Chowan Kiver flow ? What other river flows into Albemarle Sound ? 
How ia the Island of Roanoke situated? In what direction is it from Jamestown? 



20 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 




JOHN SMITH. 



YI. On one of his expedi- 
tions iij) the Chickahominy, in 
search of corn, he was sur- 
rounded by about three hun- 
dred Indians, and, after a des- 
perate struggle, captured. In 
triumph they conducted him 
through the country, showing 
him to tlie various tribes on the 
Rappahannock and Potomac 
Rivers, and then took him to a 
chief, dwelUng near the fork of the York River. After being 
detained for three days he was sent to Powhatan, the prin- 
cipal chief, or " emperor of the country," whose subjects 
numbered about eight thousand. His residence Avas on the 
York River. The Indian warriors met in council, and, after 
a long and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should 
be put to death. 

YII. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
a large stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 

to dash out his brains, Poca- 
hontas, the beloved daughter 
of Powhatan, a child only 
twelve years old, rushed for- 
ward, clasped the captive's head 
in her arms, and begged that his 
life might be spared. Her 
generous and heroic conduct 
touched her father's heart, and 
the sentence was revoked. Smith 
was not only set at liberty, but 
an escort of twelve men was 




POCAHONTAS. 



prov 



ided to conduct him to Jamestown.* 



<• This story is disputed. It had its origin in the narrative published by Smith after the death ot 
F;iahontas. 



YJ Qut.-noA3 -21. Dow was he captured ? 22. To whom did the I.i.runs con« 



VIRGINIA. 



31 



VIII. On arriving there, after an absence ot seven weeks, 
he found every thing in disorder. The colony was reduced to 
forty men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the 
country. The attempt at desertion was prevented by deci- 
sive action ; order was restored ; and a large accession to 




TUK ATTEMPT AT DESERTION SUPPEE8SED. 



their number by the arrival of Newport, who had been to 
England, re/ivcd the drooping spirits of the colonists. Smith, 
by his captivity aud frequent expeditions, gained considerable 
knowledge of the language and manners of the Indians, and 
of the country and its resources, which enabled him to estab- 
lish a peaceful intercourse between the settlers and the tribes 
of Powhatan. 



(See 



duct him ? 23. Where did Powbitan live ? 24. Describe the York River, 
map, p. 29.) 25. What sentence was pronounced against Smith? 

VII. 26. IIow did the Indians undertake to carry out the sentence ? 2T. Slate 
bow Smith was saved. 2S. What else did Powhatan do for Smith? 

YIII. Questions.— 29. What condition of things did Smith find at Jamestowi 
n-.nnhlB an-ival there? 80* Of what value did Smith'e captivity prove to Jauus- 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



IX. The administration of the affairs of Jamestown, how- 
ever, gave no satisfaction to the company in England. Be- 
lieving that under a new charter, conferring greater privileges, 
their dreams of profit would be realized, they sought and ob- 
tained one, in 1609, and appointed Lord Delaware, a noble- 
man distinguished for his virtues as well as his rank, gover- 
nor for life. 

X. Christopher Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir 
George Somers, who had been appointed commissioners 
authorized to administer the affairs of the colony till the 
arrival of Lord Delaware, were dispatched to America with a 
fleet of nine vessels and more than five hundred emigrants. 
While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One 
of the vessels, that bearing the commissioners, was wrecked 
on one of the Bermuda Islands, and one small one foundered : 
the other seven reached the James River in safety. 

XL Although no person had yet arrived authorized to su- 
persede the president. Smith at first made no attempt to 
maintain his power ; but the disorder and disaster that ensued 
so alarmed the better portion of the colonists, that, at their 
request, he resumed his abandoned functions. While return- 
ing from a visit to one of the settlements near Jamestown 
which he had established, he was so severely injured by an 
explosion of gunpowder, that, feeling the need of the best sur- 
gical skill, he returned to England towards the close of 1609. 

XII. No sooner had Smith fairly departed than the colonists 
gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The Indians be- 



IX. Questions.— 31. When did the London Company get a second charter? 
32. Why did they ask for it? 33. What appointment was coi)ferred upon Lord Del- 
aware? 34. What can you say of Lord Delaware? 

X. 35. Who had been authorized to precede Lord Delaware in the management 
f>f the affairs of the colony? 36. How many vessels and emigrants did they have? 
37. What accident happened to the fleet ? 

XI. 38. How was the colony governed after the arrival of the seven vessels ? 
89. What accident happened to Smith ? 40. What di<l he do in consequence ? 

XII. 41. How did the colonists behave after his departure? 42. What was the 
consequence? 43. What was that period of time called? 44. What determination 
did the colonists finally come to ? 4.5. Why was not the determination carried out ? 



VIRGINIA. 33 



came hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and, in less than 
six months after, not more than sixty, of the five hundred per- 
sons whom he had left, remained. This period of distress 
and gloom was long remembered as the " starving-time." In 
consequence of the destitute condition to which the colonists 
were reduced, and of the gloomy prospects ahead, it was 
determined to desert Jamestown entirely, and seek safety 
among the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four ves- 
sels they embarked ; but just as they were drawing near the 
mouth of the river. Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants 
and supplies, and persuaded them to return. 

XIII. Under the administration of the wise and good Dela- 
ware, order and contentment prevailed, and the afiairs of the 
colony began to prosper ; but, unfortunately, his health failed, 
and he Avas compelled to return to England, leaving the gov- 
ernment to be administered by a deputy. New settlements 
were made in the vicinity of Jamestown, and notwithstanding 
the laws were harsh and strict, the colony continued to pros- 
per. The company in England, however, with a view to 
greater advantages, obtained another charter, their third, in 
1612. A remarkable feature of the new charter allowed the 
company to hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus 
giving to the body a democratic form of goA'ernment. 

XIV. In 1613 occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to a 
young Englishman named John Rolfe {rolf). This event 
proved to be of great importance, as it had the effect of es- 
tablishing a confirmed peace Avith Powhatan, as well as with 
the powerful Chickahominy Indians. Three years after 
her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied her husband to Eng- 
land, where she was an object of 'great interest to all classes 



XIII. Questions. —46. What is said of the aflFairs of the colony under the admin- 
istration of Lord Delaware? 47. What, unfortunately, was he compelled to do? 
48. When did the London Company procure their third charter? 49. What re- 
markable feature did the new charter contain ? 

XIV. 50. What interesting event took place in 1613? 51. Of what importanct* 
did it prove ? 52. WhiU further can you state of Pocahontas ? 

2* 



34 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



of citizens, and was presented at court. While preparing to 
return to her native land she suddenly died, leaving a son, 
from whom are descended many Avell-known families in Vir- 
ginia. 

XV. During the year 1613 two expeditions were sent 
from Virginia, under the command of Samuel Argall, an 
avaricious man, who afterwards became deputy-governor of 
the colony. Argall's object was the protection of the fisher- 
men ofif the coast of Maine ; but discovering a French settle- 
ment near the Penobscot, he destroyed it, and dispersed 
the inhabitants. In his second expedition he reduced and 
plundered Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. 

XVI. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1620, 
when a Dutch vessel entered the James River with negroes, 
twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. 
The culture of cotton was begun the next year. A large 
number of colonists were sent to Virginia during the year 
1620, among whom were about a hundred young women of 
good reputation, who were disposed of to the planters as 
wives, each purchaser giving one hundred pounds of tobacco, 
being the cost of the woman's passage to America. 

XVII. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
of her father, peaceful relations existed between the settlers 
and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's successor com- 
menced a bloody war, in one day massacring about three 
hundred and fifty men, women, and children. The settlers 
retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of the Indians and 
driving the rest into the wilderness. 



XV. Qttestioxs. — 53. "Who was Samuel Argall ? 5i. Give an account of his first 
expedition from Virginia. 55. Of his second. 53. Dviscribe the Penobscot Kiver. 
(See map of Maine.) 57. How is Port Eoval situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 

XVI. 5S. How was negro slavery introduced into the English colonies in 
America ? 53. What can you say of the commencement of cotton culture ? 60, 
How did the planters get their wives ? 

XVII. 61. How long did peaceful relations continue between the whites and 
Indians? 62. Give an account of the first massacre, 



VIRGINIA. 35 



XVIII. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetings 
of the London Company. These were largely attended by the 
stockholders, and exciting debates, often of a political charac- 
ter, took place. The fi-eedora of speech manifested on such 
occasions displeased King Jatnes, and he determined to ac- 
complish the dissolution of the company. Under the pre- 
text, therefore, that the disasters to the colony were the re- 
sult of bad government, the dissolution was effected, and, in 
1624, Virginia became a royal province. 

XIX. The celebrated " Navigation Act," which secured to 
English ships the monopoly of the carrying trade with Eng- 
land, and seriously abridged the freedom of colonial commerce, 
was passed by Parliament in 1651. It was not at first en- 
forced against Virginia, but after its re-enactment in 1660, with 
new provisions, it was rigorously executed, despite the remon- 
strances of the colonists. In 1673, Charles II., of England, 
granted to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, " all 
the dominion of land and water called A^irginia," for the term 
of thirty-one years. 

XX. The complaints of the people grew louder and louder. 
In addition to this lavish grant, and the oppressiveness of the 
" Navigation Act," the colonists were restricted in the 
elective franchise ; were required to conform to the doctrines 
and rituals of the Church of England ; and the taxes levied 
were unequal and oppressive. They wanted but an excuse 
for appearing in arms, and it was soon found in the invasion 
made by the Susquehanna Indians. The invaders penetrated 
Virginia from the north, and carried desolation and death to 
many a lonely plantation. 

XVIII. Questions.— 63. Why did the London Company have frequent meetings? 
64. What can you say of the meetings ? 65. What did King James determine upon ? 
66. Why ? 67. When did he accomplish his purpose ? 6S. What was his pretext 
for so doing ? 

XIX. 69. When Avas the celebrated "Navigation Act" passed ? 70. What was its 
most obnoxious feature ? 71. How did it affect the colonial commerce ? 72. What 
can you say of its enforcement ? 73. What grant of Virginia was afterward made to 
two persons ? 

XX. 74. Of Avhat did the people complain ? 75. What did they seek ? 76. What 
excuse Avas soon found ? 77. What did the Susquehannas do ? 



36 COLONIAL HISTORY 



XXI. The people, knowing Governor Berkeley's measures 
for defense to be very inefficient, demanded permission to 
arm and protect themselves ; but, bein^ refused, they united 
ostensibly to repel the Indian invaders; and thus a struggle for 
popular liberty broke out in 1G76, known as Bacon's Rebel- 
lion. Nathaniel Bacon, from whom the movement took its 
name, was at once pointed out as the leader. Ills social po- 
sition was good ; he was eloquent and courageous. 

XXII. With a force of five hundred men he marched 
against the Indians, whom he met and defeated ; and though 
Berkeley issued a proclamation declaring those in arms rebels, 
no notice was taken of the fulmination. The success against 
the Indians inspired the insurgents with confidence. They 
made demands which Berkeley consented to grant; but it 
soon becoming evident that he was acting treacherously, a 
desultory civil war broke out, in the course of which James- 
town was burned to the ground. 

XXIII. Just as the success of the rebellion seemed to be 
established, and plans in respect to a new government were 
about to be adopted, Bacon suddenly died. The governor 
then pursued vigorous measures, and, regaining his former 
power, caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged. 
Fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his adminis- 
tration until he was recalled by the king, in 1677. 

XXIV. Berkeley's successor was Lord Culpepper, to whom 
and the Earl of xYrlington the country had been granted in 
1673, as previously stated. Virginia then became a j^ro- 



XXI. Questions. — 73. \Vliut demand did the people make of the governor? "!). 
Who was the governor? SO. IIom' did he treat their demand ? SI. What was the 
consequence ? S2. Who was the leader of the insurgents ? 

XXII. S3. Kelate the incidents of the rebellion. 

XXIII. 84. What misfortune befell the Insurgents? So. What was Berkeley's 
conduct afterwards towards them? 

XXIV. 86. "Who succeeded Berkeley as governor of Virginia? 87. What 
change was then made in the character of the government ? SS How long did Vir- 
ginia continue as a proprietary government? 89. What can you say of the subse- 
quent government? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



37 



prietary government. Culpepper continued to rule until 
1684, when, in consequence of his mismanagement, the king 
revoked the grant made to him and Arlington, and deprived 
him of his office. Yirginia thus became a royal province 
again, and so remained till the Revolution. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW 
ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643. 



"VTCiNTrr op 
MASSACHUSETTS BAY 



^uL:ZS^_Z' I C 




I. Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable 
a part in the settlement of Yirginia, set sail from London in 
1614, with two ships, for the purpose of trade and discovery 



Massacjittsetts.— I. QiTESTiONS.— 1. When do we next hear of Captain Johr. 
Smith? 2. With how many vessels did he sail fnmi England? 3. Where did he 
intend to go? 4. What Avas his object? 5. What did he accomplish? 6. What 
wrong was perpetrated npon the Indians? 



38 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



in the region of Cape Cod. He reached the American coast, 
examined the shores from the Penobscot Kiver to Cape Cod, 
and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the 
name of New England. The luster of the expedition, unfor- 
tunately, was very much dimmed by the act of Thomas Hunt, 
who commanded one of the ships : by him twenty-four of the 
natives were captured and taken to Spain, where th'ey were 
sold into slav(M-v. 

H. The original Ply- 
mouth Company having 
been superseded by an- 
other, called the Coun- 
cil of Plymouth, King 
James granted to the 
latter, in 1620, absolute- 
ly and exclusively, all the 
territory between the 
40th and 48th parallels 
of north latitude, ex- 
tending from the Atlan- 
tic to the Pacific. It 
was not, however, under 
the direction of this 
coimcil, or with the aid 
of the King, that the first 
permanent settlement in 
New England was made, 
but by a small band of 
Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who fled 
from their own country to find an asylum from religious per- 
il. QiTESTioNS. — 7. AVhat company superseded the Pl3'inoiith Company? 8. 
What grant was made to the new comi)any? 9. Through which Atlantic State 
does the 40th parallel of north latitude run ? (See map of United States.) 
10. Through what large island does the 4Sth parallel run ? (See map of 
North America.) 11. By whom was the first ]»ermanent settlement made in 
New England? 12. What direction and aid should they have had? 13. Why 
did the Pilgrims leave England ? 




MASSACHUSETTS. 



39 



secution. The sect to which they belonged were known in 
England as Puritans. 

III. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence 
they removed to Leyden {ll'-den.) At Leyden they lived in 
great harmony for about eleven years, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis- 
satisfied with their residence in Holland, and desired to plant a 
colony in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli- 
gious rights without disturbance. After much solicitation they 
obtained a grant of land from the London Company, and, being 




III. Questions.— 14. To what place did they first so after leaving England ? 15. In 
what direction from London is Amsterdam ? (See map, p. 39.) 16. To what place did 
they remove ? 17. How long Avere they at Leyden ? IS. Who was their pastor at 
Leyden? 19. Why did they leave Holland? 20. Prom whom did they obtain a 
grant of land ? 21. What arrangement did they make with some merchants ? 



40 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

without means, formed a contract with some London mer- 
chants, who furnished the capital for the undertaking. 

IV. As many as could be accommodated embarked on 
board a vessel called the Speedwell, but the larger portion re- 
mained at Le3-den with Robinson. The ship sailed to South- 
ampton, England, where she was joined by another ship, 
called the Mayflower, with a body of Puritans from London. 
The two vessels soon set sail, but had not gone far before 
the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered the 
port of Dartmouth, England. They started a second time, 
but again put back, this time to Plymouth, where the Speed- 
well was abandoned as unseaworthy. 

V. Then, after permitting those who chose to abandon the 
enterprise, the Mayflower set sail alone, with one hundred and 
one persons, — men, women, and children, — the most dis- 
tinguished of whom were John Carver, AYilliam Brewster, 
Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. 
After a boisterous passage of sixty-three days, they reached 
the American coast, and in two days after were safely moored 
in Cape Cod Bay. In the cabin of the Mayflower, before 
they landed, they agreed to and signed a solemn compact, by 
the terms of which they were to be ruled, and immediately after 
they unanimously elected John Carver governor for one year. 

YI. Several days were spent by exploring parties in search- 
ing for a favorable locality to commence the settlement. At 
length, on the 21st of December, 1620, they all landed at a place 
which they called Plymouth, in memory of the hospitalities 
which had been bestowed upon them at the last English port 

IV. Questions.— 22. Did they all leave Holland? 23. Who remained? 24. On 
board of what vessel did tliey sail ? 25. To what place did the Speedwell first go * 
26. What accession was )nade to the company at Southampton ? 27. What 
then took place ? 2S. What further can you state of the Speedwell? 

Y, 29. From what place did the Mayflower set sail alone ? 30. With how many 
persons ? 31. Who were the most dlstingtiished of them ? 32. What kind of a 
passage did they have ? 33. What did they do before leaving the ship ? 

VL 34. In what way were several days spent ? 35. When did they land ? 
36. At what place? 37. Why did they call it Plymouth? 3S. What can you say 
of their sufferings ? 39. What befell Carver's family ? 40. Who succeeded him a.s 
governor ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 41 

from which they had sailed.* The winter was severe, and in less 
than five months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from 
the effects of exposure and privations, — Governor Carver and 
his wife being among the number. William Bradford was 
thereupon «?.lected to fill the vacancy, and during thirty years 
he continued to be a prominent man m the colony. 

VII. In April, of 1621, a treaty of friendship was made 
with Massasoit (mas-sasoit^), chief of the Wampanoags 
{wom-pa-no -ags), which was sacredly kept for more than thirty 
years. Canonicus, the great chief of the Narragan setts, who 
regarded the English as intruders, kept the colonists in fear 
for awhile; but the decided course of Bradford eventually 
compelled him to sue for peace. 

VIII. In the mean time other influences were at work to ex- 
tend the range of settlements. A company composed of gen- 
tlemen who were interested in the fisheries and trade of New 
England, having purchased a tract of land, sent out an ex- 
pedition of a hundred persons, under the charge of John En- 
dicott. These reached Salem in 1628, and made a settle- 
ment, thus laying the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay 
Colony. The proprietors soon after obtained a charter from 
the king, under the incorporated title of " The Governor and 
Company of Massachusetts Bay, in New England." 

IX. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, and 
settlements at Charlestown and other places were made. An 
important change took place in 1629, by which the govern- 
ment of the company was transferred from London to New 
England. This induced men of fortune and intelligence to 
become interested, among whom was John Winthrop, who 

VII. Questions. — 41. What important treaty was made ? 42. For how long a 
time was the treaty observed ? 43. What can you say of Canonicus ? 

VIII. 44. What settlement was made in 162S'? 45. In what direction from Ply- 
mouth is Salem ? (See map p. 37.) 46. What led to the settlement of Salem ? 
47. When was Salem settled ? 4S. What charter was afterward obtained by the 
proprietors of Salem ? 

IX. 49. What can you say of the growth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 50. 
What induced Winthrop and others to join <he colonists? 51. When was Boston 
settled ? 52. By whom was it settled ? * See note (Pljinouth) next pa^e. 



42 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

was afterward elected governor, and who set sail for the col- 
ony in the beginning of April, 1630. Winthrop* was* accom- 
panied by about three hundred families, mostly Puritans, 
who settled at Boston and adjacent places, in 1630. 

X. The banishment of Roger Williams, in 1635, was an 
event not only important in itseli", bat also Ou account of the 
principle it enunciated. Though a Puritan, Williams de- 
nounced the religious intolerance practiced in New England, 
for which, as well as certain opinions touching civil matters, 
he was banished. Nor was this the only banishment. A 
Mrs. Hutchinson,f who persisted in holding meetings of her 
own sex, and promulgating peculiar views, was also compelled 
to leave. 

XI. An act of the " General Court" at Boston, in 1636, by 
which about two thousand dollars were appropriated for the 
purpose of founding a public school or college, led to the es- 
tablishment of what is now the oldest literary institution in 
America. In 1638, the Rev. John Harvard bequeathed up- 
wards of three thousand dollars to it, which, in honor of the 
benefactor, was named Harvard College. Its location is at 
Cambridge {kame'-hrij), about three miles from Boston. 

« John Winthrop was born in Groton, county of Suffolk, England, in 1588. He was re-elected eovernor 
of Massachusetts every year until 1634. With the exception of two or three years, he was afterwards 
deputy governor or governor until his death, which occurred in 1649. 

t Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, upon being sentenced to banishment, at first went to Rhode Island. After 
the death of her husband, which occurred in 1642, five years later, she removed with her children to New 
Netherlands. The Indians and the Dutch were then "at war, and, in an attack made by the former, her 
house was set on fire, and she and all her family, except one child, either perished in the flames or were 
massacred by the savages. 

Plvmouth. — It h.is been stated thr.t Plymouth was not so called in memory of the hf'spitalities be- 
stowed upon the Pilgrims at Plyinoutli, England; but the weight of authority is in favor of the state- 
mriit. Biiylit-Sjliowcver, in his ••.Memoirs ot the Colony," says: " They ( the Pilgrims.) named their 
settlement" I'lymouth, because this pl;ice had been so c'lUed "by Canlaiii Smith, who had ) reviously 
surveyed tho'liarbor, and thev remembered the kindness which they had experienced from llie people 
of Plymouth in England." Smitli, when he examined the New England coast, in lbl-4, made a map 
ohowing his explorations. On this m.ip, which was published m 1616, was the name, Plymouth. 



X. Questions.— 53. What intolerance was shown towards Roger Williams? 54. 
What towards a woman ? 

XL 55. Give an account of the establishment of Harvard College. 56. How is 
Cambridge situated? (See map, p. 120.) 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



43 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 




I. The Council of Ply- 
mouth, it will be recol- 
lected, in 1620 obtained 
a grant of land including 
the whole of what is now 
known as New England. 
In 1622, a portion of this 
grant — that extending 
from the Merrimac to the 
Kennebec — was ceded by 
the council to Ferdinand 
Gorges {gor'-jez) and 
John Mason, two of its 
most active members. 
Gorges and Mason called 
the territory which they 
thus obtained Laconia, 
andjin the spring of 1623, 
sent emigrants who made settlements at Little Harbor, near 
Portsmouth, and at Dover. These, then, were the first settle- 
ments in New Hampshire. 

II. In 1629, the Rev. John WbeoJwright and others, who 
evidently did not consider the grant to Gorges and Mason as 
of much value, purchased of the Indians all the territory be- 



New Hampshire.— I. Questions. — 1, How did the Council of Plymouth dispose 
of a portion of their lands in 1622? 2. Describe the Merrimac Eiver. (See map 
p. 37.) 3. Describe the Kennebec. (See map, p. 10.) 4. What name did Gorges 
and Mason give to their country? 5. What rivers bounded Laconia? 6. How is 
Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 7. In what direction from Portsmouth is 
Dover? (See map, p. 44.) 

II. 8. What purchase of territory was made in 1629? 9. How did this purchase 
conflict with the claims of Gorges and Mason? 10. Into what body of water does 
the Piscataqua flow? (See map, p. 44.) 11. What grant did Mason obtain in 1629? 
12. What name did he give to the country? 



44 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



tween the Merrimac and Piscataqua. In the same year 
Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, 
of the country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to 
this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 

III. The different settlements of New Hampshire in time 
came to be governed by different proprietors ; but the people, 
believing their interests w^ould be promoted by a change, in 
1641 formed a union, and placed themselves under the pro- 
tection of Massachusetts. This privilege was enjoyed for 
a period of nearly forty years, when, in 1680, the two colo- 
nies were separated by order of the king, and New Hampshire 
became a royal province. 

IV. In tlie following yc-dv a vex- 
atious controversy began, as to the 
proprietorship of the lands, which 
continued for a number of years. 
This dispute grew out of the claims 
wliich the heirs of Mason had laid to 
all the territory between the Merri- 
mac and Piscataqua, and it was not 
terminated nntil they relinquished 
all the unoccupied portions of the 
province. During the wars known as King Philip's and King 
William's, the settlers of New Hampshire suffered severely 
from the incursions of the Indians. In one case, the attack 
upon Dover in the latter war, twenty-one persons were killed, 
and others were captured and taken to Canada. 

Y. The district of New Hampshire was several times con- 
nected with Massachusetts, — the first from 1641 to 1680, as 
previously stated ; but, in 1741, it became a separate prov- 
ince, and so continued till the Revolution. 




POKTSMOtTTH AND VICINITY. 



III. Questions. — 13. What change in the government of the New Hampshire 
settlements took place in 1641? 14. Give a fm-ther account of the political con- 
nection between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. (See, also, paragraph Y.) 

IV. 15. What controversy respecting lands began in 16S1? 16. Give some ac- 
count ofit. 17. How did the wars of King Philip and King William affect the sot- 
Uements of New Hampshire? 



CONNECTICUT. 



46 



COKlSrECTICUT 




I. In 1030 the Coun- 
cil of Plymouth ceded 
to the Earl of Warwick 
the soil of Connecticut ; 
and this grant, in the 
following year, was trans- 
ferred to Lord Say-and- 
Seal, Lord Brooke, and 
associates. 

II. As the Dutch, at the 
time, laid claim to ail the 
territory thus ceded, they 
resolved to prevent any 
settlements being made 
within the limits of the 
new grant. According- 
ly, they proceeded from 
New York, sailed up the 
Connecticut River to 
where Hartford now 

stands, and there erected a fort. The structure was hardly 
completed when Captain ^Yilliam Holmes and a company from 
Plymouth sailed up the river, and, though forbidden by the 
Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them if they attempted to 
pass the fort, the English kept on unhurt, and commenced 
the settlement of Connecticut, at' Windsor (luin'-zer), by 
erecting in that year, 1G33, a tradhig-house there. 

III. In the autumn of 1635, a company of sixty men, 

CoxNKCTicuT.— I. Questions. — 1. What grant of land M'as made in 1G30? 2. 
What, in 16:31? 

II. 3. W'liat resolution did the Dutch determine upon? 4. What action did they 
accordingly take ? 5. When and where was Co|inecticut first settled ? 6. Describe 
■^hc Connecticut Eiver. (Sec map of New England.) 



46 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



women, and children journeyed from Massachvisetts through 
the wilderness, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth- 
ersfield. At about the same time a colony was commenced 
at the mouth of the Connecticut, which, in honor of Lord 
Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, was called Saybrook. But 
the migration conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 
1636, was one of the most important to Connecticut. With 
about a hundred persons he departed from the vicinity of 
Boston, and, after a toilsome journey through swamps and 
forests, arrived in the valley of the Connecticut. His people 
settled mostly at Hartford. 

IV. It was at this time that difficulties with the Indians 
began to arise. The Pequods, a warlike tribe inhabiting the 
southeast part of Connecticut, committed many acts of hos- 
tility, and sought an alliance with the Narragansetts in an 
effort to exterminate the colonists ; but, through the cxer 
tions of Roger Williams, the league was prevented. The 
Indians, however, continuing their murderous depredations, 
a court, summoned at Hartford, in 1637, formally declared 
war against them. 

y. Soon a force of ninety colonists, with about the same num- 
ber of Mohcgan Indians, started against the foe. The expedi- 
tion, commanded by Captain John Mason, sailed down the 
Connecticut and along Long Island Sound, and landed at a point 
in the southwestern part of Rhode Island. Here it was join- 
ed by other Indian allies, until the whole force amounted to 
not less than five hundred men. Mason proceeded by quick 
marches, and surprised the chief fort of the Pequods, situated 

III. Question's. — 7. What account can yon give of ihn settlements made in the 
autumn of 1635? S. Of the colony at the mouth of the Connecticut? 9. Of the 
migration conducted by Hooker? 

IV. 10. Who were the Pequods? 11. What alliance did they try to bring about? 
12. How was it prevented ? 1:]. When and by wliom was war declared against the 
Pequods? 

V. 14. What expedition was sent against them ? 15. Give an account of the 
movements of the expedition. IG At what idacc was the chief fort of the Pequods 
situated? 17. How is New London situateil? (See map, p. 47.) 13. Wliat was the 
result of the expedition ? 



CONNECTICUT. 



47 



on tlie Mystic River, eight miles northeast of New London. It 
and the wiorwams were burned, and more than six hundred 
men, women, and children perished by fire or were slain. 

VI. The Pequods never recovered from their great loss. 
The severe blow dealt them was promptly followed by vigor- 
ous measures, until finally the survivors, about two hundred in 
number, surrendered in despair, and were sold into captivitv 




TrcxBTirr 

LONG- ISLAND 



SOUND 



or incorporated with other tribes. So complete was their 
overthrow that the very name of Pequods was no longer 
heard. 

YIL A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
1638, called the New Haven colony. The land was bought 
of the Indians, and under the guidance of the Rev. John 
Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, a colony, remarkable for the 

YI. Questions.— 19. What effect did the blow have upon the Pequods? 20. 
What further account can you give of the Pequods? 

VII. 21 When was a third colony established in Connecticut ? 22. By whom ? 
23. At what place? 24 How is New Haven situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 



48 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



religious spirit that marked its laws, was planted and 
flourished. 

VIII. It will be seeu that three colonies were established 
in Connecticut, namely : the Connecticut colony, embracing 
Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, the inhabitants of 
which acknowledged the authority of Massachusetts ; the Say- 
brook colony ; and the New Haven colony. The one at the 
mouth of the Connecticut, Saybrook, maintained its separate 
existence until 1644, when it was annexed to the Connecticut 
colony. Then there were only two. These were united in 
1665, under a royal charter granted by Charles H., king of 
England. This charter was exceedingly liberal, and confirm- 
ed in every particular the constitution which the people had 
adopted at Hartford, twenty-six years before. 

IX. For a number of years the colonists of Connecticut en- 
joyed comparative freedom from anxiety and molestation ; 
but, in 1687, Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed 
royal governor of New England, appeared before the As- 
sembly, then in session at Hartford, and demanded the sur- 
render of their charter. A discussion at once arose which was 
protracted till evening, when the charter was brought in and 
laid upon the table ; but just as Andros was stepping forward 
to take it, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When the 
candles were relighted, the document could not be found : it 
had been carried away by Captain Wadsworth, and hid in the 
hollow of a tree which was afterward known as the Charter Oak. 

X. Andros, notwithstanding his inability to procure the 
charter, assumed the government, and administered it in his 
own name until he was seized at Boston, in 1689, and sent to 
England, for trial on a charge of maladministration of public 
affairs. The people then received the charter from its hiding - 

VIII. Questions. — How many colonies, in all, were established in Connecticut? 
26. Give their names. 27. "What settlements did the Connecticut colony embrace? 
2S. What became of the Saybrook colony? 29. What union afterward took place? 

IX. 30. What demand was made of the Connecticut people in 16ST? 31. Giveau 
account of the proceedings that followed. 

X. 82. Wlat further can you say of Andros ': 33. Of the charter ? 



RHODE ISLAND. 



49 



place, and Connecticut again assumed her position as an in- 
dependent colony. 



KIIODE ISLAND 



I. Upon the l^anish- 
ment of Roger Williams* 
from Massachusetts, he 
remained several months 
with the Narragan setts, 
and then fixed his habi- 
tation on the spot where 
the city of Providence 
now stands. This was 
in the year 163G. The 
place selected by him for 
settlement was.purchascd 
of the Indians, and to it 
he gave the name which 
it still bears, to com- 
memorate " (rod's merci- 
ful providence to him in 
his distress.'- Williams 
was prompt to proclaim 
religious toleration in his new home, and the rules governing 
the colony were made by a majority of the inhabitants ; con- 
sequently immigrants came in great numbers, mostly from the 
oppressed of the neighboring colonies. 

II. A year after, W^illiam Coddington, who had become dis- 




* Roger A/VilHams was born in Wales, in 1G06. He died in Rhode Island, i 



Rhode Island. — I. Questions. — 1. When was Rhode Island seUled ? 2. At -what. 
place? 3. By whom? 4. IIow did Williams procure the land? 5. Why 
was Providence so called ? 6. What induced immigrants to flock to Rhode 
Island ? 

II. 7. "What settlement was made by Coddington? 8. Why did he leave Bos- 
ton ? 9. What was Coddington's settlement afterward called ? 10. What was 
Williams's afterwards called? 



50 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



satisfied with his residence in Boston, in consequence of the 
church opposition to Avhich he had for a long time been sub- 
jected, accepted an invitation from Williams, and, with 
eighteen others, purchased from the Indians the island of 
Rhode Island, and settled there. This settlement was after- 
wards known as the Rhode Island Plantation, and that of 
Williams as the Providence Plantation. 

III. It was claimed on the pait of Plymouth, and the as- 
sumption was supported by Massachusetts, that the lands 
whereon Williams and Coddington had settled belonged to 
Plymouth, and that consequently the two settlements were 
under the jurisdiction of that colony. Rather than acknowl- 
edge this claim, Williams w^ent to England and obtained from 
Parliament a fiee charter of incorporation, Avhereby the two 
settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, under one 
government, as the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 
■ lY. After Charles II. ascended the 
throne of England, Rhode Island, in 
1663, obtained a new charter. When 
Andros assumed the government of 
N^ew England, operations, under the 
charter, were for the time necessarily 
suspended ; but immediately after 
his seizure at Boston, as elsewhere 
stated, the charter again became the 
fundamental law of the colony, and 
was the only constitution of the State 




OGKU WILLIAMS. 



till 184i 



III. Questions.— 11. What claim did the colonies of Plymouth and Massachu- 
setts set up? 12. What did Williams do in consequence? 13. When were the two 
plantations united ? 14. Under what name ? 

IV. 15. By whom was anew charter granted to Ehode Island? IG. When was it 
prantod ? 17. What can you say of it? 18. What Interruption to its operation was 
for a time suffered ? 19. When was the administration of affairs under the charter 
resumed? 20. Till what year did the charter then continue in operation ? 21. How 
many years passed from the time it was granted till its final supersedure? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. When, where, and by whom was Virginia settled ? 27 

2. "What misfortunes did the colony for a time encounter? 28 

3. Give an account of Edward Wingfleld 27, 28 

4. State how Smith attained to the presidency 28 

5. What excursions and explorations did he make ? 28, 30 

6. What misfortune befell him while up the Chickahominy ? 30 

7. What parade and show did the Indians make of him? 30 

8. What then did they determine to do with liim? 30 

9. Who was Pocahontas, and how did she save Smith ? 30 

10. How many men did Smith find at Jamestown upon his return?. 31 

11. What selfishness were some of them contemplating ? 31 

12. How was a change in the condition of the colony effected?. ... 31 

13. How long did the London Company hold their first charter?. . . 32 

14. Whom did the company appoint governor for life ? 32 

15. How long did Smith remain in the colony, and why did he leave ? 32 

16. Give an account of the "Starving Time" in Virginia 32, 33 

17. What change took place in the affairs of Virginia in 1G12 ?. . . 33 

18. Give an account of Pocahontas after she saved Smith's hfe. . 33, 34 

19. Give an account of Argall's expeditions from Virginia 34 

20. What additions were made to the Virginia colony in 1620?. ... 34 

21. What change took place in the affairs of Virginia in 1673?. . . . 35 

22. Give an account of Bacon's RebelUon 35, 36 

23. What account can you give of Virginia after the Rebellion?. 36, 37 

24. What of Captain John Smith after he left Virginia ? 37, 38 

25. What grant of land was made to an English company in 1620?. 38 

26. Give anaccDunt of ths settlement of Massachusetts 38, 39, 40 

27 What can you say of Massasoit and Canonicus ? 41 

2S. How was the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded? 41 

29. What took place in 1629 and 1630, in relation to that colony ? .41, 42 

30. What intolerant spirit was shown by the colony in 1635?. ... 42 

31. What joint grant of land was made to Gorges and Mason ? 43 

32. What two settlements were made in 1623 ? 43 

33. What two grants of the same land were made in 1629? . . .43, 44 

34. What further can you state of the colonial history of New H, ? 44 

35. How did Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke get Connecticut ? 45 

36. Give an account of the settlement made at Windsor 45. 46 

37. Give an account of the Saybrook colony 46, 4S 

38 Give an account of the Pequod War 46, 47 

39. Give an account of the New Haven colony 47, 48 

40. State how the three colonies of Connecticut were \mited ..... 48 

41. Give an account of the two settlement? made in Rhode Island 49, 50 



52 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 
1643, TO " THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 

I. In 1643 a union was formed by the four colonies of 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, the 
object being to secure mutual protection against the encroach- 
ments of the Dutch and French, and for better security against 
the hostility of the Indians. When, five years affer, Rhode 
Island desired to be admitted to the confederacy, the re- 
quest was not granted, because she refused to be incorporated 
with Plymouth, as part of that colony, and thus lose her 
separate existence. The general affairs of the union were 
managed by a board of commissioners, consisting of two 
from each colony ; and, in this way, the confederacy ex 
isted for nearly fifty years. When, at last, it Avas destroyed, 
by the loss of their charters, the colonists still cherished a de- 
sire for union. 

II. In 1656 a lamentable trouble commenced, growing out 
of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from Eng- 
land. A report, which represented them to be a people of 
peculiar opinions and conduct, had preceded them, and those 
who first arrived were consequently sent back at once. Shortly 
after, a law was passed, intended to prohibit their coming into 
the united colonies at all ; but this failing of its object — the 
Quakers still continuing to come — another law was enacted, 
decreeing the punishment of death upon all who returned from 
banishment. 

Massaciiusktts.— I. Questions.— 1. What union was formed in 1643 ? 2. "What 
request did Ilhode Island inal<e ? 3. Why -was it not granted ? 4. Uow were the 
general affairs of the union conducted ? 

II. 5. "Whatan-ival took place in 1C5G? G. What was done with those who first 
arrived ? I Why were they sent back ? S. Did this course keep the Quakers fiom 
coming ? 9. What eevere law was thereupou enacted ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



53 



III. This also failed of its object. Many of the banished re- 
turned, four were executed, some were publicly whipped, and 
others were cast into prison. The great severity of the law 
finally caused a general feeling of condemnation ; a wide- 
spread sympathy for the accused began to be felt, and, after 
five years of trouble, the atrocious act was repealed. 
KING Philip's war. 

lY. During the life of Massa- 
soit, the treaty of friendship 
made between him and the 
people of Plymouth was faitli- 
fully kept. After his death, 
his two sons, Alexander and 
Philip, were looked upon as 
being unfriendly to the whites ; 
and when, upon the death (jf 
the elder brother, Philip be- 
came chief, trouble began to be king philip. 
anticipated. 

V. It was evident to the Indians that the spreading settle- 
ments were fast reducing their domains and breaking up their 
hunting-grounds ; and they saw plainly, in the growing power 
of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. Nothing short 
of a combination of all the New England tribes for the ex- 
termination of the colonists, it was thought, could arrest the 
tide against them ; and Philip, so it was alleged, was the lead- 
ing spirit in plotting the combination. A converted Indian, 
who had been sent as a missionary among his people, was the 
principal informer against the chief. This man was after- 
ward found murdered. The execution by the whites of 




III. Questions. — 10. What effect did the law have ? 11. How were the Quakers 
then punished ? 12. W hat further can you say of the troubles ? 

IV. 13. Who was Alexander ? 14 Philip ? 15. To Avhat position did Philip at- 
tain ? 

V. 16. What became evident to the Indians? IT. How did the Indians suppose 
they could be saved from extinction ? 18. Who was supposed to be the leading spint 
5n plotting an Indian combination ? 19. Who informed against Philip ? 



64 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



three Indians, who had been arrested, tried, and convicted of 
the murder, may he considered as the immediate cause of the 
war. 



^ 



* 




INDIAN WARFARE. — TIIE 6URPRISE. 

VL The first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon 
the people of Swanzey, a village thirty-five miles southwest 
from Plymouth. The alarm was given, and he was pursued, 
by a force consisting of Plymouth troops and volunteers 

Questions.— 20. What became of the informer ? 21. What was the immediate 
can.se of Kinir Philip's war ? 

VL 22. Give an account of the attack upon Swanzey. 23. To what place was 
Philip pursued ? 24. Where is Mount Hope sicuatod? (See map, p. 37.) 25. What 
can you say of the war that followed ? 



MASSACHUSETTS. 55 



from Boston, as far as his home at Mount Hope, which he 
was forced to abandon, lie sought safety in a swamp. Here 
he was besieged for a number of days, but at length made his 
escape, with the most of his warriors. The war that followed 
was of the most desolating character. The savages, grown 
desperate, burned village after village, and carried death and 
destruction throughout the country for miles around. 

VIT. Although a treaty of peace had been made with the 
Narragansetts, they proved unfaithful to their obligations, and 
became the allies of Philip. This becoming known, a strono- 
force was sent against them, and, in an immense swamp in 
the southern part of Rhode Island, they were defeated with 
great loss. Yet they continued their depredations till the 
death of Philip, which occurred in 1676. The shot of a 
faithless Indian terminated the life of the wily chief. 

VIII. A. controversy, which had been going on for a num- 
ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and the 
Massachusetts colony, concerning the province of Maine, was, 
in 1677, decided by judicial authority in favor of the heirs, 
and Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three 
years after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachu- 
setts was declared, and the former became a royal province 
— the first in New England ; but the title to Maine was re 
tained by Massachusetts until the year 1820. 

IX. The English Parliament, with a view to monopolizing 
the trade with the colonies, passed the "Navigation Act." 
The opposition to this, as well as to other obnoxious laws, as 
shown by Massachusetts, displeased the king, James II., and 
he therefore deprived that colony of her charter. Sir Ed- 
mund Andros, who, by his subsequent career, made himself 

VII. QuKSTiONS. — 26. IIow did the Narragansetts behave? 27. What followed? 
23. What became of Philip ? 

VIII. 2y. What controversy was settled in 167T? 30. How was it settled? 
31. What took place three years after? 32. Till what time was Maine a part of 
Massachusetts ? 

IX. 33. Why was the " Navigation Act" passed? 34. How was the law treated 
by Massachusetts ? 35. What did the king then do ? 



56 COLONIAL HISTORY, 



infamous, on account of his unjust and oppressive government, 
was sent to govern New England. 

X. These proceedings on the part of the king rendered 
him exceedingly unpopular, — so much so, that when the news 
of the English Revolution and James's dethronement reached 
Boston, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and the most ob- 
noxious of his officers were seized and sent to England, and 
the former mode of government was again established. 
KING William's war. 

XL James fled to France, and William, Prince of Orange, 
and Mary, his wife, the eldest daughter of James, were called 
to the English throne, as king and queen of that country. 
The cause of the fugitive king was earnestly espoused by the 
French monarch, and this, principally, led to a contest between 
the two powers, known in history as King William's War, in 
which the respective colonists became involved and suffered 
terribly. 

XII. During the early part of the contest, which lasted 
from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick (riz'-wick), in 1697, the 
French and their Indian allies made expeditions against Do- 
ver, Schenectady [ske-nek'-ta-de), and other settlements in the 
northern colonies, and committed barbarities of the most 
shocking chai-acter. To check these incursions, an expedition, 
under Sir William Phipps, was dispatched by Massachusetts 
against Nova Scotia. The capture of Port Royal was easily 
accomplished, and Phipps returned to Boston with a large 
amount of booty. 

XIII. A second undertaking, of greater magnitude, was 

X. Questions. — 36. What iniule James IL unpopular in Mas.sachusetts ? 37. 
What, consequently, caused great rejoicings there ? 3S. What treatment was meted 
out to Andros? 

XI. 39. To what i)lace did James retreat? 40. Who then was made king of 
England ? 4L Who, queen ? 42. What was the i)rincipal cause of King ■William''8 
War? 

Xn. 43. IIow long did the war last? 4t. "What places did the French and In- 
dians attack? 45. IIow is Dover situated? (See map, p. 44.) 46. How is Schenec- 
tady situated? (See map, p. 62.) 47. Give an account of Phipps's expedition against 
Nova Scotia. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 5*7 



planned by the New England colonies and New York, hav- 
ing for its object the conquest of Canada, though the pros- 
pect of plunder gave to it all the vitality it possessed. A 
large naval force, under Sir William Phipps, left Massachusetts, 
while a land expedition proceeded from New York ; but the un- 
dertaking proved a signal failure. The land troops reached the 
head of Lake Champlain, and then, because no means of trans- 
portation were provided, turned back. The expedition by water 
was pushed with no more energy and dispatch, and it too failed. 

XIV. Phipps, after his return, was sent to England, for the 
purpose of procuring aid in the further prosecution of the war, 
and also to obtain for Massachusetts a restoration of the 
charter which King James had taken away. His mission, as 
regards the first purpose, was unsuccessful : as regards the 
second. King William refused to restore the old charter, but, 
instead, he granted a new one, which united Massachusetts, 
Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one royal government, 
and upon Phipps was conferred the office of governor. 

XV. One of the very first acts of the new governor was 
the formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who 
were accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, 
prevailed among the people of Salem and neighboring towns. 
Twenty persons were put to death, more than fifty were tor- 
tured or frightened into a confession, and many suffered im- 
prisonment. The delusion, which lasted more than six months, 
was finally dispelled, and the most of those who had partici- 
pated as prosecutors in the unrighteous work confessed their 
error; still there were some, the most prominent of whom was 
Cotton Mather, an eccentric but influential minister, who de- 
fended their course to the last. 

XIII. Questions. — 4S. What second undertaking was planned? 49. What gave 
to it its vitality ? 50. Give an account of the land expedition. 51. Of the expedition 
by water. 52. How is Lake Champlain situated? (See map, p. 62.) 

XIV. 53. Why was Phipps sent to England? 54. IIow successful was he? 

XV. 55. AVhat Avas one of the first acts of Governor Phipps ? 56. How is Sa- 
lem situated? (See map, p. 37.) 57. How many persons were put to death? 5S 
How many were tortured or frightened into a confession ? 59. What lurther ac 
count can you give of the delusion ? 

3* 



68 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



XVI. King William's War continued to afflict the colo- 
nies, extending over a period of about eight years, till it was 
brought to a close, as before stated, by the treaty of 1697, 

QUEEN ANNe's WAR. 

XVII. Upon the death of James II., which occurred in 
France, in 1701, the French monarch acknowledged his son, 
who was then in exile, to be the lawful heir to the English 
throne. This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in 
England, where the crown had been settled upon Anne (^an), 
the second dauo-hter of James. While the Eno-lish were raak- 
ing preparations for war. King William died, and Anne became 
sovereign of England. The interference of France in the mat- 
ter of the succession to the English crown, in connection with 
other causes, led to a war between England on the one side, 
and France and Spain on the other, which is known in Amer- 
ica as Queen Anne's War, but, in Europe, as the War of the 
Spanish Succession. 

XVIII. In consequence' of a treaty of neutrality which the 
confederated tribes of Indians, commonly known as the Five 
Nations, had made with the French in Canada, New York did 
not suffer from any invasion from the north, the Five Nations 
occupying lands within that colony. The weight of the war, 
therefore, fell upon the people of New England. Bodies of 
French and Indians made incursions from Canada, fell upon 
the defenceless villages, and murdered or carried into captivity 
the helpless inhabitants. 

XIX. The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, after an unsuc- 
cessful attempt made three years before, was the most impor- 
tant event of the war.* The name of the place was thereupon 



XVII. Questions. — 60. "What course did the French monarch pursue, upon the 
death of James II. ? 61. How did this affect the English people ? 62. While prepa- 
rations were being made for war, what occurred? 63. What were the causes of 
Queen Anne's War? 64. By what other name was the contest known? 

XVIII. 65. How did New York escape invasion during the war? 66. Whore was 
the weight of the war felt? 

• In America 



MASSACHUSETTS. 59 



changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, and 
Acadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. The 
contest continued about eleven years, hostilities having com- 
menced in 1702, and closed by the treaty of Utrecht (u'-brkt), 
in 1713 

KING George's war. 

XX. A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was 
broken during the reign of George IL, by King George's War. 
This contest had its origin in European disputes, relating, prin- 
cipally, to the kingdom of Austria, and, for that reason, is 
known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succession. 

XXI. War havinor been declared between EnHand and 
PVance in 1744, the colonial possessions were at once involv- 
ed. The most important event was the capture of Louisburg 
{loo'is-hurfi), by a force, mostly of New England troops, under 
William Pepperill, aided by an English fleet, commanded by 
Commodore Warren. The contest between the two nations 
continued about four years, and was terminated by the treaty 
of Aix-la-chapelle (ahes-la-sha-peV), in 1748, by which all ac- 
quisitions of territory which had been made by England and 
France during the war were mutually restored. 

XIX. Questions. — 6T. What was the most important event of the war? 63. 
"When was Port Royal captured ? 69. What change took place in the name ? 70. 
Why was the name so changed? 71. What permanent annexation was made to the 
British realm? 72. How long did the war continue? 

XX. 73. How long did peace continue after King William's War? 74. What 
war then broke out? 75. What was the cause of King George's War? 76. By 
what other name is it known ? 

XXI. 77. When was war declared? 7S. What was the most important event 
of the war? 79. How long did the war continue ? 80. By what treaty was it termi- 
nated? 81. What provision did the treaty make as regards acquisition of territory ? 



(50 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



KEW YOKK. 



I. Until most of the 
large bays and rivers on 
the eastern side of North 
America had been explor- 
ed, it was generally sup- 
posed that there existed 
a more direct and less 
dangerous passage hy 
water, from the Atlan- 
tic to the Pacific, than 
the route around Cape 
Horn. Among those 
who entertained this be- 
lief was Henry Hud- 
son,* an English naviga- 
tor, who, actuated by the 
desire to become the for- 
tunate discoverer of such 
a passage, if any existed, 
made four vo}'ages to the 
coast of America. 
H. In his third voyage, made in 1609, while sailing in the 
service of " The Dutch East India Company," he discovered 
the river which now bears his name. Having sailed up the 
stream to the head of ship navigation, and explored it in a 
small boat for some miles further, probably as far as Albany, 
ho returned to Europe. 

» Hudson made his fourth voyatre in 1610. Wliile in Hudson's Bay, a iniUiny ocfurring among his men, 
he, with eight who remained faithful to him, was put into an open boat and abandoned. Two ships were 
afterwards sent frOJi England to make searih for him, but no tidings of the bold navigator could ever be 
gained. 




I. New York. — Quicstioxs.— 1. Who was Henry Hudson? 2. How many voy- 
ages did he make to the coast of America? 3. "What was his object? 

II. 4. When did he discover the Hudson? 5. In whose employ was he at the 
time? 6. How far up the Hudson did he proceed? 7. What was his object? 8. 
Who first discovered tlie Hudson llivcr ? ^?m.— Verrazzani in 1524. 



NEW YORK. 



61 




HENRY HUDSON. 



III. The Dutch, claiming 
that Hudson's discovery gave 
them a title to the country, in 
1614 built a fort on Manhat- 
tan or New York Island, and, 
in the following year, built a 
second fort, at Albany, which 
they called Fort Orange. Their 
claim to territory included the 
whole region from Cape Cod 
to the southern shore of Dela- 
ware Bay, though that part in their possession was the only 
portion known as New Netherlands. 

ly. The actual colonization of the country did not com- 
mence until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
organization, called "The Dutch West India Company," two 
settlements were made ; one at Fort Orange, the site of Al- 
bany, and the other on Manhattan Island, to which the name 
of New Amsterdam was given. The company oifered a large 
tract of land and certain privileges to every individual who 
would form a settlement of fifty persons. This led, more than 
two centuries afterward, to very serious disturbances, known 
as the " anti-rent difficulties." 

V. New Netherlands had, in the course of time, four Dutch 
governors, the first of whom was Peter Minuits : he was suc- 
ceeded by Wouter Van Twiller, during whose administration 
a controversy was begun, occasioned by the alleged encroach- 
ments of the English on the eastern end of Long Island and 
on the Connecticut River. Sir William Kieft {keeft), the third 

III. QtTESTioxs.— 9. What claim to territory did the Dutch make ? 10. When 
and where did they build two forts? 11. How is Albany situated ? ^See map, p. 
62.) 12. What territory was known as New Netherlands ? 

IV. 13. When was New York first colonized by the Dutch ? 14. What setile- 
ments were then made? 15. What inducements were offered to settlers? 16. 
What difficulties followed, along time after? 

V. 17. Give in order the names of the four successive Dutch governors of New 
Netherlands. 18. What occurred during Van Twiller's administration'? 19, What, 
during Kieft's ? 20. What was Kiaft's fate ? 



C2 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



governor, involved the colon}^ in a strife with the Swedes of^ 
Delaware, whose settlements he considered as encroachments 
upon New Netherlands. He also, by his unwise and inhu- 
man conduct, brought on a disastrous war with the In- 
dians. After an administration of about nine years, the West 
India Company deprived him of his office. On his return to 
Europe, the ship in which he sailed was wrecked, and the 
guilty man perished. 




THE STATE OF 

NEW YORK 



VI. Peter Stuyvesant, the fourth and last of the Dutch 
governors, arrived in 1647, when he commenced a vigorous 
though often arbitrary rule. He conciliated the Indians, 
made a treaty settling boundary disputes with the English, 



VI. Questions— 21. What did Stuyvesant accomplish ? 22. What was the con- 
sequence? 23. What did the people desire? 24. What did they demand? 25. 
How was their demand treated? 



NEW YORK. 



63 




PETER STUYVESANT. 



gained by conquest the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 

and by judicious regulations did 
much to encourage commerce. 
The consequence was, that many 
immigrants came from the op- 
pressed, the discontented, and 
the enterprising of other colo- 
nies and European nations ; and 
soon a body of people were 
o-atbered too-ether who, notwith- 
standing all their privileges, de- 
sired other and greater ones. 
They even demanded a share in 
the government ; but Stuyvesant resisted, and his conduct was 
afterwards approved by the home government. 

VII. In 1664 Charles IL, in entire disregard of the claims 
of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the 
whole region from the Connecticut River to Delaware Bay, 
and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take possession 
of the territory. In the mean time, all that portion now 
known as New Jersey was sold by the duke to Lord Berke- 
ley and Sir George Carteret. 

YIII. The appearance of the English fleet before New Am- 
sterdam convinced Stuyvesant, when too late, of the impru' 
dence of his conduct in refusing the demand of the colonists. 
They, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, de- 
termined to comply with Nicolls's summons to surrender; 
but Stuyvesant, faithful to his employers, the Dutch West 
India Company, declined to sign the articles of capitulation 



VII. Questions.— 26. Who was the Dakc of York? 27. From whom did he ro 
ceive an extensive grant? 28. When did he receive it? 29. What region was 
granted? 30. What was done to procure possession of the ton-itory? 31. What 
disposition did the duke make of a portion of his grant? 

VIII. 32. What mistake had Stuyvesant made ? 33. How did it prove to be a 
mistake? 34. What can you say of Stuyvesanfs subsequent conduct? 35. What 
changes in names took, place ? 36. Who was the first English governor of llfevi- 
York' 



64 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



until the town was actually in the possession of the English. 
The new occupants changn^d the name of New Amsterdam to 
New York, a name which was afterward applied to the whole 
territory under the control of the duke ; and Fort Orange 
was called Albany. Nicolls was the first English governor. 

IX. In 16*73, during a ^var between England and Holland, 
the Dutch regained possession not only of New York, but of 
New Jersey and the settlements on the Delaware. Their 
hold, however, proved of brief duration ; for, by the treaty of 
peace, made a few months after, the whole territory was re- 
stored to the British crown. To remove all doubts concern- 
ing the Duke of York's title to the lands, a new charter, con- 
firming the former grant, was given by the king, and under 
it Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor. When 
Charles II. died, his brother, the Duke of York, ascended the 
throne as James II. But, in consequence of the arbitrary 
conduct of James, a revolution took place, the king fled to 
France, and William and Mary were proclaimed joint mon- 
archs of England. 

X. The intelligence of these proceedings in England was- 
received in New York with demonstrations evincing the satis- 
faction of the people. Jacob Leisler {llce'-ler)^ aided by sev- 
eral hundred armed men, and with the approbation of the 
citizens generally, took possession of the fort in the name of 
the new sovereigns. Although never officially recognized as 
governor, Leisler continued at the head of affairs, managing 
with prudence and energy, for more than two years, his son-in- 
law, Milborne, acting as his deputy. Upon the arrival of 
Governor Sloughter [slaiv'-ier), bearing a commission direct 



IX. Questions.— 37. What occurred in 1673? 38. How Ion? did the Dutch keep 
possession? 39. What grant was then given a second time? 40. Who succeeded 
Charles II. as king of England? 41. What can you say of James's rule? 42. W'hat 
was the consequence? 

X. 43. How was the news of the English revolution received in New York? 44 
What did Leislerdo? 45. How long was he the acting governor? 46. Who washis 
deputy? 47. When did Leisler surrender his authority? 48. Did this satisfy the 
enemies of Leisler or not ? 49. What was the fote of Leisler and Milborne ? 



NEW YORK. 65 



from the English sovereigns, Leisler surrendered all authority 
into his hands. This would not satisfy the enemies of Leis- 
ler : they were bent upon his destruction. So he and Mil- 
botne were arrested, tried on a charge of treason, and con- 
demned to death. Sloughter, while drunk at a feast, signed 
the death-warrant, and both were executed. 

XL In 1*741 the Dutch church and other buildings in the 
city of New York were burned, and a house was robbed by 
slaves. Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to 
burn the city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a govern- 
ment of their own. An intense excitement among all classes 
followed, and before it was allayed more than thirty persons, 
condemned as having been engaged in the plot, were exe- 
cuted, and others were transported to foreign parts. Doubt- 
less a plot of some kind had existed, though the accounts of it 
were evidently greatly exaggerated, and many innocent per- 
sons were made to suffer. 

XIL The history of New York during the next few years, 
and till the commencement of the French and Lidian War, 
contains no events of much importance. ' During King 
George's War, which commenced in 1744 and continued near- 
ly four years, the Lidians, in alliance with the French, made 
frequent incursions into the territory between Albany and 
Crown Point, and a number of skirmishes took place ; but in 
the great final struggle for territory between England and 
France, which had its beginning in 1754, New York took no 
inconsiderable part. 



XI. Questions.— 50. "What took place in 1741 ? 51. What testimony was pro- 
duced ? 52. What followed ? 53. What punishments were inflicted ? 

XII. 54. When did King George's War commence ? 55. By what name is that 
war known in Europe ? Ans.—As the " War of the Austrian Succexsioyi.''' 66. How 
did New York sufTer during King George's War? 57. How is Albany situated? 
(See map, p. 62.) 58. How, Crown Point? (See same map.) 59. What war broKC 
oat in 1754 ? Ans.— The French and Indian War. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



NEW JEKSEY. 




I. The territory of 
New Jersey was included 
in the Dutch province of 
New Netherlands. The 
precise date of the first 
settlement within its lim- 
its is not ascertained : it 
is known, however, that 
the Dutch had a trading 
settlement at Bergen as 
early as 1622 ; and, in 
1623, they built Fort 
Nassau, on the east side 
of the Delaware River, a 
few miles below Philadel- 
phia ; but the settlement 
made at Elizabeth, in 
1664, by emigrants from 
Long Island, is considered 
as the beginning of colo- 
nization in New Jersey. 

II. As stated in the colonial history of New York, the 
Duke of York, to whom the English king had granted, in 
1664, the whole province of New Netherlands, in the same 
year sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Car- 
teret. Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, was the first 
governor ; and, by settling at Elizabethtown, now called 
Elizabeth, made it the first capital. 



New Jersey. — I. Questions.—!. In what province was the territory of New 
Jersey included ? 2. "Where, at an early period, did the Dutch have a trading set- 
tlement 3. When did they build Fort Nassau ? 4. How was the fort situated? 
5. When was New Jersey first colonized ? 6. At what placo? 7. By whom? 

II. 8. How did Berkeley and Carteret acquire New Jersey ? 



NEW JERSEY. 67 



III. The liberal constitution published by the proprietors, 
by which it was provided that no rents for the use of lands 
would be required for the space of five years, induced many 
persons to settle. The attempt to collect the rents, after the 
five years, produced a great deal of ill feeling, especially 
among those who had purchased lands of the Indians, they 
asserting that a deed from the aborigines was superior to 
any other title. After disputing about two years, the settlers 
revolted and elected James Carteret, a dissolute son of Sir 
George, governor. 

IV. After the Dutch had resigned possession of New Neth- 
erlands by treaty stipulations, in 1674, New Jersey, a portion 
of the territory so given up, was again granted to the Duke of 
York. In disregard of the rights of Berkeley and Carteret, 
the duke appointed Andros governor over the entire reunited 
province, but afterward agreed to restore New Jersey to the 
rightful proprietors. This promise he only partially per- 
formed. 

V. Berkeley having sold his interest in the proprietorship 
of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge {hil'-Unge)^ an English 
Quaker, the purchaser, in consequence of pecuniary embar- 
rassment, made an assignment to William Penn and two other 
Quakers. The proprietors then divided the whole territory 
into two portions, Carteret taking the eastern, which there- 
after was known as East Jersey, and the Quakers taking the 
western, known as West Jersey. In 1682 New Jersey be- 
came the exclusive property of Quakers, William Penn and 
eleven of his brethren having, in that year, purchased the 
eastern division. 

III. Questions.— 9. What induced persons to settle in New Jersey ? 10. What 
was the consequence -when an attempt was made to collect the rents? 11. After 
disputing two years, what did the people do ? 

IV. 12. When did the Duke of York get possession of New Jersey a second 
time ? 13. What wrong did the duke then perpetrate ? 14 Did he persist in the 
wrong ? 

V. 15. What did Berkeley do with his interest in New Jersey ? 16. What did 
Byllinge do with his? 17. What division was then made of the territory? IS. 
What was the condition of things, as regards ownership, in 1682? 



68 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 




VI. When the Duke of York, as James IL, ascended the 
throne of England, in seeking to annul the colonial charters, 
he placed New Jersey under the jurisdiction of Andros ; but 
the revolution in England, and the expulsion of the tyrannical 
governor from America, put an end to the obnoxious rule. 
The Jerseys were in an unsettled condition until the proprie- 
tors, in 1 *702, surrendered their powers of government to the 
crown. The two provinces were then united, and for thirty- 
six years New Jersey was a gubernatorial dependency of New 
York, with a distinct legislative assembly of its own. In 1738 
the connection was severed forever, and from that time to the 
Revolution New Jersey was a separate royal province. 



TI. Questions.— 19. How did the Duke of York, as James II., act towards New 
Jersey? 20. What proceeding put an end to the obnoxious rule? 21. What can 
you say of the subsequent condition of New Jersey? 22. What connection after- 
ward existed between New York and New Jersey? 23. What can you say of the 
subsequent colonial history of New Jersey? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 69 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. When did the New England colonies form a union ? 52 

2. Which of the colonies was not admitted to the union ? . . 52 

3. Give an account of the troubles that commenced in 1G56. . . 52, 53 

4. What were the names of Massasoit's two sons? 53 

5. What led to the conflict known as King Phihp's War ? ...... 53, 54 

6. When and how was the war begun ? 54 

7. Give an account of Philip's subsequent career, 54, 55 

8. Give the colonial history of Maine 55 

9. In what did the conduct of Massachusetts displease King James ? 55 

10. What appointment did Andres receive from the King ? 55, 56 

11. What war of European origin broke out in 1689?. 56 

12. How did the French carry on the war in America ? 56 

13. How did the English, under Phipps, retaliate ? 56 

14. Give an account of the attempt to conquer Canada 56, 57 

15. On what mission was Phipps afterwards sent? 57 

16. What was the result of his efforts in England ? 57 

17. Give an account of the "witchcraft delusion" 57 

18. When and by what treaty was King William's War closed?. 56, 58 

19. In how many years after did the next war break out ? 58 

20. What were the causes of Queen Anne's War ? 58 

21. AVhat important capture did the English make in 1710? 58, 59 

22. What country was then called Acadia? 19 

23. When did Queen Anne's War begin and end ? 59 

24. By what war was the peace of the colonies next disturbed?. ... 59 

25. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg 59 

26. When did King George's War begin and end ? 59 

27. What did the English do with Louisburg at the close of the war? 59 

28. When and by whom was the Hudson River discovered ? 60 

29. What was Hudson's object in exploring the river ?. 60 

30. By what right did the Dutch claim the region explored? 61 

31. When did the Dutch commence to colonize New Netherlands?. 61 

32. What can you state of Peter Minuits ? 61 

33. By whom was he succeeded in the office of governor? 61 

34. What account can you give of Kieft's rule and fate ? 61, 62 

35. By whom was Kieft succeeded in the office of governor ?. .... 62 

36. Give an account of what occurred in 1664. 63, 64 

37. Give an account of the Leisler and Milborne troubles 64, 65 

38. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey 66' 

39. What connection did Penn have with the history of New Jersey? 67 

40. During what period were New York and New Jersey united ? . 68 

41. When afterward was New Jersey a separate province? 68 



vo 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



MAEYLAND. 

I. By the charter 
granted to the London 
Company in 1G09, the 
limits of Virginia were ex- 
tended, and embraced all 
the territory now forming 
the States of Maryland, 
A'irginia, and North Caro- 
lina. The dissolution of 
the company having been 
effected in 1624, the 
whole region became the 
property of the crown. 

II. In 1631, William 
Clayborne obtained from 
Charles I. a license to 
traffic with the Indians. 
Under this authority, 
which was afterward con- 
firmed by the Governor of Virginia, he established two trad- 
ing-posts : one on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, and the other 
at the raouth of the Susquehanna ; but the permanent settle- 
ment of Maryland was accomplished by other agencies. 

III. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for Catho- 
lics, then persecuted in England, Sir George Calvert, a Roman 




Maryland.— I. Questions.—!. "Was Maryland once a part of Virginia ? 2. "What 
other State was also a part ? 3. When ami how did they become such ? 4. When 
and by whom was the right to make divisions of the whole region afterward ac- 
quired ? 

IL 5. What license did Clayborne obtain ? 6. What did he do under its authority ? 
7. How is Kent Island situated? (See map, p. 24.) S. Describe the Susquehanna 
River. (See map, p. 85.) 9. What large city is situated southwest from the mouth 
of the Susquehanna? (See same map.) 

III. 10. Who was Sir George Carteret ? 11. For what did he apply to the king? 
12. What desire influenced him? 13. Why was the chart<>r issued to his son ? 



MARYLAND. 



71 




LORD BALTIMOKE (SECOND). 



Catliolic nobleman, whose title, 
was Lord Baltimore, applied for a 
charter to establish a colony in 
America. King Charles readily 
agreed to make the grant, but be- 
fore the document received the 
royal seal, Calvert died. It was 
then issued to Cecil [se^-sil) Cal- 
vert, son of Sir George, who, by 
the death of his fathei-, inherited 
the title of Lord Baltimore. 

IV. This charter was the most 
liberal one, in every respect, that had thus far been granted 
by the English crown. It secured to emigrants equality in 
religious rights and civil freedom, and made the government 
of the colony independent of that of England. It also pro- 
vided that no tax should be levied upon the colonists by the 
crown, and that no law should be established without the 
sanction of the freemen or their deputies. The province was 
called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. 

Y. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore con- 
sisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman Catholics. 
Leonard Calvert, brother of the lord proprietary, who con- 
ducted them from England, became the first governor. They 
arrived in 1634, and at once commenced a settlement, which 
they anticipated would become a great city, calling it St. 
Mary's.* 

VI. Clayborne, from the first, claimed Kent Island, and re- 
fused to submit to the authority of the governor. Having 
determined to defend his claim by force of arms, a severe 
skirmish took place, in which his party suftered defeat. Clay- 



* Scarce a trace of the settlement now remains. 

IV. Qttestions.— It. What is said of the charter ? 15. Name four of its pro- 
visions. 16. What is said of the colonj^'s name ? 

V. 17. When, where, and by whom was Maryland settled? 

VI. 18. What claim did Clayborne insist upon ? 19. Give an account of the skir- 
mish that followed. 20. What further account can you give of Clayborne ? 



72 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

borne himself had fled to Virginia just previous to the battle, 
but the Maryland Assembly having declared him guilty of 
treason, the Governor of Virginia sent the fugitive to England 
for trial. 

VII. His claim was refused ; but, being acquitted of the 
charge of treason, he returned to Maryland, and, in 1645, in- 
cited a rebellion, in the course of which he made himself 
complete master of the province, and compelled the governor, 
in his turn, to fly into Virginia. In the following year, how- 
ever, Calvert appeared at the head of a military force and 
recovered possession. 

VIII. After the governor's resumption of office, the assem- 
bly enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which 
secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all persons 
professing belief in Jesus Christ. Although, by the terms -of 
the charter, religious freedom was guaranteed to every indi- 
vidual, yet, by the passage of this act, the guarantee received 
the sanction of law. 

IX. During the supremacy of Cromwell and the Puritans 
in England, Parliament appointed commissioners, of whom 
Clayborne was one, to administer the government of the 
colony. An act of the assembly declared that Catholics were 
not entitled to the protection of the laws of Maryland : this 
led to a civil war between the Catholics, who adhered to the 
proprietor, and the Protestants, who sided with Parliament. 
After Ci-omweU's death the rights of Lord Baltimore were 
restored, and, for nearly thirty years, the colony enjoyed re- 
pose. 

X. Upon the death of the second Lord Baltimore, his son, 
Charles Calvert, inherited his title and became the proprietor 
of the province. He retained possession until 1691, when 

VII. Questions. — 21. Give an account of " Clayborne's Rebellion." 
Till. 22. Of the Toleration Act. 

IX. 23. How did Clayborne get to be a commissioner to administer the affairs 
of Maryland ? 24. Give an account of the civil war. 25. What change took place 
after the death of Cromwell ? 

X. 26. What further can you state of the colonial history of Maryland ? 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



73 



King William constituted Maryland a royal province, in 
which condition it continued for a space of more than twenty 
years. Finally, in 1715, the proprietor's rights were restored 
to his infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland 
remained a proprietary government from that time till the 
Revolution. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



I. In the early -part 
of 1681, William Penn,* 
whom we have already 
spoken of in the history 
of New Jersey, actuated 
by a desire to found a 
colony where civil and 
religious liberty would be 
enjoyed, and where the 
people might dwell to- 
gether in the bonds of 
peace, obtained fi-om 
Charles II., in payment of 
a debt due to his father, 
a grant of all the territory 
within the present limits 
of Pennsylvania. The 
permanent settlement of 
the colony dates from 
the founding of Philadel- 
phia,! in 1682, by Penn, 




* AVilliam Penn was born in London, in 161- 



, t Pj''''"^«'P'';.»?.«'?"'''">'''".g hrothetly love, thougli tlie name of 
enn because ot Us lutrmsic significance. 



He died at Ruscombe, Berlishire County, England, ii, 
city iu Asia Minor, was so called by 



Pennsylvania.— I. Questions.—!. What grant of land was made in 16S1 ? 2. 
What was Penn's ruling desire ? 3. When was Pennsylvania settled? 4. At what 
place ? 5. Where and by whom had previous settlements been made ? 

4 



74 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



though small settlements of Swedes had been previously made 
on the Island of Tinicum and on the western bank of the 
Delaware. 

II. In addition to the grant from King Charles, Penn be- 
came, by purchase and grant from the Duke of York, the 
proprietor of all that section now constituting the State of 
Delaware : this, he called the " Territories" or the " Three 
Lower Counties on the Delaware." As the natural conse- 
quence of these two grants being made to the same party, all 
the territory embraced in both was united under one govern- 
ment. 

III. Penn's arrival in America was greeted by the settlers 
of Delaware, and those whom lie had sent to Pennsylvania 
in the previous year, 1681, with great enthusiasm; and, after 
several meetings for conference with the Indians, he made his 
famous treaty with the " red men" beneath a wide-spreading 
elm, at a place afterward called Kensington, now a part of 
Philadelphia, and paid them for their lands. This treaty wm 
" never sworn to and never broken." 

IV. His treatment of the 
Swedes on the Delaware was 
also marked by a spirit of liber- 
ality. To them he gave assu- 
lances that they should not be 
molested in their religion or 
laws. The wisdom of his 
course toward the Indians, as 
well as of his government gen- 
erally, was soon apparent, for 
the colony had a more rapid 
and peaceful growth than any other in America. 

II. Questions. — 6. What territory was added to Penn's j urisdiction ? 7. How 
was it so added ? 8. What name did Penn give to the territory acquired from the 
Duke of York ? 

III. 9. How was Penn received in America? 10. What took place at Kensing- 
ton ? 11. Where is Kensington ? 12. W^hat statement is made respecting the treaty ? 

IV. 13. How did Penn treat the Swedes? 14. What assurances did he give them ? 
i-\ What was soon apparent? 16. How was it made apparent? 




WILLIAM PENX. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



y. After devoting himself zealously for two years to his 
duties, he intrusted his government to a council, and, termi- 
nating his first visit to America by sailing for England, left 
a prosperous colony behind of seven thousand persons. After 
a lapse of fifteen years he made a second visit to Pennsylva- 
nia ; but during his absence the " Three Lower Counties on 
the Delaware" had become dissatisfied and withdrawn from 
the union. In England he had been imprisoned on account of 
his supposed adherence to the cause of James II. , the deposed 
king, and the government of his province had been conferred 
upon Colonel Fletcher, the Governor of New York, who re- 
united Delaware to Pennsylvania. 

VI. Penn found his colonists 'discontented and clamorous for 
greater political privileges. He thereupon offered them a new 
frame of government, more liberal than the former one, which 
the people of Pennsylvania gladly accepted ; but the Delaware 
colonists declined it, declaring that they preferred to exist as 
an independent colony. Their preference was so far acquiesced 
in, as to allow them an assembly of their own. 

VII. Penn directed his attention to various reforms, having 
reference, especially, to the condition of the Indians and ne- 
groes ; but his plans were arrested by tidings from England of 
a ministerial project for abolishing ail the proprietary govern- 
ments in America. Deeming his presence in England neces- 
sary to the defeat of the project, he sailed from the colony in 
1701, and never visited it again. 

VIII. Upon his death, which occurred in 1718, he left his 
American possessions to his three sons, who continued to ad- 
minister the government, most of the time by deputies, until 
the Revolution, when their claims were purchased by the com- 
monwealth of Pennsylvania. 

V. Questions. — 17. What was the length of Penn's first visit to America? IS. 
How many colonists were there then in Pennsylvania? 19. When did he again 
visit Pennsylvania? 20. What had occurred during his absence? 

VI. 21. How did Penn find his colonists? 22. What did he offer them? 23. Did 
they n^cept his offer ? 24. What was done as regards Delaware ? 

VII. 25. To what did Penn direct his attention ? 26. What arrested his plans ? 
27. What followed ? VIII. 23. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsvlvania. 



76 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



DEL A WAKE. 




I. The settlement of 
Delaware may be said to 
have its origin in the de- 
sire of Gustavus Adol- 
phiis, the renowned king 
of Sweden, to found a 
free colony in the New 
World for all persecuted 
Christians. His death 
occurring before the pro- 
ject was undertaken, a 
delay of several years fol- 
lowed; but finally a char- 
ter was granted by the 
government of that coun- 
try to the Swedish West 
India Company. 

II. In 1638 a body of 
about fifty emigrants, 
sent out by the com- 
pany, arrived at Cape Ilenlopcn. After purchasing of the In- 
dians all the lands from the Cape to the Falls of the Delaware, 
at Trenton, they erected a fort and commenced a settle- 
ment on Christiana Creek, near Wilmington. The territory 
thus purchased they called New Sweden, and, under the di- 
rection of Peter Minuits, a foi-mer governor of New Nether- 
lands, settlements were multiplied and contentment prevailed. 

III. The Dutch of New Netherlands were far from lookinir 



Delaware.— I. Questions.— 1. What Avas the origin of the settlement of Dela- 
ware ? 2. What charter was granted ? 

II. 3. When was Delaware settled ? 4 What purchase of lands did the Swedes 
make? 5. How is Cape llenlopen situated? (See map, p. 24.) 6. In what part of 
Delaware is Wilmington situated ? (See map, p. 24.) 7. What did the Swedes call 
their territory ? 8. Who was the first governor of New Sweden ? 



DELAWARE. 7V 



upon these proceedings with favor. They protested against, 
what they considered, the intrusion upon their territory, and 
menaced the settlements with destruction ; but the Swedes, 
anxious to retain their possessions, heeded neither protest nor 
menace. On Tinicum Island, situated a few miles below Phila- 
delphia, they built a fort, and there established the capital of 
the province. A fort which the Dutch afterward constructed, 
near their settlement on Christiana Creek, they destroyed. 

IV. In revenge for these defiant measures, Stuyvesant, then 
governor of New Netherlands, with a force of more than six 
hundred men, proceeded, in 1655, against the Swedes, sub- 
jected them to the authority of Holland, and thus put an end 
to Swedish power in America. 

V. The Dutch retained possession of Delaware till they, in 
turn, were overpowered by the English, in 1664. From that 
time till 1682 it was connected with the province of New 
York. By the grant made to William Penn, in''1682, Dela- 
ware was joined to the government of Pennsylvania, and the 
connection existed, with more or less closeness, until the Revo- 
lution. 



, III. Questions.— 9. How did the Dutch look upon the Swedish settlements ? 10. 
What can you say of their protests and menaces ? 11. What did the Swedes do at 
Tinicum Island ? 12. How is Tinicum Island situated ? (See map, p. 68.) 

IV. 13. What did Stuyvesant do ? 14 When was the colony of New Sweden 
broken up ? 

V. 15. How long did the Dutch retain possession of Delaware ? 16. W^hat further 
account of the colony can you give ? 



78 



COLONIAL HISTORY, 



NOKTII AXD SOUTH CAROLINA. 




~ I. The earliest at- 
tempts to settle North 
Carolina, as before de- 
scribed, were made by 
parties of English emi- 
grants, sent out by Sir 
Walter Kaleigh, in 1585 
and 1587. The whole 
region extending from 
Albemarle Sound to the 
St. John's River in Flori- 
da, and designated as 
Carolina, was granted, in 
1630, to Sir Robert 
Heath ; but as he made 
no attempts at coloniza- 
tion, or at least none that 
were successful, the grant 
was subsequently declar- 
ed forfeited. 

II. In 1663 this game territory was granted by Charles II. 
to Lord Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. 
Previous to this, in or about 1650, a number of emigrants 
from Virginia had made a settlement upon the Chowan River, 
near tie present village of Edenton, which was afterward 
called " The Albemarle County Colony." After the grant to 
Clarendon and his associates had been made, it was discover- 



NoRTH AND South Caroltxa.— I. Questions.— 1. When and by whom were the 
first attempts made to settle North Carolina ? 2. What grant was made in 1630? 
3. Why was it aftorward declared forfeited ? 

II. 4. What grunt was made in IGftV? 5. When, where, and by whom was North 
Car(dina settled ? 6. Describe the Chowan River? (See map, p. 79.) 7. Hnw is 
Edenton situated? (See same map.) S, Which colony was called the "Albe. 
marie County Colony ?■" 



NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 



79 



ed that the settlement upon the Chowan was outside of the 
northern boundary of the province : a new grant was therefore 
given, by which the Hmits of Carolina were extended from 
Virginia to the middle of Florida. 




III. A second settlement was made in North Carolina, pre- 
vious to the grant to Clarendon and others, by a band of New 
England adventurers. This was near Wilmington ; but as it did 
not prosper it was soon abandoned. In 1665 a company of 
planters, from Barbadoes, founded a permanent settlement not 
far from the site of the former one near Wilmington, which 
was afterwards called " The Clarendon County Colony." 

TV. As it was anticipated by Clarendon and the other 
proprietors that Carolina would become a powerful empire, 

III. Questions. — 9. What is said of a second settlement in North Carolina ? 
10. Of the " Clarendon County Colony ?" 

IV. 11, What anticipation did Clarendon and his associates entertain? 12. 
What, therefore, did they dt'cide upon ? 13. What accordingly was done? 14. How 
did the constitution work ? 



80 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



they decided to have a form of government adequate to the 
grandeur of their anticipation. Accordingly, a constitution 
was prepared by the Earl of Shaftesbury, a statesman of 
abihty, and John Locke, the eminent philosopher ; bat, as 
might have been expected, it proved unsatisfactory to the 
colonists, not being suited to their circumstances ; and, after a 
strife of more than twenty years, it was repealed. 

V. The earliest at- 
tempt to plant a colony 
in South Carolina was 
made by the Huguenots 
at Port Royal entrance, 
as before stated, in 1562. 
In 1670, more than a 
century after, a colony 
was founded on the west- 
ern bank of the Ashley 
River, near its mouth, 
which, in honor of one of 
the grantees of Carolina, 
was called " The Carteret 
County Colony." In the 
course of time most of 
" The Clarendon Coun- 
ty " settlers removed to 
the southern colony, and 
thus, as only two colonies 
remained in Carolina, the northern one was designated as 
North Carolina, while the other was known as South Caro- 




YI. The people of the southern colony, in a few years, came 
to the conclusion that the site of their settlement had not 



V. QrESTioNS. — 15. What was the first attempt to settle South Carolina? 16. 
When, where, and by whom was South Carolina settled ? 17. What name was given 
to the colony ? IS. What took place in the course of time ? 19. How did North 
and South Carolina come by their names ? 



GEORGIA. 32 



been well chosen, and that a location at the junction of the 
Cooper and Ashley Eivers would give them better facilities 
for commerce. Acting upon this conviction, they abandoned 
their first settlements, after an occupancy there of ten years 
and, in 1680, laid the foundation of their new town, calling it 
Charleston, in honor of Charles II, King of England. 

VII. In 1729 Carolina was sold to the King of England 
and then separated into North and South Carolina. From 
that time till the devolution they were royal provinces 



GEOEGIA 



I. The territory of Georgia, it will be recollected, was in- 
cluded in the grant of Carolina, made in 1663, to Clarendon 
and others. After a period of sixty-six years it again became 
the property of the erown, at which time it was still a wilder- 
ness, unoccupied except by savage tribes. 

IT. Though claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, the 
Enghsh king, George IL, disregarded the claim, and, in 1732, 
granted to a corporation of twenty-one trustees, for twenty- 
one years, all that tract between the Savannah and Altamaha 
(al-ta-ma-haw^) Jiivers, which, in honor of the king, was called 
Georgia. The object of the corporation was to provide an 
asylum in America for the destitute of England, the ^rant 
being " m trust for the poor." 

_ yi. QUESTIONS.-20. What did the people of the southern colony conclude ^m 

in the course of time ? 21. How long did they stop at the first place settled ? 22' 

V H ^7a wf f "" ""''''^ • ^^- ""^'' '^ ^'^'-^^-l^ston situated ? (See map, p. 79.) " 

hil r; of ;. , n !"'""" '^ '''' ' ''• ^'''' '' '''''' «^ t'^« subsequent colon al 
history of the two Caroliuas ? 

GEOP2IA.-I 1. In what grant was the territory of Georgia at first included » 

^""VZf. '* '"^'''' ''' '' P"'' ^^' ^^"' ^^^'"' ■ •5- ^^^^t ^»l it then become ? 

U. 4. What claim was set up by Spain ? 5. Notwithstanding the claim what was 
done by the English king? 6. Describe the Savannah Kiver. (See map p 79) 
7. The Altamaha. (See map of Georgia.) 8. Why was Georgia so called? 9' What 
was the object of the corporation ? 

4* 



82 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



HI. The first settle- 
ment was made in 1733, 
the year after the grant, 
by one hundred and 
twenty persons, under 
the guidance of James 
Oglethorpe * {o'-gl- 
thorp)^ a member of the 
British Parliament, one 
of the trustees, and gov- 
ernor of tha colony. On 
a high bluff overlooking 
a river, the foundation of 
a town was laid, which 
received the name of 
Savannah. 

IV. The colony made 
rapid increase in num- 
bers, but, owing to the 
poverty of the settlers, 
and to their being unac- 
customed to habits of industry, as also to the impolitic regu- 
lations established by the trustees, it did not grow much in 
wealth. Oglethorpe made two visits to England : in the first, 
returning with about three hundred emigrants ; and in the 
second, with a regiment of six hundred men for the defense 
of the southern frontier, which was threatened by the Span- 
iards. 

V. In consequence of the conflicting claims to territory, 




General James Oglethorpe was born in England, in 1688. He died there in 1785. 



III. Questions.— 10. "When and where was Georgia settled? 11. Who was Ogle- 
thorpe? 12. How is Savannah situated? (See map, p. 79.) 

lY. 13. What is said of the. colony's growth in population? 14. Of its growth in 
tt'ealth? 15. How many visits did Ogkahorpe make to England? 16. Whom did 
he bring with him on his first return to the colony? 17. Whom, on his second? 
18. Why did he bring the regiment? 



GEORGIA. 



83 




and during a war between Eng- 
land and France, the colonists be- 
came involved in hostilities with 
their Spanish ne'ighbors. An ex- 
pedition, under Oglethorpe, in- 
i^aded Florida to go against St. 
Augustine, but returned unsuc- 
cessful. In 1742, two years after, 
this invasion was retaliated, and a 
Spanish fleet, with a large number 
of men, appeared at the mouth of 
the Altamaha River. The troops 
landed captured one fort, and were proceeding against another, 
situated on St. Simon's Island, when, by a stratagem conceived 
by Oglethorpe, they became alarmed, retreated to their ship- 
ping, and sailed for Florida. 

VI. Peace was soon after restored ; but, though the colonists 
were free from one source of trouble, they were not satisfied 
with the rule of the corporation. This state of things, never- 
theless, existed until 1752, when, wearied with their trouble- 
some charge, the trustees surrendered their charter to the 
ciown, and Georgia became a royal province. 



JAMES OGLETHORPE. 



V. Questions.— 19. What was the cause of the hostility between the people of 
Georgia and Florida ? 20. Give an account of the expedition agdinst St. Augus- 
tine. 21. How is St. Augustine situated? (See map, p. 320.) 22. Give an account of 
the retaliativeexpedition. 23. How is St. Simon's Island situated? 

VI. Li. How did the colonists feel after the war? 25. How long did the trustees 
continue to rule ? 26, What took place then ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give the history of Maryland previous to 1631 70 

2. What trading ports did Clayborne establish? ... 7o 

3. Give some account of Sir George Calvert tO, 71 

4. What grant was made to Cecil Calvert? Tl 

5. What hberal provisions did the charter contain? , Vl 

6. Give an account of the first settlement 71 



84 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

7 What trouble did Clayborne give to the colony? 71 

8. Give an account of Clayborne up to the year 16^5 71, 72 

9. What success did he have against Governor Calvert? 72 

10. What liberal act was passed by the Maryland Assembly? 72 

11. What intoleration was shown by a subsequent assembly ? 72 

12. Give a history of the ownership of Maryland 70, 71, 72, 73 

13. What grant of land did Charles II. make to William Penn ? . . . 73 

14. Was the grant a gift, or did Penn pay for it ? 73 

15. What settlement was made in the year 1682 ? 73 

16. What people had previously settled in Pennsylvania? 74 

17. How did Penn acquire the territory of Delaware ? 74 

18. By what two names did Penn call Delaware ? 74 

19. How did Penn treat the Indians, as regards their land ? 74 

20. What treatment did the Swedes receive at his hands? 74 

21. What was the consequence of his rigliteous course? 74 

22. What did Penn do after being two years in America? 75 

23. How many years did he remain from his colony ? 75 

24. What had caused him to remain away so long ? 75 

2b. Why did he leave the colony again in 1701 ? » 75 

26. After Penn's death, to whom did he leave his colony? 75 

27. How were the claims of Penn's heirs afterward disposed of ?.. . 75 

28. Who was Gustavus Adolphus ? *IG 

29. What desire, with reference to colonization, did lie have? 76 

30. When was his desire carried out ? 76 

31. What account can you give of Peter Minuits? 61, 76 

32. Where did the Swedes settle, and locate their capital? 76, 77 

33. Give an account of the expedition against the Swedes 77 

34. What can you teil of the subsequent history of Delaware?. ... 77 

35. What were the first attempts to settle North CaroMna?. .21, 22, 78 

36. Give an account of "flie Albemarle County Colony." 78, 79 

37. Give an account of '' The Clarendon County Colony." 79 

38. What was done to make Carolina a powerful empire ? 79, 80 

39. Give an account of the first attempt to settle South Carolina. . . 20 

40. Give an account of " The Carteret County Colony." 80 

41. What change was made in the South Carohna Colony in 1680?. 81 

42. When was Carolina separated into two provinces? 81 

43. During what period did Georgia belong to Clarendon & Co. ?. . . 81 

44. During what subsequent period did it belong to the king? 81 

45. What can you say of the grant made in 1732 ? 81 

4G. In what year was Georgia first settled ? 82 

47. Who was the leading man in the settlement of Georgia? 83 

48. Give an account of Oglethrope's expedition southward 83 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



85 



SHOWINGTHEtOCATION 
• OI" SOME OF THE 

MOSTIMPORTANTEVENTS 

or 
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 




„ . ^ (.Questions to he ansioered from the above map) 

did rash1n^;!!'T''T^- ''*"''''' "^'"^ was Fort Le Ba.uf? In what direction 
did Washington travel, m going from Williamsburg to Fort Le Bceuf ? What two 
overs, uniting form the Ohio ? Where did Fort Duquesne stand ? What two forts 
xLir. t'?«'r'f"' ^^^here was Fort William Henry? Fort Oswego ? For* 
Niagara? Fort Schuyler? Fort Edward? Fort Venango? Fort Necessity ? 



86 



SECTION III. 

THE FKE]S:CH AND INDIAN WAE. 

I. Although the boundaries between the British and French 
possessions in America had been, for more than a quarter of a 
century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
made in 1748, left them still undefined. 

II. The English, basing their title upon the discoveries 
made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from New- 
foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pa- 
cific. The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to 
the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and their tributaries, 
upon the ground that they had been the first to explore and 
occupy it ; and, the better to secure their claim, they erected 
forts at various places through this region, so as to make a 
complete chain of defenses from Nova Scotia to the mouth 
of the Mississippi. 

III. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war broke 
out between England and her colonies on the one side, and 
France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the 
other, which is generally known as " The French and Indian 
War," or " The Old French War." It was a contest for ter- 
ritory and dominion in America. 

EVENTS OP 1753. 
I. The first hostile act, it was alleged, was perpetrated by 
the French. They seized three British traders, whom they 

French and Indian "War. — I. Questions. — 1. When was the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle made? 2. What had been for many years previous a subject of dispute? 
3. In what condition did the treaty leave the boundaries? 

II. 4. What territory did the English claim ? 5. What, the French? 6. Upon 
what did the English base their claim? 7. What was the ground of the French 
claim ? 8. What measures did the French adopt in order to secure their claim ? 

III. 9. What was the cause of the French and Indian War? 10. By what other 
name is the war also known ? 11. What was the war a contest for? 

Events of 1753. — I. 1. By whom was the first hostile act of the war committed ? 
2. Give an account of It. 3. How is Erie situated? (See map, p. 85.) 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



87 



regarded as intruders upon their territory, and im- 
prisoned them at Presque Isle ( pres keel), now Erie, 
situated in the northwestern extremity of Pennsylvania. 

ir. At the time of this ev^ent, there was in existence an 
organization which had been chartered in 1749, four years 
before, by the name of " The Ohio Company.^'' This associ- 
ation consisted of gentlemen, principally Virginians, who had 
obtained from the King of England a grant of six hundred 
thousand acres of land, on and near the Ohio River, for the 
purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians and of 
settling the country. 

III. The French saw, in the formation of the Ohio Com- 
pany, a systematic scheme, the first, perhaps, in a series of 
similar ones, to deprive them of their possessions, and, as a 
consequence, of their traffic and influence among the Indians: 
hence their seizure and imprisonment of the three traders ; 
hence, too, the vast preparations for hostile contingencies 
which they began to make, not the least of which was the 
erection of forts between the Alleghany River and Lake Erie. 

IV. The Ohio Company, on learning of these hostile meas- 
ures, laid their complaints before the lieutenant-gover nor of 
Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie. As the grant to the company 
was within the original charter limits of Virginia, and as, per- 
haps for no less a reason, the lieutenant-governor was a stock- 
holder in the concern, the complaints were listened to with a 
willing ear. 

V. It was at once determined to send a letter to the French 
commander, remonstrating against the aggressive acts of his 



II. Questions.- 4. Give an account of the origin, composition, and purposes 
of the Ohio Company. 

III. 5. How did the French regard the Ohio Company ? 6. How then did the 
French justify their seizure of the three traders? T. Where did they erect forts to 
oppose the Ohio Company ? 8. What three forts were erected between the Alle- 
ghany River and Lake Erie? Ans. — One at Presque Isle, and (for the other two see 
map, p 85.) 

lY. 9. To whom did the Ohio Company complain ? 10. Why did the governor 
listen to their comi>laints? 



88 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

men, and demanding their withdrawal from the territory. This 
message was intrusted to George Washington, then a young 
man not twenty-two years of age, who had, by the manner in 
which he had discharged the duties of adjutant-general of one 
of the districts of Virginia, acquired a reputation for prudence 
and ability. 

VI. Washington set out on his mission on the last day of 
October, 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Virginia. 
After a difficult and dangerous journey of four hundred miles, 
more than half of which was through a wilderness inhabited 
by hostile Indians, he reached Fort Venango (ye-nang'-go), 
whence he was conducted to Fort Le Boeuf (buf). Here he 
found St. Pierre {pe-are'), the French commander. 

VII. St. Pi-^rre's reply was also by letter. He stated, in 
substance, that he could not leave the territory, as he was act- 
ing by the orders of his superior officer, the Marquis du Quesne 
[knne), Governor-general of Canada, whose head-quarters were 
at Montreal (mont-re-auV). 

EVENTS OF 1754. 
I. After an absence of eleven weeks, during which he en- 
countered on his journey severe hardships, amid snow% icy 
floods, and hostile Indians, Washington reached Williams- 
burg and delivered St. Pierre's letter to Dinvviddie. -This 
document, and the report which Washino-ton made of the ex- 

V. Questions. — 11. What did Dinwiddle at once determine upon? 12. To 
whom was the message intrusted ? 1.3. How old was Washington at the time? 14. 
What military position had he held? 15. How had he discharged its duties? 

VI. 16. When and from what place did Washington set out? 17. Give an account 
jf the journey to Fort Le Bosnf. IS How was. Fort Venango situated? (Sec map, 
p. Sji.) 19. What village now occupies the site of Fort Venango? Ans.— Franklin. 
20. How is Fort Le Brent" situated? (See map. p. S5.) 21. What village now occu- 
pies the site of Fort Le Boeiif? Anii.— Waterford. 22. Where did he find the 
French commander? 23. What was the commander's name? 

VII. 24. Did St. Pierre return a verb.al or written reply? 2."). What did he state- 
in the letter? 26. How is Montreal situated? (See map, p. 85.) 

E-VEXTS OF llrA. — I. 1. How long was Washington absent on his mission? 2. 
Give an account of his homeward journey. 3. What report did he make? 4. Of 
what were Dinwiddle .ind his council convinced? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 89 

tensive warlike preparations he had discovered on ,^^4. 
his journey, convinced the heutenant-governor and 
his council that the French were intending to penetrate the 
territory of Virginia and take military possession. No time 
was therefore to be lost. 

II. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
Rivers the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a 
fort; and an expedition, of which Washington, at first second 
in command, soon became chief, was sent to protect the work- 
men, assist in the building, and afterwards to garrison the 
place. 

III. But the French were too quick for the English : before 
the fort was half completed, a strong force, augmented greatly 
by Indians, had come from Venango and summoned the men 
there to surrender. What could the English do ? Less than 
forty in number, they capitulated and withdrew. The French 
completed the works, and called the place Fort Duquesne. 

IV. Washington, it will be seen, did not reach the fort. 
Learning that it liad fallen into the hands of the enemy, and 
that a strong force was marching to intercept him, he fell back 
and took a position in a place called the Great Meadows. 
Here word came to him that a detachment of the French had 
advanced to within a few miles of his position, where they were 
skulking, evidently with hostile intent. With the determination 
of forestalling their design, he sallied forth, came upon the 
foe by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, killed or 
captured all but one, — their commander, Jnmonville (2:^00- 
mong-veeV), being among the slain. 



II. Questions. — 5. Where did the Ohio Company commence to build a fort? 6. 
Describe the Alleghany River. (See map, p. 85.) 7. Describe the Monongahela Pwiver. 
(See same map.) 8. What expedition did Washington have the command of? 

III. 9. How much of the "new fort" did the English succeed in building? 10. 
What then took place ? 11. What name did the French give it? 

IV. 12. Did Washington reach the fort or not ? 13. Why not? 14. Where were 
the Great Meadows? (See map, p. 85.) 15. What word came to him at the Great 
Meadows? 16. Describe the battle that followed. 17. By what name is the battle 
known? Ans. — The battle of the Great Meadoxca. 



90 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



^,j,g^ Y. This battle, fought on the 28th of May, 1754, 

was Washington's first, as it was also the first of the 
war. Though the numbers engaged in it were small, its ef- 
fects in the grand contest, of which it was the precursor, were 
by no means unimportant. 

YI. Washington's first care was in relation to the prisoners. 
These he sent, without delay, to Dinwiddie, and at once be- 
gan to make preparations to resist the strong force coming 
against him. At his position in the Great Meadows, a fort 
which he had previously commenced was completed : and, 
owing to the pinching famine that prevailed during its con- 
struction, he named it Fort Necessity. 

YIL Here he was attacked by a force of fifteen hundred 
French and Indians, commanded by De Yilliers {yil-le-are'). 
After a brave defense of ten hours, continued till near raid- 
night, while a violent rain-storm prevailed, he capitulated 
on the following morning, July 4th, 1754; and, before noon, 
marched out of the fort with the honors of war. 

YIII. Although war as yet had not been formally declared 
between the two nations, England and France, the British 
ministry, in anticipation of that event, recommended the 
colonies to unite in some plan for their common defense. In 
conformity therewith, a congress, held at Albany, made a 
treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations ; and adopted a 
plan of union, which had been prepared by Dr. Franklin, a 
delegate from Philadelphia. 

IX. The plan, however, was never carried into eftect : the 
colonial assemblies rejected it because it gave too much power 

V. Questions.— 18. When was the battle of the Great Meadows fought? 19 
What further can you say of it ? 

VI. 20. What was Washington's first care ? 21. What did he do with them? 22. 
What preparations did he then begin to make? 23. What fort was built? 24 
What name was given to it, and why ? 

YII. 25. Give an account of the battle that took place there? 

YIII. 26. What recommendation did the British ministry make? 27. What was 
accordingly done ? 

IX. 28. What further can you say of the plan ? 29. What was then determined 
upon? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 91 



to the crown, while, singularly enough, the crown ^^.^ 
also rejected it because it gave too much power to 
the people. It was then determined that the war should be 
carried on with British troops, and such auxiliary forces as 
the colonial assemblies might voluntarily furnish. 

EVENTS OF 1755. 

I. The disaster at Fort Necessity, together with the hostile 
attitude of the French' government, aroused the attention of 
the British ministry, and preparations, on an extensive scale, 
were speedily made for aggressive operations in America. 

II. Four expeditions were ac- 
cordingly planned for 1755 : one /^^"^tasaa^L "^\ 
to expel the French from Nova / yKK^^^^^\ 
Scotia ; another against Crown / l^m Bm ^Ku \ 
Point, to be led by Sir William / ^^^^T ! 
Johnson; the third against Nia- '\ ^ ^^^^SKMk^^^ j 
agara, to be commanded by Gov- \ ^^^k3I^BiSB^8^ 
ernor Shirley (shur'-le), of Massa- ^^I^^^^BI^BP^ 
chusetts ; and the fourth against ^^^^^^^^ 
Fort Duquesne. General Brad- ^ „^.T.T.«mr 

^ GENERAL BRADDOCK. 

dock,* an officer of distinction, 

who had been sent to America as commander-in-chief of all 
the royal forces in the colonies, took the immediate charge of 
the expedition against Duquesne. 

III. Colonel Monckton (monk' -tun), commanding the first 
expedition, landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy, where 
he was joined by General Winslow, a New Englander, with 

• General Edward Braddock was bom in Perthshire Countv, Scotland, about the year 1690. Before he 
came to America he had been forty years in the British army, and had served with credit in the wars 
against Spain, Portugal, and Germany. 



Events of 1755.— I. Questions.— 1. What aroused the attention of the British 
ministry? 2. What preparations followed? 

II. 3. How many expeditions were planned for the year? 4. What were they? 
5. What part was assigned to Braddock ? 

III. 6. Who commanded the expedition against Port Royal? 7. Give an ac- 
count of it. 



92 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

^Hc- about three thousand troops from Massachusetts. 
The two forts of the French situated there were 
captured in June, 1755 ; the settlements of the Nova Scotians 
were wantonly destroyed ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
reduced to a solitude, and the inhabitants, by thousands, were 
driven on board the English ships, and scattered among the 
colonists of New England and other places. 

IV. Of the four expeditions planned for the year's cam- 
paign, Washington became enlisted in the one against Fort 
Duquesne, and, during the memorable and disastrous battle 
that occurred, distinguished himself by his courage and pres- 
ence of mind. Braddock, who was arrogant and conceited, 
marched his troops through the wilderness with great formality, 
as if against a foe of European tactics, in disregard of the 
suggestions of Washington, who was acting as his aide-de- 
pamp, and who w^as well acquainted with the mode of w^arfare 
practiced by the Indians. The result was, that when within 
ten miles of the fort he fell into an ambush, and was defeated 
with great loss. 

V. The British troops retreated in great disorder until they 
reached the Great Meadows, a distance of forty miles, where 
Braddock, who had been mortally wounded in the engage- 
ment, died. This battle, sometimes called the battle of the 
Monongahela, occurred on the 9th of July, 1755, a little more 
than a year after Washington's capitulation at Fort Necessity. 

VI. By the death of Braddock, Shirley became the com- 
mander-in-cliief of the royal forces in America. His expedi- 
tion, though less disastrous than the one against Duquesne, 
wjis also a failure. His troops, assembled at Oswego, were de- 
layed for months; the disaster of the Monongahela par.-j- 

IV. Questions. — 8. In which expedition did Washington take part? 9. What 
is said of his conduct in the battle that occuired? 10. What was Braddock's char- 
acter ? 11. What illustration of his character is given ? 12. What was the result? 

V. 13. What was Braddock's fate? 14. When did the battle occur? 15. By 
what name is it sometimes known ? 

VI. 16. Who succeeded Braddock as commander-in-chief? 17. What account 
eun you give of his expedition? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



93 



lyzod his efforts; the Indian allies deserted ; and, finally, 
the expedition was abandoned. 

VII. The expedition under Johnson, though not resulting 
in the capture or destruction of Crown Point, was a success- 
ful one. The troops employed were mostly from Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampsliire. At the " carrying- 
place," between the Hudson River and Lake George, a force 
of about six thousand men assembled under General Lyman, 
and constructed a fort, which was at first called Fort Lyman, 
but, owing to the jealousy of Johnson, was subsequently 
named by him Fort Edward. Upon the arrival of the com- 
mander of the expedition, he moved forward with the main 
body of his men to the head of Lake George, fifteen miles 
from Fort Edward. 

VIII. While encamped here, the Indian scouts brought 
word that the enemy, French and In- 
dians, two thousand strong, were on 
their march to attack Fort Edward. 
They were commanded by the Baron 
Dieskau {de-es-ko'), who had proceeded 
from Montreal {mont-rc-auV) to Crown 
Point, and thence to the head of Lake 
Champlain. Losing no time, Johnson 
sent Colonel Williams with a thousand 
New England troops, and the renowned 
chief Hendrick, with two hundred In- 
dian warriors, to intercept the enemy. 

IX. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
As he appi-oached the fort, his Indian 
allies, fearful of its cannon, refused to 




VII. 



Questions. -IS. From what places did the men of Johnsoc's armv c< mo' 
19. Where did a hirjre force assemble? 20. Who. at first, commande.l them there? 
21. What building did they construct? 22. Where was Fort Edsvani situated? 
(See map, p. S5.) 23. Upon Johnson's arrival what did he do? 24. In what direc- 
tion from Fort Edward is Lake George? (Sec map, p. Sa) 

VIII. 25. What word was brought to Johnson ? 2G. Bv wliom was the invadinc^ 
force commanded? 27. What route had Dieskau taken? 28. What did Johnson at. 
once do ? 



94 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



1755. 



proceed to the attack ; he therefore took another di- 
rection to go against the army at the lake, and, in so 
doing, took the road by which the forces sent out by John- 
son were marching. Through his Indian scouts he soon heard 
of the approaching enemy. The result was, that the Eng- 
lish and their allies were drawn into an ambush, on the 8tii 
of September, and, after being defeated with signal slaughter, 
losing among their killed both Williams and Hendrick, they 
fled back to Johnson's camp, pursued by Dieskau. 

X. From behind a hastily formed breastwork of trees 
Johnson fired upon the assailants, but, being slightly wounded 
early in the action, retired to his tent. The defense, wh'.ch 
was most gallantly kept up by the New England troops, was 
tm-ned into an attack by General Lyman, the next in command, 
and the French and their Indian allies were routed with great 
slaughter. 

XL Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and 
alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As they approached, 
he felt for his watch, to insure kind treatment by delivering it 
up : a soldier, thinking he was feeling for his pistol, shot him, 
inflicting an incurable wound. He was conveyed a prisoner 

to the English camp, and subse- 
quently sent to Europe. After 
suffering for ten years, he died 
of the injuries which he had re- 
ceived. 

XII. Johnson, instead of fol- 
lowing up the victory, as he was 
urged to by h^s officers, loitered 
away the autumn, doing nothing 
except building a useless fort of 
wood near his encampment, 
which received the name of Fort 




SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON. 



IX. Questions.— 29. What change took place in Dieskau'a movements? 
Describe what followed. 

X. -31. Give an account of the battle at Johnson's camp. 

XI. 82. Give the subsoiiuent history of Dieskau. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 

William Henry. This he garrisoned, as also Fort ^ 
Edward, and then, as winter approached, he retired 
to Albany. Though General Lyman was the real hero of 
the campaign, Johnson* received the thanks of Parliament 
for the victory, was voted £5,000, and created a baronet of 
Great Britain. 



EYENTS OF 1Y56 

I. Shirley's career as commander-in-chief of the royal forces 
in America drew to a close in the spring of 1756, when he 
was superseded by General Abercrombie, who was appointed 
to act until the arrival of Lord Loudon. Dieskau's successor 
as commander-in-chief in Canada was the Marquis de Mont- 
calm {mont-kam'). 

IL Although for a long time hostilities had been carried on 
in America between England and France, yet no formal dec- 
laration of war was made until May of 1756, when England 
proclaimed hostilities against France, and, soon after, the 
latter power issued a declaration against England. 

III. The plan of the campaign for 1756, adopted by a con- 
vention of colonial governors held at Albany, did not differ 
much from that of the preceding year — Crown Point, Niag- 
ara, and Fort Duquesne being the places aimed against. Xo 
part of it, however, was carried out, nor, beyond some tardy 
preparations, even attempted. Abercrombie, deeming the 
forces under his command inadequate, waited for the arrival 
of Loudon, and the earl, when he came, effected nothing. 



» Sir William Johnson was born in Ireland, in 1715. He died at his residence near Johnstown, Fultou 
County, New York, in 1774. 



XII. Questions. — 33. What should Johnson at once have done? 34. What did 
he do instead? 35. How was he rewarded? 36. State why the reward was not 
justly bestowed. 37. How is Fort William Henry situated? (See map, p. S5.) 

Events OF 1756. — 1. 1. What changes took place in the commanders of the re- 
spective forces? 

II. 2. What is said of the declaration of war? 

III. 8. What is said of the plan of operations for 1756? 4. Was the plan carried 
out or not ? 5. State the cause. 



96 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



i-^^/^ 




OSWEGO"'; 



1756 ^^' "^^^ ^^ ^^^ French. In an expedition against 

Oswego, which was then defended by two forts, Mont- 
calm laid siege to the place, drove the garrison out of one 
of the forts into the other, killed 
the commander, Colonel Mercer, 
and compelled the English to sur- 
render. Fourteen hundred prisoners 
and a large amount of stores and 
money fell into the hands of the vic- 
tors. After demolishing the forts, 
08WEG0. to allay the jealousy of the Indians, 

Montcalm left Oswego a solitude, and returned to Canada. 

V. The defeat of Braddock, in 1755, left the western fron- 
tier in a defenseless condition. Incited by French emissaries, 
the tribes of the Ohio conunenced the work of desolation, and 
killed or carried into captivity about a thousand of the inhab- 
itants. It was therefore evident that the inroads of the sav- 
ages must be checked, or, in a short time, not a single white 
man, friendly to the English, would remain in that region. 

VI. A party of loss than three hundred men, c<-)mmanded 
by Colonel Armstrong, undertook to destroy Kittanning, the 
chief town of the perfidious tribes. The march through the 
forest was long and perilous, but the stronghold was reached, 
thirty or forty warriors w-ere killed, and Kittanning was left a 
smoking ruin. 

EVENTS OF 1757. 
I. Loudon's plan of operations for 1757 was limited to an 
expedition against Louisburg [loo'-is^arg). He sailed from 



IV. Questions. — 6. Give an account of Montcalm's success against O.swciro. 7. 
What did he do there after the victory ? S. How is Oswego situated? (See nia;., 
p. 96.) 

V. 9. What induced the tribes of the Ohio to become hostile to the English set- 
tlers? 10. What deeds of wrong were they guilty of? 11. What became evident ? 

VI. 12. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanning. 13. How is Kit- 
tanning situated? (See map, p. S5.) 

Events of 1757.— I. 1. Give an account of Loudon's operations during 1757. 
2. How is Halifax situated ? (See map, p. 103.) 3. How is Louisburg situated ? 
(.See same map.) 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 



dY 



N'ew York with about six thousand men, and, at ,h^w 
Halifax, was joined by a powerful naval armament 
and land force from England ; but, learning that the French 
ivere prepared for defense, he abandoned the enterprise and 
returned to New York. 

II. This, like the previous year, through the energy and 
ability of Montcalm, showed a marked superiority to the 
French arms. In the beginning of August that commander, 
with nine thousand men, two thousand of whom were Indians, 
laid siege to Fort William Henry. For six days, its com- 
mander, Colonel Monroe, kept up a vigorous defense, trusting 
to receive aid from General Webb, who, at the time, was in 
command of a large force at Fort Edward. 

III. At length, learning that no assistance would be sent, 
and being entirely without ammunition, he was compelled to 
surrender on the 9th, capitulating that his men should have a 
safe escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding this stipu- 
lation, the English had hardly 

left the fort before the Indian 
allies of Montcalm, incited by 
the hope of plunder, attacked 
them and massacred a large 
number. Fort William Henry 
was demolished by order of 
Montcalm ; and thus the year 
1757 passed, like its pre- 
decessor, without a single 
advantage to the English. 
lY. In consequence of the 




II. Questions. — 4. How did the operations of 1757 compare with those of the 
previous year? 5. When and by whom was Fort William Henry besieged? 6. 
Who commanded the fort ? 7. What is said of his defense ? 

III. 8. What unwelcome information reached Colonel Monroe? 9. IIow was 
he not in a condition to make a farther defense ? 10. Give an account of the mas- 
sacre. 11. What became of the fort? 12. Where did it stand? (See map, p. 85.) 

IV. 13. What change took place in the British Government? 14, What a.? re- 
gards the command of the royal forces in America? 

6 



98 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

disgraces of the American campaigns a new adminis- 
tration of the British government was formed, with 
William Pitt,* afterward Lord Chatham, as prime minister. 
Loudon, who by his inactivity had disappointed the anticipa- 
tions of the people, was recalled, and preparations were made 
to carry on the war with greater vigor. 

* William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, was born at Westminster, England, in 1708. At the beginning 
of the American Revolution he was opposed to the measures of the British ministry in the American 
colonies ; but, at the close of a speech, made in 1778 in Parliament, in which he spoke against a motion to 
acknowledge the independence of America, he fell in an apoplectic fit, and was borne home, where ho 
died in a few weeks afterward. 



REVIEW QUESTIOiSrS. 

FAGS 

1. What treaty was made in the year 1148 ? 86 

2. What war did that treaty close ? 59 

3. How long had France and England disputed about lands in Am. ? 86 

4. What did the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle omit to settle ? 86 

5. What claims to territory were made by France and England?. . 86 

6. By what right or title did they make the claim ? 86 

7. What did these conflicting claims lead to? 86 

8. Give an account of the first hostile act of the war 86, 87 

9. What was the Ohio Company, and what were its purposes?. . . 87 

10. Why did the French seize the traders and erect certain forts ?.. 87 

11. What course was then pursued by the Ohio Company ? 87 

12. Why did Dinwiddle respond with so much promptness ? 87 

13. On what mission was Washington sent? 87, 88 

14. Give an account of his journey 88 

15. What was St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddle ? 88 

16. What report did Washington make in addition? 88, 89 

17. What effect did the letter and report have ? 88, 89 

18. What measures for protection did the Ohio Company adopt ? . . . 89 

19. On what expedition was Washington sent? 89 

20. In what way did the French interfere with the Enghsh? * . . .89 

21. How many men surrendered to the French ? 89 

22. What did the French do with the fort captured by them? 89 

23. Did Washington reach the fort, or not? 89 

24. What did he learn while on his march thither? 89 

25. What then did he deem it prudent to do ? 89 

26. What did he learn after reaching the Great Meadows? 89 

2 7. How did he forestall the intention of the French ? 89 

28. What battle was fought on the 28th of May, 1754?. . 90 

29. In how many battles had Washington previously participated? 90 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

30. Was that battle the first, second, or third, of the war ? 90 

31. To whom did Washington send his prisoners ? 90 

32. What was then done by him in anticipation of an attack? 90 

33. Who commanded the force that attacked him? 90 

34. How large a force did De Villiers have at the time ? 90 

35. For how long a time did Washington defend himself? 90 

36. When did he capitulate ? 90 

37. At whose instigation was a congress held at Albany ? 90 

38. Why had the ministry made the recommendation ? 90 

39. What man, afterward distinguished, was at the congress? 90 

40. What measure, prepared by Franklin, was adopted ? 90 

41. Why was the plan rejected by both the colonies and tlie king? 90, 91 

42. What then did the British government determine upon ? 91 

43. How many and what expeditions were jDlanned for 1755 ? 91 

44. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the royal forces ? . . . 91 

45. Give an account of the expedition against Nova Scotia 91, 92 

46. What two forts did Monckton capture? (See map, page 103.) 

47. Who commanded the expedition against Fort Duquesne? 91 

48. What person, afterward eminent, was his aide-de-camp ? 92 

49. What suggestions did Washington make to Braddock ? 92 

50. In what disaster did the expedition terminate? 92 

51. When did the battle of the Monongahela take place? 92 

52. To what position did Governor Shirley succeed? 92 

53. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara 91, 92, 93 

54. What preparations did Lj'^man make against Crown Point ? . . . . 93 

55. What movement was made by Johnson from Fort Edward? ... 93 

56. What movement was made by Dieskau towards Fort Edward?. 93 

57. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Williams . . 93, 94 

58. Give an account of the battle fought at Lake George 94 

59. What further account of Dieskau can you give ? 94 

60. Who succeeded Shirley as commander-in-chief? 95 

61. When was war declared between France and England? 95 

62. Give an account of Montcalm's expedition against Oswego. ... 96 

63. Why did the Enghsh attack and destroy Kittanning ? 96 

64. What was done by Loudon during the year 1757 ? 96, 97 

65. When did Montcalm lay siege to Fort William Henry? 97 

66. What command did Monroe hold at the time ?. . . , 97 

67. How long did Monroe hold out against Montcalm? 97 

68. When and why did he at last surrender ? 97 

69. Give an account of what took place after the surrender 97 

10. 'What can you state of the further history of Fort Wm. Henry ? 97 



100 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



EVENTS OF 1758. 

I. The campaign of 1758 opened, on the part of the Eng- 
lish, with fifty thousand men in the field. These forces were 
divided into three distinct bodies : one, under General Am- 
herst, for the subjugation of Louisburg, and the Island of Cape 
Breton {brit'-on) ; another, under Abercrombie, who had suc- 
ceeded Loudon as commander-in-chief, was to proceed against 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point; and the third, under General 
Forbes, was to undertake the reduction of Fort Duquesne. 

II. Amherst made Halifax, in Nova Scotia, his rendezvous, 
from which place he embarked in the fleet of Admiral Bos- 
cawen. A landing was efiected near Louisburg, then defend- 
ed by the strongest fortress in America, and a siege, mem- 
orable for its length and desperate resistance, commenced. 
At length, on the 26th of July, the French surrendered by 
capitulation, and, with the town, the whole Island of Cape 
Breton, as well as that of St. John's, fell into the hands of the 
British. 

III. During the siege two per- 
sons particularly distinguished 
themselves by their courageous 
conduct. These were James Wolfe 
and Richard Montgomery (mont- 
(/um'-er-e) ; the first, the real hero 
of the enterprise, was slain at 
Quebec in the following year, while 
fighting for his king ; and the other, 
Montgomery, was also slain at 




JAMES WOLFE. 



KvENTS OF 175S. — I. Questions.— 1. What was the plan of the campaign for 
175S? 

II. 2. Where did Amherst rendezvous ? 3. On whose fleet did he embark his 
troops? 4. Where did he land his troops? 5. How is Louisburg situated? (See 
map, p. 103.) 6. How was Louisburg defended ? 7. What was the result of the ex- 
pedition ? 8. In what direction from Cape Breton I.slaud is the Island of St. John's? 
(See map, p. 103.) 

III. 9. Give the names of the persons who distinguished themselves during the 
siege of Louisburg. 10. What is said of the further history of Wolfe and Mont- 
^-omery ? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. IQl 



Quebec, but several years later, while contending 

for the cause of liberty. ^'^^^• 

IV. While success was crowning the arms of the British 
at the east, Abercroinbie was slowly making his way north- 
ward. At the head of about sixteen thousand men, he de- 
scended Lake George, and, debarking at its northern extremity, 
commenced a march through the dense forests towards Ticon- 
deroga,* then commanded by Montcalm. 

V. An advance force suddenly coming upon a detachment 
of the French, on the 6th of July, a severe conflict ensued, 
in which, though the enemy were routed. Lord Howe, an 
oflScer greatly beloved by the army and the American people, 
was killed. 

VI. The death of Howe, who was the leading spirit in the 
expedition, w^as keenly felt. For awhile it put a complete 
check upon operations, and the most of the army fell back to 
the landing-place at the foot of the lake ; but, on the 8th of 
July, an advance was made in full force, and the fort was 
assaulted. The British fought gallantly, though fruitlessly. 
After losing nearly two thousand of their number in killed 
and wounded, they withdrew once more to the landing-place; 
whence, fearing an attack from the enemy, on the following 
morning, they re-embarked for the head of the lake. 

VII. The failure of this expedition was somewhat relieved 

*Fort Ticonderosa wa3 built by the Freii.h in 1755. It was then called Carillon (chime of bells) 
in allusion to the music of the waterfalls in the outlet of Lake George, near it. 



IV. 11. What was Abercroinbie doing while Loudon was operating In Nova Sco- 
tia? 12. In what direction from Albany is Lake George? (See map, p. 85.) 13. On 
what lake is Ticonderoga situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 

V. 14. Describe the action of the 6th of Julj-. 

VL 15. What effect did the death of Howe have upon the expedition? 16. De- 
scribe the action of the 8th of July. 17. What movement did the British make 
after their defeat ? 

VII. 18. How was the foilure of the expedition against Ticonderoga relieved ? 
19. What was Bradstreet's object in his enterprise ? 20. In what direction from Lake 
George was Fort Frontenac? (See map, p. 85.) 21. What city is sitnated where 
Fort Frontenac then stood? (See page 102.) 22. What route did Bradstreet 
take ? 23. Why was the blow a severe one to the French ? 24. How did Bradstree-^ 
dispose of his captures ? 



102 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

Hf-o by the success of an enterprise conducted by Colonel 
Bradstreet, an officer under Abercronibie. While the 
main army was wasting away the season at the head of Lake 
George, Bradstreet obtained permission to go against Fort 
Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, on the north 
side of the entrance of Lake Ontario. Proceeding by way of 
the Mohawk and Oswego, he crossed the lake, and, on the 27th 
of August, captured the fort, the garrison having either fled or 
surrendered at discretion. This was a severe blow to the 
French, as the place, besides being in a commanding position, 
contained a vast amount of military stores intended for Fort 
Duquesne, and in the harbor were several armed vessels. 
Bradstreet, after sending two of the vessels, laden with the 
spoils, to Oswego, destroying the others, and dismantling the 
fort, returned to Lake George. 

VITL In the third expedition planned for the year, that 
against Fort Duquesne, Washington held an important com- 
mand under Forbes. Listead of advancing by the old road 
which Braddock had taken in 1755, it was decided, against the 
judgment of Washington, that a new one further east should 
be opened for the expedition. As was to have been expected, 
the progress made was exceedingly tedious. Winter was fast 
approaching, and yet Forbes was many miles from Duquesne. 
A feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, which was 
augmented by a defeat, and loss of three hundred men, sus- 
tained by Major Grant while leading an advance detachment. 

IX. In this strait Forbes called a council of war, the result 
of which was a determination to abandon the expedition. 
Before, however, the order to return was given, intelligence 
of an encouraging character was received. The march was 

VIII. Questions.— 25. In which expedition did Washington hold a command? 
26. By what road was the advance against Duquesne made? 27. What was the 
result? 28. What chock was experienced by Grant? 

IX. 29. What was determined upon in a council of war? .30. Why was not the 
determination carried out? 31. What success finally rewarded the efforts of the ex- 
pedition ? 32. Why had the French abandoned the fort ? S3. What did the English 
do with the fort? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



103 



1758. 



therefore resumed, and when, towards the latter part 
of November, Duquesne was reached, it was found in 
ruins. The French had set fire to it and retreated down the 
Ohio. The destruction of Frontenac had cut off all hope 
of reinforcements and supplies ; their savage allies, when des- 
titution and danger threatened, had deserted — hence the ruin 
and abandonment of the fort. The English at once repaired 
and garrisoned the place, and, in honor of their illustrious 
statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. 

EYENTS OF 1759. 
I. The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the re- 




Scalfi ol Miles. 



NOVA SCOTIA, 
NEWBRUNSWICK 

JUSTD 

TICTSITT 



duction of Canada ; and General Amherst, who had gained 
great favor by his success at Louisburg, was appointed coin- 

EvENTS OF 1759.— Questions.— I. 1. What was the object of the campaign of 
1759 ? 2. What change took place in the commanders ? 3. What was the plan of 
operations ? 



104 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

mander-in-chief, to succeed Abercrombie. By tlie 
plan of operations, General Wolfe was to lay siege to 
Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticondcroga and Crown 
Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe; while a third divi- 
sion, under General Prideaux (prid'-o), after capturing Niag- 
ara, Avas to proceed against Montreal. 

II. Early in July, Prideaux reached Niagara, and at once 
commenced a siege, during which he Avas unfortunately killed 
by the bursting of a shell. Sir William Johnson, having suc- 
ceeded to the command, defeated a force of twelve hundred 
French and Indians who were advancing to the relief of the 
place, and compelled the besieged to capitulate. Instead, 
however, of proceeding against Montreal, according to the 
plan of operations, he garrisoned the fort which he had taken, 
and then made his way to Albany. 

III. In the mean time Amherst had reached the vicinity of 
Ticonderoga. As he advanced, the French fled from both 
Ticondcroga and Crown Point without striking a blow, and 
retired to an island in the Sorel River. Neglecting to follow 
up his successes as he should have done, he allowed the sum- 
mer to pass before he made any attempt at pursuit. Then a 
succession of storms damaged his fleet ; and the cold weather 
approaching, he went into winter quarters at Crown Point, 
and thus failed to co-operate against Quebec. 

IV. Of the three expeditions, that under Wolfe can be said 
to have been the only one completely successful. With an 



II. Questions. — 4. What is said of Prideaux's operations and fate? 5. Who suc- 
ceeded him? 6. What success did Johnson meet with? 7. In what respect did 
he deviate from the original plan of operations ? 8. How is Niagara situated? (See 
map, p. 85.) 

III. 9. How far had Amherst proceeded, in the mean time ? 10. How are Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 85.) 11. Of what lake is the Sorel 
Eiver the outlet? (See same map.) 12. By what other name is the Sorel some- 
times known? (See map, p. 124.) 

IV. 13. With how many men did Wolfe ailvance against Quebec? 14. What 
route did he take ? 15. On what small island did he land his men? 16. In what 
direction from Quebec is that island ? (See map, p. 103.) IT. Where is Point Levi ? 
18. What did Wolfe do at Point Levi? 19. With what success? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



105 



1759. 



army of eight thousand men, he ascended the St. 
Lawrence River as far as tlic Isle of Orleans, where, in 
the latter part of June, he landed his whole force in safety. 
Taking possession of Point Levi, opposite Quebec, he estab- 
lished a battery there, which, though it destroyed the build- 
ings near the river's edge, did but little damage to that pai-t 
of the/ city situated on the promontory. 




TUE ST. LAWRENCE, IN 1759. 

V. Becoming convinced that the battery was not near 
enough to accomplish the reduction of the place, he deter 
mined upon a bold attack. Accordingly, on the 31st of July, 
an attempt was made upon the enemy's intrenoliments, but it 
resulted in defeat and the loss of nearly five hundred men. 
This contest is known as the battle of the Montmorenci. 



V. Question.— 20. Give an account of the battle of the Montinoreucu 

5* 



106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

VI. Not discouraged by the disaster, Wolfe resolved 
upon another plan. During the night of the 12th of 
September his troops effected a landing, at a place about two 
miles above the city, and, climbing by a narrow path the 
steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at daylight, on the following 
morning, they stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. 
VII. Montcalm, who was in command of the French, re- 
fused at first to believe that the force on the Plains was any 
thing more than a small foraging or marauding party, such 
confidence did he feel in the unapproachableness of the place 
in that direction. But, becoming convinced of his error, he 
abandoned his intrenchments, and led his troops against the 
enemy. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which resulted 
in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the moment of 
victory, and Montcalm,* mortally wounded in the action, ex- 
pired soon after. The French, fearing a famine, and dreading 
the horrors of an assault, surrendered the city five days after 
the battle. 

EVENTS OF 1*760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR 

I. Although the British had captured Quebec, the reduc- 
tion of Canada, which was the object of the campaign of 
1759, was not yet accomplished. This failure undoubtedly 
was owing to the want of activity on the part of Amherst. 
His lonjr stay, too, at Crown Point, gave I)e Levi, Montcalm's 
successor, an opportunity to make preparation for the recov- 
ery of Quebec. 



• Montcalm was born in France, in 1710. At the close of the battle in which he was mortally wound- 
ed, on beinjr told that he coiild not live lonsr, •' So much the better," be said ;" 1 shall not live to see the 
surrender of Queliec." He died on the morning of the 14th of September. 



VI. Questions.— 21. What pliin did Wolfe then determine upon? 

VII. 22. How was Montcalm surprised? 23. Give an account of the battle that 
followed. 24. By what name is that battle known ? Atus.—The battle of the Plains 
of Abraham. 25. On what day did it occur? 26. When did Quebec surrender? 

Events of 1760. — I. 1. Why had not the British completed the reduction of 
Canada before the close of 1759? 2. What, beside, was the result of Amherst's inac 
tivity ? 3. Who succeeded Montcalm in the command of the French ? 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1 OY 



II. As soon as the St. Lawrence was free of ice, De Levi 
proceeded to besiege the city. The British, instead of await- 
ing the approach of the enemy, and defending themselves 
from the strong position which they occupied, marched about 
three miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 
1760, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the 
war. After losing a thousand men or more, the British were 
compelled to fall back to the defenses which they had unwisely 
abandoned. The opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
days after, changed the scene completely ; and the French 
lost no time in raising the siege and retreating to Montreal. 

III. It was not till September that Amherst, taking the 
indirect route by way of Oswego, made his w^ay into Canada 
and invested Montreal. The French governor, unable to re- 
sist, signed a capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but 
the whole of Canada, was surrendered into the hands of the 
English. 

IV. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be- 
tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. France, 
by the terms of the treaty, ceded to Great Britain all her 
American possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Iber- 
ville River, in Louisiana (Jou-e'-ze-ah'-na). At the same time 
a treaty was made by which Spain ceded her possessions of 
East and West Florida to Great Britain. Thus, it will be 
seen, the French and Indian War lasted more than eight 
years. The first gun was fired in Washington's engagement 
with Jumonville, in 1754, and the contest was brought to a 
close by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. 

V. Among the dependencies which were surrendered to 

II. Questions. — L Give an account of De Levi's operations. 5, How was Que- 
bec saved to the English ? 

III. 6. By what route did Amherst proceed against Montreal ? 7. How is Quebec 
situated? (See map, p. 103.) S. How, Montreal? (See map, p. 85.) 

IV. 9. By what treaty was the war brought to a close ? 10. What territory did 
Great Britain acquire? 11. What other treaty was made at the same time? 

Y. 12. What stations or posts were included in the surrender of territory to the 
English ? 13. What is said of this transfer ? 14. Of what did the Indians soon 
make themselves masters ? 



108 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



Great Britain by the treaty, were several stations or posts 
between the lakes and the Ohio, and in the valley of that river. 
The transfer of these places from the French, with whom the 
Indians had been on friendly terras, to the English, whom they 
disliked, greatly exasperated the savages in that region, and 
they, in a short time, made themselves masters of all the posts, 
except those of Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit ; and hundreds 
of families were butchered or driven from their homes. 

VI. Detroit was besieged for six months, but was finally re- 
lieved. The Indians at last were compelled to sue for peace, 
though Pontiac [i^on'-te-ak), their principal chief, from whom 
the war takes its name, refused to submit. He wandered 
towards the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the western 
tribes against the English, till his career was terminated by 
the hand of one of his own people. 

PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



DATKS. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


VICTOK8. 


English. 1 French. 


1754. 
May 28, 
July 4, 

1755. 
June 16, 
June 17, 
July 9, 

Sept. 8 j 

1756. 
Aug. 14, 

1757. 
1 Aug. 9, 

1758. 
July 6, 
July 8, 
July 26, 
Sept. 21, 

1759. 
July 25, 
July 31, 
Sept. 13, 

1760. 
Apr. 28, 


Great Meadows 

Fort Necessity 


Washington 
Washington 


Jumonville . 
De Yilliers. 


English. 
French. 


Fort Beausejour 

Fort Gasperau 

Monongahela 

Near Lake George. . . 
Head of Lake George.. 


I^fonckton. . 
Monckton. . 
Braddock . . 
Williams . . 
Johnson. . . 


De Yergor. 
DeYillerai. 
Beaujeu. . . . 

Dieskau 

Dieskau. . . . 


English. 
English. 
French. 
French. 
English. 


Oswego 


Mercer .... 


Montcalm. . 


French. 




Fort William Henry.. 


Monroe. . . . 


Montcalm. . 


French. 


Near Ticonderoga. . . . 
Ticonderoo-a 


Howe 

Ab'rcrombie 
Amherst. . . 
Grant 


De Trepesee 
Montcalm. . 
Drucourt. . . 
Aubry 


English. 
French. 
EngUsh. 
French. 


Louisburg 

Near Fort Duquesne.. 


Fort Niagara 

Montmorenci 

Plains of Abraham . . 


Johnson . . , 

AVolfe 

Wolfe 


Aubry .... 
Montcalm . . 
Montcalm . . 


English. 
French. 
English. 


3 miles above Quebec. 


Murray. . . . 


De Levi. . . . 


French. 



VI. 15. What is said of the siege of Detroit? 16. By what name is the war 
tnown? 17. What is said of the closing career of Pontiac? 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY, 

WITH THE CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH AND FRENCH SOVEREIGNS. 



English. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



1492 
1497 
1498, 



n 



1499 
1512 
1513 
1517 
1520 
1521 
1524, 
1528, 
1534. 
1541. 



1562 
1564 
1565 
1579 
1584 
1585 
1602, 
1603, 
1606. 
1607. 
1609. 
1614. 

1620. 

1621. 
1622. 
1623. 
1630. 
1633. 
1634. 
1635. 
1636. 
1637. 

1 1638. 

il643. 



—'1644. 



The West Indies were discovered by Columbus. 

Nortli America was discovered by tlie Cabots. 

Coast of N. America explored by Sebastian Cabot 

South America was discovered by Columbus. 
:;,''., " was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
J^ lorida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 
The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa. 
Yucatan was discovered by Cordova. 
Tiie coast of Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 
Mexico was explored and conqueied by Cortez. 
Coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 
Florida was explored by Narvaez. 
The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
. The Mississippi was discovered by De Solo. 

Colonial Events. 

. Tlie Hug-uenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 
. Tlie second Huguenot colony Avas begun in Florida. 
. Florida, at St. Augustine-, was settled by Spaniards 
. West coast of North America explored by Drake. 
, Carolina coast explored by Raleigh's expedition. 
■7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina 
The Massachusetts coast was explored by Gosnold 
The New England coast was explored by Pring. 
The London and Plymouth Co's received charters. 
The London Co. planted a colony at Jamestown. 
The Hudson River Avas discovered by Hudson. 
The NcAv England coast was exploi-ed by Smith. 
New York was settled by the Dutch. 
Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia 
Plymouth, Massachusetts, was settled. ' 
The treaty with Massasoit was made. 
The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred. 
New Hampshire was settled. 

Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay colony 
Connecticut was settled at AVincisor. 
Maryland (at St. Mary's) was settled. 
Saybrook (2d colony in Connecticut) was feetlled 
Proviclence (1st colony in Rhode Island) was gettled. 
J he Pequods of Connecticut were destroyed 
The second colony of Rhode Island was established, 
riie Swedish colony in Delaware was established. 
New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
Four New England colonies formed a Union. 
The two colonies of Rhode Island were united. 



French. 



ar 



Q 

(0 

SB 

-i 



CHROI^^OLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



English. French- 

1650. North Carolina (ou the Chowan) was settled. 

1651. Parliament passed the " Navigation Act." 

1655. New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 

1656. The " Persecution of Quakers" in Massachusetts. 



1663. The grant of Carolina to Clarendon and others. 

1664. NewYork taken by the English from the Dutch. 
New Jersey (at Elizabeth) was settled. 

1665. The Connecticut colonies united under one charter. 
1670. South Carolina (on the Ashley) was settled. 

1678. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 

1675. King Philip's War in New England. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 

1680. The settlement of Charleston (S. C), was begun. 
1682. Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to Penn. 



1689. King William's War began in Amer 



ica. 



1690 



.^..„. Port Royal (Nova Scotia) captured by the English. 
1692. Plymouth was united with Massachusetts. 
1697. The " Treaty of Ryswick" ended the war. 

1702. Queen Anne's War began in America. 

1710. Port Royal captured (2d time) by the English. 

1713. The " Treaty of Utrecht" ended the war. 

1729. Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 

1732. Washington was born in Virginia, Feb. 22. 

1733. Georgia (at Savannah) was settled. 

1744. King George's War began in America. 

1745. Louisburg was taken (1st time) by the English. 
1748. The " Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle" ended the war. 

1754. The French and Indian War. 

Washington defeated tlie Fi'ench at Gt. Meadows. 
Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity. t* 

1755. The French were expelled from Nova Scotia. 
Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela. 

1756. Oswego was captured b}^ the French. 

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 

1758. Abercrombie was defeated at Ticonderoga. 
Louisburg was taken (2d time) by the English. 
Ft. Froutenac (Kingston) was taken bv the English 

1759. Ft. Niagara was taken by the Englisir. 
The battle of Montmorenci : Wolfe was defeated. 
Wolfe defeated Montcalm before Quebec. 
Quebec was surrendered to the English. 

1760. The p]nglish were defeated near Quebec. 
Montreal was surrendered to the English. 

1763. The " Treaty of Paris" ended the wiir. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 

The pupils will prepare written exercises in narrative form, 
takins; each colony as a topic. They should make the statements 
with fulness, and as near as possible in their own language; or, 
the exercise may be prepared in the form of an analysis, according 
to the model given opposite page 27. 



Virginia. — First Charter — Jamestown — Sufferings — 
Wingtield — Ratcliffe — Smith — Pocahontas — Second 
Charter — Starving Time — Lord Delaware — Third Charter 
— Slavery — Planters' Wives — Indian Massacres — Fate of 
the third Charter — Navigation Act — Grant to Culpepper 
and Arlington — Causes for dissatisfaction — Subsequent 
history — Bacon's Rebellion — French and Indian War — 
Government. (See Appendix, pp. 8 and 9.) — Name. 

Massachusetts. — Gosnold — Pring — Plymonth Co. — 
Smith — Council of Plymouth — Pilgrims — The Mayflower 
— Plymouth — Carver — Brewster and others — Distress — 
Treaty with Massasoit — Massachusetts Bay Colony — . 
Boston — Other settlements — Harvard College — Union of 
Colonies — Quakers — King Philip's W^ar — Fate of the 
Charter, and why — King William's War — Witchcraft — 
Union of Plymouth with Massachusetts — Queen Anne's 
War — King George's War — French and Indian War — 
Government — Name. 

New Hampshire. — Smith — Council of Plymouth — 
Grant to Gorges and Mason — Settlements — Wlieelwright 
— Mason's subsequent ownership — Union with Massachu- 
setts — Land Contro versy — Government — Name. 

Connecticut. — Conncil of Plymonth — Subsequent 
Proprietors — Connecticut Colony — Saybrook Colony — 
Pequod War — New Haven Colony — Union of the Col- 
onies — Andros — The Charter — Government — Name. 

Rhode Island.— Roger Williams — Providence Settle- 
ment — Coddington — Rhode Island Settlemeut — Union 
of the Settlements — Charter — Government — Name. 



SUGGESTIVE SUMMAKY BY COLON-IES. 

New York. — Henry Hudson — Settled — Inducements 
to settlers — Dutch Governors — Stuyvesant iu Delaware 
— The Grant to the Duke of York — Tlie surrender to the 
English — Change of Xames — Under. English Rule — Re- 
covery by the Dutch — Slaves — French and Indian War 
— Battles near Fort George — Oswego — Ft. Wm. Henry — 
Ticonderoga — Government — Name. 

New Jersey. — New Netherlands — Dutch trading 
posts and forts — Grant to the Duke of York — To Berk- 
eley and Carteret — Elizabeth — The Duke of York's 
conduct — The disposition of Berkeley's interest — The 
subsequent ownership of New Jersey — The Union with 
New York — Government — Name. 

Maryland. — Part of Virginia — Clayborne — The 
Charter — Settlement — Clayborne's Rebellion — Toleration 
Act — Protestant Intolerance — Subsequent History — 
Government — Name. 

Pennsylvania. — Swedish Settlements — Penn — Phil- 
adelphia — Indian Treaty — Pen n's Government — French 
and Indian War — Great Meadows — Fort Necessity — Brad- 
dock's Defeat — Kittanning — Fort Du Quesne — Govern- 
ment — Name. 

Delaware. — Gustavus Adolphns — Purchase of land 
— Charter— Name of New Sweden — New Settlements — 
New Netherlands — Dutch Conquest — Part of New York 
— Subsequent history — Governmen t — Name. 

North and South Carolina. — Explorations of 
Amidas and Barlow — Raleigh's attempts at settlement — 
The Albemarle County Colony — The First Grant to Clar- 
endon & Co. — The Clarendon County Colony — The 
Second Grant to Clarendon & Co. — The Carteret 
County Colony — Cliarleston — The Separation of the 
Carolinas — Subsequent history — Government — Name. 

Georgia. — Different Claims to the Territory — The 
Grant to Oglethorpe and others — Object of the Trustees 
— Settlement — Character of the Settlers — Growth of the 
Colony — Regulations of the Trustees — Hostilities with 
Spanish Neighbors — Final action of the Trustees — Gov- 
ernment — Name. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. How many troops did the English have in the field in 1758 ?. , 100 

2. What was the object of the division under Amherst ? 100 

3. Give an account of Amherst's operations and success 100 

4. What was the object of the division under Abercrombie ? 100 

5. Give an account of Abercrombie's operations 101 

6. What vms the object of the division under Forbes ? 100 

T. Give an account of Forbes's operations 102, 103 

8. Give an account of the expedition against Frontenac 102 

9. Why did the French abandon Fort Duquesne, in 1758 ? 103 

10. What further can you give of the history of that fort? 103, 108 

11. In what year did the English determine to take Canada? 103 

12. Who succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in-chief? 103, 104 

13. What part against Canada was assigned to Wolfe ? 1 04 

14. Give an account of Wolfe's operations until July 104, 105 

15. What part against Canada was assigned to Prideaux? , 104 

16. Give an account of his operations and fate 104 

17. What was done and also omitted by his successor ? 104 

18. What part against Canada was assigned to Amherst?. . 104 

19. Give an account of his march and tardy operations , 104 

20. What was done against Quebec by Wolfe, in July, 1759? .... 105 

21. What was done by Wolfe on tiie night of the 12th Sept., 1759? 106 

22. When did the battle of the Plains of Abraham occur? 106 

23. What were the memorable words of the dying Montcalm?. . . . 106 

24. When did the French surrender Quebec to the English? . . . 106 

25. Why did they not hold out longer before surrendering? 106 

26. What was the great object of the EngHsh campaign of 1759?. 103 

27. Did the Enghsh accoinphsh the object during that year ? 106 

28. By whom was Montcalm succeeded in command of the French? 106 

29. What was the consequence of Amherst's inactivity?. . ,* 106 

30. When did De Levi commence operations against Quebec?. . . . 107 

31. What mistake did the British make ? 107 

32. Give an account of the battle fought near Quebec 107 

33. What prevented the French from recovering the city ? 107 

34. How did the English get Montreal and the rest of Canada ? . . 107 

35. What took place on the 10th of February, 1763 ? 107 

36. What territory did the French surrender to the English?. . . . 107 

37. What stations or posts were included in the surrender ?. . . . 107, 108 

38. What was the consequence of surrendering them?. 108 

39. Who was then the principal Indian chief in that section?. . . . 108 

40. How was the " Pontiac War" brought to a close ? 108 



110 



SECTION IV, 

THE AMEEICAlSr KEY OLUTIOI^.— CAUSES 
OF THE WAR. 

I. The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the 
French and Indian War had increased her national debt more 
than three hundred millions of dollars. The English minis- 
try, asserting that this had been done in defending the 

/ colonies, declared that the Americans ought of right to share 
in the burden ; and, accordingly, it was proposed by the min- 
istry, George Grenville being at its head, that a direct revenue 
should be drawn from the colonies by a system of taxation. 
It was also affirmed that, regardless of the manner in which 
the national debt had been contracted or augmented, or even 
in the absence of any debt whatever. Parliament possessed the 
inherent right to tax America. 

II. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colonies 
had been founded at their own expense ; and that they had 
already contributed more than their fair proportion in defend- 
ing themselves, while the advantages accruing from their 
preservation were shared by England in common with them- 
selves. The colonists also maintained that they could only 
be justly taxed by a legislature in which they were repre- 
sented. Inasmuch, therefore, as they were not allowed to send 
representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no 
right to impose upon them any taxes whatever. 

III. Beside, the policy of Great Britain towards her Ameri- 
can colonies, from the very beginning of their existence, as 

Causks of the Rkvolution. — I. Questions.—! How much did the French and 
Indian War add to Great Britain's debt? 2, What assertion did the British ministry 
make? 3. What declaration did they deduce therefrom? 4. What proposition was 
accordingly made ? 5. What strong affirmation was made? 

II, 6. What M'as maintained by the Americans, as regards the founding of their 
colonies? 7. What, as regards their contribution for defense in connection with the 
advantages? 8. What, as regards the i)rinciple of taxation? 

III. 9. What is said of the policy of Great Britain? 10. What were the " Writs 
of Assistance?" 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 



in 



shown in the " Navigation Act," with the oppressive measures 
that preceded and those that succeeded, even down to the au- 
thorization of the "Writs of Assistance,'^ in 1761, had been 
unjust and ilhberal, and calculated to incite a rebellious spirit. 
These " Writs of Assistance" were general search-warrants, 
which empowered custom-house officers to break open ships, 
stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise which, 
it was suspected, had paid no duty; and the writs also empow- 
ered the officers to compel sheriffs and others to assist in the 
odious task. 

ly. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indignation 
was produced throughout the country. By the provisions of 
the act, all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and 
notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., 
were to be executed on stamp- 
ed paper, to be purchased from 
the agents of the British gov- 
ernment. 

V. The first burst of opposi- 
tion appeared in the legislature 
of Virginia, where Patrick Hen- 
ry* distinguished himself by his 
bold and manly eloquence. In 
Massachusetts too the opposition 
was fearless, and, upon the re- 
commendation of her Assembly, 
a Colonial Congress, composed p.xbick hkkkv. 

• Patrick Henry was bom in Virginia, in 1736. He died in 1799, the year of Washington's death. 




IV. Questions.— 11. When -n-as the Stamp Act passed ? 12. How was the news of 
its passage received in America ? 13. What was exacted by the provisions of the Act ? 

V. 14. What is said of Patrick Henry? 15. Of the opposition in Massachusetts? 
16. What recommendation did the Massachusetts Assembly make? 17. How many 
colonies were represented in the Congress? IS. Who was the presiding officer of 
the Congress ? 19. Where was the Congress held ? 20, What was the result of their 
deliberations? 



y 



112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



of delegates from nine colonies, with Timothy Ruggles,* of Mas- 
sachusetts, for president, was held in New York, to consult 
with reference to the general safety. The result of their de- 
liberations was the adoption of a Declaration of Rights, a 
Petition to the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Par- 
Uament. 

VL So intense was the popular indignation against the 
Stamp Act, as also against the officers appointed to distribute 
the stamps, that wh6n the day came on which the obnoxious 
law was to go into effect, there were no officials courageous 
enough to carry it into execution. All the stamped paper was 
either destroyed or concealed ; and, for a time, all transactions 
requiring stamps were entirely suspended. 

VII. At length business resumed its previous course, being 
conducted without stamps. In addition to this general oppo- 
sition, the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and 
other places, agreed to import no more British goods while the 
Stamp Act remained a law. A change in the British ministry 
occurring, William Pitt and others exerted themselves in 
opposition to the obnoxious measure, and it was repealed in 
1766, the year after its enactment. 

YIII. The news of the repeal caused great rejoicing through- 
out America, but, as the sequel proved, without adequate 
cause ; for, notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par- 
liament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed, at 
the same time, another law, called the Declaratory Act, which 
affirmed the right claimed, in all its length and breadth. It 

♦ Notwithstanding the patriotic stand taken by Ruggles before the hostilities of the Revolution actu- 
ally commenced, he sooti headed a body of lovalisu and' fought against the Americans. At the close of the 
war he went to Nova Scotia, and there resided till his death. 



VL QtTESTiONS.— 21. "What was the effect of the foeling against the Stamp Act? 
22. What was done with the stamped paper? 23. What was the consequence, for a 
time, as regards transactions? 

VII. 24. How did business afterward shape itself? 25. In what way did the mer- 
chants show their opposition to the Stamp Act? 26. Give the closing history of 
the act. 

VIII. 27, How was the news of the repeal received in America? 2S. How did it 
appear that the cause for rejoicing was illusory? 29. How was the asserted right to 
tax the colonies shown in 1767? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



113 



was attempted to exercise the right so claimed by the passage 
of a bill, in the following year, 176*7, for levying duties on 
glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported into the colo- 
nies. * Two other obnoxious acts were also passed during the 
same year. 

rX. The intelligence of these enactments produced a revival 
of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the 




FANEUIL HALL, IN 1776.* 

Stamp Act. Non-importation associations were formed, the 
members of which were pledged not to import or use any ar- 
ticles of British production, subject to duty. The Massachu- 
setts Assembly i.^cued a circular to the other Colonial Assem- 
blies, asking their co-operation in efforts to obtain redress : 
in response, the most of them r.dopted resolutions protesting 
ao-ainst the odious enactments. 



* Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots during the Revolution, and, for that reason, is often 
called the "Cradle of American Liberty." The original buildinfr, comprising a market-place on the 
ground floor, a town-hall, and rfther rooms, was erected by Peter Faneuil, permission haying been previ- 
ously granted by the authorities of Boston. In 1761 it was destroyed by fire, but in 1763 it was rebuilt at 
the expense of the town, and when the British occupied Boston, in 1775, they used the hall for a theatre. 
In 1805 the building underwent considerable alteration, when it was also enlarged. 



IX. Questions. — 30. How did the news of these enactments affect the colonists? 
81. What organizations were formed? 32. What was done by the Massachusetts 
Assembly ? 33.8. How did the other colonies respond ? 



114 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

X. The people of Boston were particularly decided in their 
opposition to one of the enactments known as the " New Rev- 
enue Law ;" and, in consequence, repeated collisions took 
place between them and the custom-house officers. For the 
purpose of overawing the Bostonians, the Governor of Massa- 
chusetts requested General Gage, the commander-in-chief of 
the British forces in America, to station troops in the city. 
In compliance therewith, two regiments arrived from Halifax, 
in September, 1768; but their presence still more exasperated 
the people, and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the 
" Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the populace, kill- 
inoj three men and wounding others. 

XL Before the news of the " massacre" reached England, an 
act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the duties laid in 
1767, excepting that of threepence per pound on tea. As, 
however, the people of America were contending, not against 
the amount of laxcs imposed, but against the principle of tax- 
ation without representation, the concession was by no means 
satisfactory. The Non-importation associations continued, 
but, of course, only as against the importation and use of the 
article upon which a duty was still laid. The tea for New 
York and Philadelphia was sent back to London, without being 
landed ; in Charleston it was stored in cellars, where it perished. 

XII. At Boston, on a cold moonlight night in December, 
1773, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships, broke open the chests of tea, emptied their contents 
into the water, and then quietly retired. In retaliation for 



X. Questions. — 34. "Wherein did the people of Boston evince particular opposi. 
lion? 35. "What was the consequence? 3G. What request did the governor of Mas- 
sachusetts make? 3". Why did he make the request? 38. How was the request 
complied with? 39. Give an account of the Boston massacre. 

XI. 40. What concessions were made by Parliament in 1770? 41. Why was not 
this concession satisfactory to the colonists? 42. To what extent did the agreement 
of the Non-importation associations continue? 43. IIow was the tea which arrived 
disposed of ? 

XII. 44. Give an account of the doings of the "Boston Tea Party."' 45. How 
was the act retaliated ? 46. How did the Salem people behave upon the occasion ? 
47. How, the people of Marblehead ? 4S. What other obnoxious act was also passed ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 

ihis defiant destruction, the British government determined to 
punish Boston ; and the Boston Port Bill, intended to close 
that port to all commerce, and transfer the seat of the colonial 
government to Salein, was accordingly passed. But the peo- 
ple of Salem refused to thrive at the expense of their neigh- 
bors, and Marblehead, fifteen miles distant from the despoiled 
town, oflfered her port, free of charge, to the Boston merchants. 
Other acts, which were considered gross violations of the char- 
ters and rightful privileges of the colonies, were also passed. 
Among these was one for quartering the king's troops on the 
colonies, at the people's expense. 

XIII. Meanwhile, delegates were chosen to represent the 
colonies at Philadelphia. Here, in September, 1774, a general 
congress, known as " The First Continental Congress," or the 
" Old Continental Congress," convened, to deliberate on such 
measures as the united interests of the colonies might require. 
Fifty-one delegates, representing all the colonies except Geor- 
gia, were present, and Peyton Randolph,* of Virginia, was 
chosen President. 

XIV. Their first act was the passage of a resolution com- 
mending the conduct of the people of Boston in their oppo- 
sition to the obnoxious laws of Parliament. They also agreed 
upon a declaration of rights, recommended the suspension 
of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, and voted an 
address to the king, another to the people of Great Britain, 
and a memorial to the Canadians. 

XV. General Gage, who, in addition to his position as 
commander-in-chief of the king's forces, had been recently ap- 



* Peyton Randolph was born in Virginia, in 1723. As stated above, he was the President of " The First 
Continental Congress." He was also elected President of the second Congress, held at Philadelphia in th« 
following year, but political duties calling hini to Virginia before the close of its session, he was succeeded 
in the position by John Hancock, of Massachusetts. His death was sudden, occurring at Philadelphia, to- 
wards the close of October, 1775. 



XIII. Questions. — 49. "What convention took place in 1T74? 50. How many 
•lelegates were present? 51. Name the twelve colonies that were represented. 52. 
Who was chosen president of the Congress ? 

XIV. 53. What measm-es did they pass? 

XV. 54. What appointment hud Gage received? 55. What did he determine 
upon ? 56, What did he do in conformity with the deterroiuation I 



116 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

pointed governor of Massachusetts, determined, in this crisis, 
upon more active measures. He fortified Boston Neck, and 
seizing the military stores Avhich the Americans had collectevl 
at Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed them to his head- 
quarters. 

XVI. The people everywhere were excited, but their feel- 
ings were controlled by a prudence befitting the solemnity of 
the occasion. A conflict wdth the " mother country" seemed to 
be inevitable. The Massachusetts Assembly, though dissolved 
by the governor, had again convened as a Provincial Congress, 
and adopted a plan for organizing the militia. The men in 
Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were daily trained in 
military exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute's 
notice ; hence their name of " minute men." Military meas- 
ures were also adopted in other colonies, and a general deter- 
mination was manifested to resist, even with arms, the new 
oppressions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 

EYENTS OF 1115. 

I. The British government was not idle. Gage's forces at 
Boston had been so augmented by arrivals from England that 
in the beginning of April, 17V5, he found himself in com- 
mand of three thousand troops. 

II. For the purpose of destroying the stores which the 
Americans had collected at Concord, a town about sixteen 
miles- from Boston, he dispatched, at night, a detachment of 
eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn ; 



XVI. Questions. — 57. What is said of the excitement of the people ? 5S. In what 
respect did the Massachusetts Assembly undergo a change? 59. What is said of 
the "minute men?" 

Events of 1775.— I. 1. What activity had Gage shown? 

II. 2. What expedition was sent out under Smith and Pitcairn? 8. In what 
manner was it intended the expedition should be conducted ? 4. How was the in- 
tention foiled? 5. In what direction from Boston is Concord? (See map, p. 87.) 
6. In what direction from Boston is Lexington ? (Sec same map.) 7. W'hen did the 
British reach Lexington ? 8. What did they find there ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 



117 



but notwithstanding the intended secrecy of the expedition, 
the alarm was given, and the " minute men" were aroused in 
every direction by messages and signals from Boston. When 
the British reached Lexington, half the distance to Concord, 
before sunrise, on the morning of the 19th of April, between 
sixty and seventy of the citizens were drawn up under arms. 




^/^'(j^Tv Ct . 



CONCORD, MASS., IK 1774. 



III. Pitcairn rode forward and shouted, " Disperse, you reb- 
els ; throw down your arms and disperse ;" but, not being 
obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed the first 
blood of the Revolution. Eight of the men of Lexington were 
killed, nine were wounded — a quarter of that heroic band had 
thus fallen— and the others dispersed. The British proceeded 
to Concord, and destroyed all the stores they could find. In 
the mean time the "minute men" from all directions had be- 
o-un to assemble, and a skirmish ensued, in which several per- 



III. Questions.— 9. Describe what tooK ^laQe a,t Lestogton. 



JO, At Concord- 



118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

sons were killed on both sides. Towards noon the 
invaders began their retrograde inarch for Boston. 

ly. The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep- 
ing up a constant fire upon them from behind trees and 
stone fences. Colonel Smith was severely wounded, and his 
men, fainting and exhausted, were in danger of being en- 
tirely cut off, when they were joined at Lexington* by a re-en- 
forcement of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy. A short 
interval for rest and refreshment was allowed, and then the 
united detachments of the British continued the retreat, taking 
the road to Charlestown. The minute men followed as be- 
fore, keeping up the pursuit until after sunset. The loss of 
the British during the memorable affair of this day was about 
two hundred and eight, in killed, wounded, and missing; that 
of the Americans was about ninety. 

V. The tidings of the day's contest spread with wonderful 
rapidity, and the militia from New Hampshire, Connecticut, 
and other parts of New England, hastened to join their breth- 
ren of Massachusetts in forming a camp in the neighborhood 
of Boston. Here General Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, 
was exercising a limited command, by virtue of an appointment 
from the Provincial Congress of that colony ; but the men 
from the different colonies appeared mostly as independent 
corps, under leaders of their own choosing. This "vvas not all. 
The effect of the day's strife took a direction which nobody 
could have anticipated, — people began to talk of a separation 
from Eno-land, and of an independent government of their own. 

VL It being deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, in May, 1775, a number of volunteers from Ver- 

* Lexington, the scene of the first encounter between the British and Americans in the Revolutionary 
contest, is situated about ten miles northwest from Boston, and seven miles east from Concord. At the 
time of the encounter thj town contained about seven hundred inhabitants. 



IV. Questions.— 11. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit as far as Lexin?- 
ton. 12. How were the British aided at Lexington? 13. Give an account of what 
afterwards took place. 

V. 14. What effect did the battle of Lexington have? 15. Under what organi- 
zation were the American forces which were collected near Boston? 16. What other 
effect did the day's strife have ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 



raont and Connecticut, under Ethan Allen and Bene- ,^^_ 

1 775 
diet Arnold, captured both places without loss ; and, by 

this fortunate achievement, a large supply of military and naval 

stores fell into the hands of the Americans. 

VII. So closely were the British troops at Boston hemmed 
in by the provincials, that the place began- to experience the 
privations of a besieged city. The timely arrival of re-enforce- 
ments from England, under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Sir 
Henry Clinton, enabled Gage to act with more decision ; and 
that commander issued a proclamation, in which he declared 
all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, but offered 
pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. To 
this offer two exceptions were 
made — John Hancock* and 
Samuel Adams f — their offences 
being pronounced too great to 
admit of pardon. 

VIII. The Americans, antici- 
pating that the British had de- 
signs against the country be- 
yond Charlestown, determined 
to seize and fortify the heights 
commanding the neck of the 
peninsula. Accordingly, on the evening of the 16th of June, 
Colonel Prescott was sent with a detachment of one thou- 
sand men to execute this perilous enterprise. 

* John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 he was elected President of the 
Continental Congress, and in 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in Quincy, in 1793. 

+ Samuel Adams was born in Boston, in 17'."2. He and John Adams were related, having the same 
great-grandfather, making thf.m second cousins. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. His death occurred in Boston, in 1803. 




VI. Questions.— 17. Give an account of tne capture of Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point. 18. How are these two places situated? (See map, p. 85.) 

VII. 19. What is said of the condition of the British troops in Boston? 20. By 
whom was Gage joined from England? 21. What is said of a proclamation ? 22. 
Who, were excluded from the offer in the proclamation? 23. Why were they ex- 
cluded ? 

YIII. 24. On what business was Prescott sent? 25. Why did thQ Americans 
wish to occupy the heights ? 



120 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



-iHHf- IX. On attaining the ascent of Bunker Hill* he con- 
cluded, after consulting his officers, to deviate from the 
letter of his orders and fortify Breed's Hill, because the latter 
was nearer to Boston, and had a better command of the town 
and shipping. The consultation and change delayed matters 
until midnight. Then the work commenced.* Every man of 
the thousand seized, in his turn, the pick-axe and spade ; and 
by the dawn of day a strong redoubt was completed. 

X. The British, on 




discovering the works 
on Breed's Hill, began 
a cannonade from ves- 
sels in the harbor, and 
also from a battery on 
Copp's Hill, in Boston ; 
but with little or no 
effect. They then made 
preparations for an as- 
sault. About three 
thousand troops, under 
Generals Howe and 
Pigot, crossed over to 
Charlestown, while, 
mainly through the ex- 
ertions of General Putnam, about five hundred men were added 
to Prescott's force in the course of the day. 

XL Meanwhile the British had set fire to the village of 
Charlestown, by means of shells thrown from Copp's Hill ; and, 

* Bunker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred nnd twenty-one feet hifrh, erected in commemoration 
of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built on Breed's Hill. Its corner-stone was laid 
by General Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 18'25, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An immense con- 
course of persons was present on the occasion, includingf nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiers and 
forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Quincy Adams, with his entire cabinet. Daniel 
Webster delivered the oration. 



IX. QtJESTroNS.— 26. What conclusion did Prescottafterw.ard come to? 27. Why 
did he so conclude ? 28. How was the work then carried on ? 

X. 29. What did the British do on discovering the works? 30. How next did they 
proceed ? 

XI. 81. When was the battle of Bunker Ilill fought? 32. Give an account of it 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



121 



amid the glare of its flame, Howe and Pigot advanced 
to the attack. Twice did they get to within a few 
rods of the redoubt, when the Americans, each time, opened 
upon them so deadly a fire that they were repulsed with heavy 
loss. General Clinton arriving, the third charge was more 
successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being en- 
tirely exhausted, were forced to retreat. 

XII. The loss to the British, 
in killed and wounded, accord- 
ing to their own account, was 
more than a thousand men : the 
Americans lost less than half 
that number, though among their 
slain was Joseph Warren,* one 
of the ablest and most popular 
of the patriot leaders, and an 
estimable man. His loss was 
deplored as a severe calamity 
to the cause of freedom. 

XHI. Though the British had 
gained the hill — the ground contended for — the victory to 
them was more disastrous and humiliating than an ordinary 
defeat ; while, to the Americans, the defeat had the effect of 
a triumph : it gave them confidence in themselves, and conse- 
quence in the eyes of their enemies. The day's doings, too, 
convinced the people that the military training and experience 
which the Putnams, the Starks, and the Washingtons had 
acquired, in the "school" of the French and Indian War, had 
been gained to some purpose. 




J()-^J 1 H ^^ M.uKN. 



* Joseph Warren was bom in Roxbury, Masa., in 1741. After having been graduated at Harvard Col- 
lege, he studied medicine, and became a physician of extensive practice in the city of Boston. He was 
one of the leading men in resisting the unjust and oppressive measures sought to be fastened upon the 
colonies by Great Britain, holding as he did, at the time of his death, two of the most responsible civil 
positions under the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and a commission as major-general. 



XII. QiTBSTiONS.— 33. What loss did the British sustain in the battle? 34. What, 
the Americans ? 35. What is said of Warren ? 

XIII. 36. How did the victory aflfect the British? 3T. How, the Americans? 
38. Of what did the people become convinced ? 

6 



122 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

XIV. On the very day of the capture of Ticondero- 
c:a, May 10, the second Continental Congress convened 
at Philadelphia. That body voted to raise an army of twenty 
thousand men, and, on the loth of June, by a unanimous vote, 
elected George Washington commander-in-chief. Washing- 
ton, who, at the time, was a delegate in the Congress from 
Virginia, rose in his place, and, with dignity and modesty, 
accepted the appointment, but declined all compensation for 
his services: he only asked for the payment of his expenses. 
He thereupon resigned his position in the Congress, and re- 
paired to Cambridge, three miles from Boston, where, on the 
3d of July, he took command of the array, then numbering 
about fourteen thousand men. 

XV. While the revolution was gaining strength at the east, 
in the south it was also making progress. Lord Dunmore, 
the governor of Virginia, having seized some powder and re- 
moved it to a vessel in the York River, Patrick Henry, at the 
head of a corps of volunteers, demanded and received com- 
pensation therefor. Some months later, in December, a force, 
consisting of British regulars, tory volunteers, and negroes, 
which had been collected by Dunmore, attacked a body of 
Virginia patriots near Norfolk; but the assailants were re- 
pulsed with great loss. In revenge, Danmore, at a later 
period, reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. 

XVI. It having been ascertained that the British intended 
to invade the colonies from Canada, Congress determined to 
anticipate the movement, by carrying the war into that pro- 



XIV. QtTESTiONS. — 39. "When did Allen and Arnold capture Ticonderoga? 40, 
What also occurred on that day? 41. What two acts of Congress are mentioned? 
42. How did "Washington receive the appointment? 43. What did Washington there-, 
upon do ? 

XY. 44. Describe the York River. (See map, p. S5.) 45. What event is men 
tioned in connection with the York River? 46. What was done by Patrick Henry? 
47. Give an accoimt of the battle near Norfolk. 4S. How did Dunmore gratify his 
revenge? 49. How is Norfolk situated? (See map, p. 24.) 

XYI. 50. What scheme of invasion did the British intend? 51. How was it 
determined to anticipate the movement? 52. What advantage did the possession ol 
Canada promise? 53. What forces were sent? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



123 




vince. Beside, if Canada were gained, its use to the Britisli as 
a place of rendezvous and supply would be prevented. Two 
forces were accordingly sent ; 
one by the way of Lake Cham- 
plain, under General Schuyler* 
(ski' -lev), and the other by the 
Kennebec River, commanded 
by Arnold. 

XVII. Schuyler proceeded 
down Lake Champlain, and 
encamped on an island at the 
head of the Sorel (so-reW) 
River, but sickness compelling 
his return to Albany, the com- 
mand devolved upon Montgomery. Ethan Allen, f who, at the 
setting out of the expedition, had been engaged in reconnoiter- 
ing the country between the Sorel and the St. Lawrence, was 
again dispatched in the same direction, this time for recruits. 
Instead, however, of prosecuting the business on which he 
was sent, he crossed the St. Lawrence to make an attack upon 
Montreal. The result of this reckless enterprise was defeat ; 
and he was sent a prisoner to England, in irons. This mis- 
hap did not m the least interfere with the operations of the 
main force ; and before the middle of November, Montgom- 
ery, by a series of well-directed movements, had acquired 



GENERAL SCHTJTLEB. 



•Philip Schuyler was born at Albany, New York, in 1733. He was enpajred in the French and Indian 
war, and accompanied Sir William Johnson in 1755. His death occurred at Albany, in 1804. 

t Ethan Allen was born in Connecticut, in 1742, or thereabouts. His parents, soon after his birth, took 
him to Vermont, and there, when he grew to manhood, he was one of the most determined of the settlers 
in resisting the claims of New York to the Vermont territory. As colonel of an armed force he protected 
those who had received prants of land from the Governor of New Hampshire, and drive out of the dis- 
trict the New York settlers. The troubles continued about ten years, when the more important events 
of the Revolution put an end to the hostile acts, though the controversy was afterward renewed. Allen 
ns stated above, was sent to England in irons. After suflFering a captivity of more than two years in Eng- 
land, Halifax, and one of the prison-ships of New York, he was exchanged. He never afterward actively 
engaged in military service ; but died at Burlington, Vt, in 1789. 



XVIT. Questions. — 54. Near what boundary -line is the head of the Sorel River ? 
(See map, p. 124) 55. In what direction from the head of the Sorel is Montreal ? 
fSee same map.) 56. How long did Schuyler's connection with the expedition con- 
tinue? 57. Give an account of Allen's doings, 5ii. Give an account of Montgomery's 
successes. 



124 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1775. 




Lti Colle 



—RousesPt' 



PART OF THE SOUEL 



possession of Fort Chambly (sham'-ble), St. John's, 
and Montreal, and was thereby master of a large 
part of Canada. He then proceeded against Quebec. 

XYIII. In the mean time Arnold, hav- 
ing performed a tedious march through 
the wilderness, enduring almost incredi- 
ble toils and hardships, appeared before 
Quebec ; but not being sufficiently strong 
to attack the city alone, he retired twen- 
ty miles up the St. Lawrence, and there 
awaited the arrival of Montgomery. 
A junction of the two forces was effect- 
ed in the beginning of December, and, 
with Montgomery in the chief command, 
the entire army, numbering but nine hundred effective men, 
proceeded to take a position before Quebec. 

XIX. After a siege of three weeks without gaining any ad- 
vantage, it was resolved to attempt the capture of the place 
by an assault. Accordingly, at dawn on the last day of the 
year, and while a violent snow-storm was prevailing, the Ameri- 
can army, in four columns, advanced to the attack. Mont- 
gomery,* who led one of the columns, had gained some ad- 
vantage, when a discharge of grape-shot, from a single cannon 
of the enemy, made deadly havoc, killing him and one of his 
aides instantly, and mortally wounding others. His column at 
once retreated. Arnold, who led another of the columns, was 
severely wounded and borne from the field, and Captain 
Morgan assumed the command. Morgan took refuge in a 



^tone house, from which he defended himself awhile, but, 



♦ Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland, in 1736. In 17 
in the Continental Congress. 



he was a representative from New York 



XVIII. Questions.— 59. "What had Arnold been doin» in the mean time ? 60. 
When did Montgomery's and Arnold's forces unite? 61. What movement did 
they then make ? 

XIX. 62. Give an account of the battle of Quebec. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



126 



seeing no prospect of relief, he 
and his few followers were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

XX. Arnold, though wounded 
and disabled, took command of 
the troops that had effected a re- 
treat, and, in an encampment a 
short distance from Quebec, pass- 
ed a rigorous winter. In the 
spring. General Wooster arrived 
from Montreal and took the com- 
mand ; and he, in turn, was suc- 
ceeded by General Thomas. The 
British, having received large re-enforcements from England, 
assumed the offensive, and before June, 1776, the Americans 
had abandoned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
Canada. 




GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 



XX. Questions.— 63. What did Arnold do after the battle? 64. By whom was 
he succeeded in the command? 65. What further is stated of military operations ia 
Canada? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. How did the expenses of the French and Indian War affect the 

national debt of Great Britian ? ^ hq 

2. What assertion, having reference to the increased debt, did the 

British ministry make ?.... hq 

3. What principle, in relation to taxing the colonies, was also main- 

tained by the ministry? hq 

4. What two assertions were made by the colonists, in reply, 

respecting the expenses which had been incurred in found- 
ing the colonies, and in aiding the " mother country" to 
prosecute the war ?. . 1 10 

5. What principle of taxation did the colonists maintain ? 110 

6. Inasmuch as the principle was not respected by the British 

government, what deduction was drawn therefrom ? 110 



126 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

7. What had been the poUcy of G-reat Britain toward her Ameri- 

can colonies from their first establishment ? 110, 111 

8. In what year were the "writs of assistance" authorized?. ... Ill 

9. What obnoxious act was passed by Parliament, in 1*765? ... . Ill 

10. What effect did the news of its passage have in America?. ... Ill 

11. What were the obnoxious provisions of the act ? HI 

12. Who, in Virginia, was the first to oppose the act in public?. ... Ill 

13. How did Massachusetts show her opposition to the act ?. . Ill, 112 

14. Give an account of the Colonial Congress Ill, 112 

15. Give the further history of the Stamp Act 112 

16. What law was passed at the time of the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 112 

17. By what act was the '" right to tax America" again asserted ?. 113 

18. State the circumstances which led to the Boston Massacre. ... 114 

19. What concession had been made by Parliament before the news 

of the " massacre" reached England ? 114 

20. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. . . . 114 

21. What became of the tea sent to America ? 114 

22. When and where did " The First Continental Congress" meet? 115 

23. What acts, recommendations, &c., were passed by the Congress? 115 

24. What active measures did General Gage adopt? 115, 116 

25. What preparations were then made by Massachusetts? 116 

26. Who commanded the expedition sent by Gage in April, 1775 ? 116 

27. What was the object of that expedition ? 116 

28. State what took place at Lexington and Concord 117, 118 

29. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 118 

30. At what place, and how, did the Americans form a camp?. . . 118 

31. AVhat was achieved by Allen and Arnold in May, 1775? 119 

32. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Bunker Hill 119, 120 

33. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 

34. What was done by Congress and Washington m June and July? 122 

35. What took place in Virginia in the year 1775 ? 122 

36. Where, at the North, did the Americans resolve to carry the war ? 122 

37. Why did they determine to go against Canada ? 122, 123 

38. How were operations against Canada commenced? 123 

39. How far did Schuyler proceed, and why did he return? 123 

40. Give an account of Arnold's doings and misfortune 123 

41. What progress did Montgomery make before December?. . 123, 124 

42. What can you state of Arnold's operations meanwhile? 124 

43. What was done by Montgomery and Arnold, acting together ? . 124 

44. What was afterward done in Canada by Arnold alone? 125 

45. How did the operations against Canada end? 125 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 



EVENTS OF 1776. 

I. Owing to various causes, Washington's array in the 
vicinity of Boston had dwindled to less than ten thousand 
men, but by great exertions it was augmented to fourteen 
thousand before the close of February, 1776. Congress, be- 
lieving that this force would be required in other directions, 
urged Washington to attack the British, and, if possible, 
drive them from the city. This accorded with his own desire, 
which had been previously made known ; yet, in a council of 
his officers, the recommendation was rejected as involving too 
much risk. A plan of action was, however, adopted, by which a 
line of fortifications was in one night erected on Dorchester 
Heights, which completely commanded the city and harbor 
of Boston. 

II. Howe, who had succeeded Gage* in the command, see- 
ing that he must either dislodge the Americans at once or 
evacuate the city, resolved on an attack ; but a violent storm 
preventing it till the Americans w^ere strongly fortified, his only 
alterna,tive was evacuation. An understanding was thereupon 
informally entered into, by which the British should be allowed 
to embark without molestation from the batteries, upon con- 
dition that they would not set fire to the city. In accordance 
therewith, on the l7th of March, 1776, they evacuated Bos- 
ton, accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, and 
sailed for Halifax. 



* Thomas Gage was the last royal governor of Massachusetts. He was an active officer during the 
French and Indian war, and, during Braddock's campaign, he and Washington met. 



Events of 1776. — Questions. — I. 1. What fluctuations took place in the number 
of Washington's army ? 2. What was Washington urged to do ? 3. To whom did 
he submit the recommendation ? 4. What was its fate ? 5. What works were erect- 
ed instead? 

II. 6. By whom was Gage succeeded in command of the royal forces ? 7. What 
two alternatives were presen'^ed to Howe? 8. Upon what did he resolve? 9. Why 
did he not carry it out? 10. What is said of a certain understanding? 11. When 
did the British leave Boston ? 12. By whom were they accompanied ? 13. In what 
direction from Boston is Halifax ? 



128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

III. A little more than two months before their ae- 
parture, a secret expedition, conducted by Clinton, had 
been dispatched by water in a southerly direction. Surmising its 
destination to be Xew York, Washington gave General Charles 
Lee authority to raise volunteers in Connecticut and march to 
the protection of that city. It happened that on the very day 
of Lee's arrival in New York, Clinton appeared off Sandy 
Hook, just outside the harbor. 

IV. Foiled in his design against the city, Clinton sailed 
southward ; and Lee, who had been appointed to the command 
of the southern forces, pushed rapidly on, watching, as best he 
could, his movements. x\t Cape Fear Clinton was joined 
by Sir Peter Parker and Loi'd Cornwallis {corn-iool'-lis)^ with 
a fleet and troops from England, and the whole force pro- 
ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. 

y. The people of Carolina had received intelligence of the 
intended attack, and were making great exertions in the erec- 
tion of defenses at various places in the harbor. A fort of 
palmetto wood, on Sullivan's Island, garrisoned by about five 
hundred men under Colonel Moultrie {mole'-tre), commanded 
the channel leading to the town, and was considered, in con- 
nection Avith Fort Johnson, on James Island, the key to the 
harbor. A combined attack by land and water upon Sulli- 
van's Island was commenced on the morning of the 28th of 
June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, during which 
Clinton was foiled in his attempt to reach the island, and the 
fleet was much shattered, the vessels drew off, and the British 
abandoned the enterprise. 



III. Questions.— 14. What expedition was sent under Clinton? 15. In what 
way did Wa.shington undertake to anticipate Clinton's designs? 16. What coinci- 
dence occurred ? 

IV. 17. In what direction did Clinton then sail? IS. What took place at Cape 
Fear? 19. Where is Cape Fear? (See map, p. 79.) 20. Against what place did the 
British then proceed ? 

V. 21. How were the people of Charleston prepared ? 22. What fort is between 
Forts Moultrie and Johnson? (See map, p. 129.) 28. Give an account of the battle 
of Fort Moultrie, 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



129 



ViClNlTTOF 
CHARLESTON 



VI. While success 
was thus attend in or 
the American arms 
at the South, Con- 
gress was preparing 
to declare a separa- 
tion of the political 
relations existing be- 
tween Great Britain 
and the colonies. On 
the 7th of June, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
of Virginia, offered 
the following resolu- 
tion : ^'■Resolved, 
That these united 

colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
solved." 

VII. Thereupon a discussion took place which continued 
for three days, when the further consideration of the subject 
was postponed to the 1st of July. ■ In the mean time, Thomas 
Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,* Roger Sherman, 
and Robert R. Livingston, were appointed a committee to 
draft a Declaration of Independence. Lee's resolution was 
passed by a large majority on the 2d of July ; and the De- 
claration OF Independence, which had been prepared by 




* Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, in 1706. He died in Philadelphia, in 1790. 



VI. Qttestions. — 24 What was Congress doing in the mean time ? 25. Eecite 
the resolution which was offered by Lee. 26. "When did he oflFer it ? 

VII. 27. "What is said of the discussion that followed? 28. What committee was 
appointed? 29. What became of Lee's resolution? 30. Give the further history of 
the Declaration. 



130 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 




Thomas Jefferson, the chairman of 
the committee, was unanimously 
adopted on the 4th of July, 1 V76.* 
Everywhere the action of Con- 
<rress was heartily approved by 
the people, and the Declaration 
was received in assemblies, cities, 
and among the troops, with de- 
monstrations of joy. 

VIII. In the beginning of July, 
x^^«^^.,. General Howe arrived from Hali- 

fax, and took possession of Staten 
[stat'-hi) Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. This 
he made the rendezvous for a powerful army intended to act 
against New York. He was soon joined by his brother. 
Admiral Lord Howe, from England, and by Clinton from the 
South : these, with other arrivals, including a body of Ger- 
mans, or Hessians (hesh'-ans), as they were generally called, 
gave him an army of thirty-five thousand men. 

IX. The design of the British was to seize the city of New 
York and the country along the Hudson River, establish a 
communication with Canada, separate the New England from 
the other States, and overrun the populous portions of the re- 
volted districts. Washington's army, in the vicinity of 
New York city, amounted to twenty-seven thousand men ; 
but, as many of these were sick, and many others were with- 



• The old State House, in Philadelphia, where Congress met^is still standing. It is generally known 
by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the Declaration of Independence was 
adopted and signed, received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 1735, but its bell- 
tower was not put up until 1750. A bell whicn was imported from England, expressly for the tower, was 
foundcracked upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, and raised to its 
place in 1753. Upon fillets around its crown are the words : Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto 
all the inhabitants thereof. It has a world-wide reputation as the " Liberty Bell." 



VIII. Questions.— 31. Of what island did Howe take possession ? 32. In what 
direction from New York city is Staten Island ? (See map, p. 131.) 83. By, what 
additions did he acquire an army ? 

IX. 34 What was the design of the British? 35. What is said of Washington's 
army? 



AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. 



131 



out arms, his effective force did not exceed seventeen thousand 
men. 

X. Lord Howe and his brother, having been commissioned 
to grant pardons to all who would lay down their arms and 
return to their allegiance, undertook to make known their pow- 
ers by a proclamation addressed to the people, and by letters 
to Washington. The letters were not received, because they 
were addressed to George Washington, Esquire, instead of 
being addressed to him as commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can army. This rejection of the letters was owing, not to 
any official pride on the part of Washington, but to a con- 
viction that to receive them would compromise American 
rights and dignities. 

XI. Baffled in the attempt, Howe determined to strike an 
effective blow without further delay. His troops were accord- 
ingly landed on the western end of Long Island, and, in three 
divisions, by three different roads, they advanced towards the 
American camp at Brooklyn, which was then in command of 
General Putnam.* 

XII. While two of the divisions 
were engaging the Americans, the 
third, under Clinton, having taken 
a circuitous route, fell upon their 
rear. Some of the patriots, by a 
desperate effort, cut their way 
through the host of foes, but a 
great many were either killed or 
taken prisoners. The loss of the 




NEW yOKK BAY. 



* Israel Putnam was born in Danvers, Masaaclinsetts, in ni3. He took an active part in the French 
and Indian war. Hia death occurred in 1790, at Brooklyn, Connecticut. 



X. Questions.— 36. What special commission had Lord Howe and his brother 
received ? 37. How did they undertake to make known their powers ? 3S. How 

were the letters addressed ? 39. "What was their fate ? 40. Why were they rejected ? 

XI. 41. What did Howe then determine upon? 42. Where were his troops land- 
ed ? 43. What passage of water did he cross in going from Staten Island to Long 
Island? (See map, p. 131.) 44. What plan of advance did the British adopt ? 

XII. 45. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. 



182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 
nearly two thousand ; that of the British was less than 
four hundred. This conflict, generally known as the battle 
of Long Island, was fought on the 2'7th of August, lV76. 

XIII. On the night of the 29th, while a heavy fog was 
hanging over Brooklyn, and concealing the movements of the 
Americans, the troops were embarked, under Washington's 
supervision, and in safety they all crossed to New York city. 
This retreat was undoubtedly one of the most signal achieve- 
ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the military repu- 
tation of Washington. 

XIV. As the evident design of the British was to encom- 
pass the American army on the Island of New York, Wash- 
ington called a council of his officers, and, influenced by their 
opinion, abandoned the city and retreated to the northern 
part of the island. A part of the British army, thereupon, 
crossed the East River and took possession of the city. 

XV. Desiring to gain a knowledge of the condition and 
plans of the enemy remaining on Long Island, Washing- 
ton applied for a discreet officer to enter their lines and pro- 
cure this intelligence. Captain Nathan Hale,^' of Connecticut, 
volunteered for the service. Hale reached the British camp, 
and obtained the information desired, but on his return was 
arrested. lie was taken before Howe, by whom, without 
even the form of a regular trial, he was ordered for execution 
the next morning. He died a patriot and a hero, saying with 
his last breath : " I only regret that I have but one life to 
lose for my country." 



• Nathan Hale was born in Connecticut, in 1755. After being graduated at Yale College, he became a 
teacher. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he entered the armv a3 lieutenant, and before the 
close of the year was promoted to be a captain. His death occurred on tne morning of the i'Jd of Sept., 
me. The tree on which he was hung, was one cf an orchard owned by Colonel Rutgers, and stood 
"near the present intersection of East Broadway and Market street," New York city. 



XIII. Questions.— 46. Give an account of Washington's masterly retreat to New 
York. 

XIV. 47. Why did Washington abandon the city of New York ? 4S. To what 
place did he retreat ? 

XV. 49. Relate the circumstances connected with the death of Nathan Ilale. 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 




XVI. About the middle of Sep- 
tember, a large detachment of 
the British crossed the East Riv- 
er, at a point toward the upper 
part of New York Island, and 
formed a line almost across the 
island. On the morning of tlic 
16th, they advanced, in strong 
force, towards the American 

T , • 1 rr T- General Putnam. 

lines, two miJes on, when a 

spirited skirmish took place, resulting in the defeat and pur- 
suit of the British. Though the Americans lost Colonel 
Knowlton and Major Leitch (leech), their principal officers en- 
gaged, the affair was of advantage, inasmuch as it was the 
first gleam of success in the campaign, and consequently tended 
to revive the spirits of the army. 

XVII. It was evident, from Howe's movements, that he in- 
tended to get above Washington's army and destroy his com- 
munications with the Eastern States. While three English 
frigates were sent up the Hudson to cut off the communication 
with New Jersey, Howe passed through the strait at the east 
of New York Island, and landed the greater part of his army 
in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem River. To render 
these movements fruitless, Washington withdrew his troops 
further north, to White Plains, and here, the British following, 
a partial though severe engagement took place, on the 28th of 
October, in which the Americans suffered defeat, losing be- 
tween three and four hundred men, a loss about equal to that 
of the enemy. 

XVIII. During the following night the Americans had so 
improved and strengthened their position, that Howe con- 



XYI. Questions.— 50. Give an account of the battle that took place on the 16th 
of September. 

XVII. 51. "What did Howe's movements indicate? 52. Describe the movements. 
53. Give an account of the battle of "White Plains. 54. In what direction from Tar- 
rytown is "White Plains? (See map, p. 47.) 



134 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

,HHf, olnded not to renew the contest until the arrival of re- 
enforcements ; but before these came Washington with- 
drew his troops still further north, to the hills of North Castle. 
Instead of following, the British general turned his attention 
to the American posts on the Hudson, with the apparent de- 
sign of invading New Jersey, and marching against Philadel- 
phia. 

XIX. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, 
and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort Washington, the 
American commander crossed the Hudson with the main 
body of his army, and entered New Jersey. On the 16th of 
November, 1776, the British made an attack upon Fort AVash- 
ington, situated on New York Island, about eleven miles above 
the city, and, although they were successful, the victory cost 
them a thousand men. 

XX. They then, in large force, commanded by Cornwallis, 
crossed the Hudson and took possession of Fort Lee, nearly 
opposite Fort Washington, which had been abandoned on 
their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, Washington 
retreated through New Jersey, and, eai-ly in December, crossed 
the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened army. 
Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon after adjourn- 
ed to Baltimore. 

XXI. Lee,* who had been urged by his commander-in- 
chief to hurry to the support of the main army, instead of 
obeying, at first delayed, and then advanced leisurely. Hav- 

* Charles Lee was born in England, in 1731. He was with Braddock in the battle of the Monongahela, 
and with Abercrombie in the assault on Ticonderoga. He afterward served in the Russian army. His 
death occurred at Philadelphia, in nSi. 



XVIII. Questions. — 55. Why did not Howe afterward renew the contest? 56. 
By what movement was Howe foiled ? 57. In what direction from Verplanck's Point 
is North Castle ? (See map, p. 47.) 5S. What was Howe's next movement? 

XIX. 59. On what stream of water was Fort Washington situated ? (See map, p. 
47.) 60. Give an account of the battle there. 

XX. 61. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 62. What movement did 
Congress make? 63. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map, p. 142.) 
64. Baltimore? (See map, p. 237.) 

XXI. Gi). How did Lee obey Washington's order to hurry to his support? 66. 
What misfortune befell him ? 67. What was then done with Lee's detachment ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



135 




GENERAL LEB, 



ing incautiously taken quarters 
at a distance from his detach- 
ment, he was surprised and 
taken prisoner by a scouting 
party of the enemy. Sullivan, 
who had been made a prisoner 
at the battle of Long Island, 
and recently exchanged, then 
took command of the detach- 
ment, and promptly conducted 
it to Washington's camp across 
the Delaware. 

XXII. Owing to the reverses which the army had sus- 
tained, a feeling of gloom and despondency prevailed among 
the patriots. This was soon dispelled by a bold enterprise 
accomplished by Washington. On the night of the 2oth of 
December, 1776, a division of the army crossed the Delaware 
under his command — two other divisions, in consequence of 
the ice, not having succeeded in getting over — and at eight 
o'clock on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hes- 
sians stationed at Trenton. Rahl,* their commander, was 
mortally wounded, between thirty and forty of his men were 
slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. Washington's 
loss was only four men, two of whom fell in the battle, and 
two were frozen to death. 

XXIII. Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against 
the superior force which the British could concentrate there 
in a few hours, he recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners 
and spoils. The victory restored confidence to the Americans, 



to*th?ho?,ryi 0,llw'wf ' ^''k ^P^"«'^ ¥". and i" "ther ways. After the battle he svas convey^l 
to the house ot a Quaker family, where Washington and Greene visited the dying man. 



XXII. Questions.— 68. In what direction from Philadelphia is Trenton ? (See map, 
p. 68.) 69. When did a battle take place there ? 70. Give an account of the battle. 

XXIII. 71. Why did Washington abandon Trenton ? 72. What effect did the 
result of the battle have? 73. What induced Washington to again proceed to Tren- 
ton? 



136 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



while it startled and mortified the British. Encour- 
aged by his success, and finding his army strengthened 
very much by recent recruits, AVashington resolved to act on 
the offensive. With that view he again crossed the Delaware 
and took post at Trenton, though the enemy were assembled 
in great force at Princeton, only ten miles distant. 

EVENTS OF 1777. 

I. After being joined by 
troops under Generals Mifflin 
and Cadvvallader, Washing- 
ton's whole force at Tren- 
ton, on the 1st of January, 
1777, did not exceed five 
thousand men. Fortunately, 
Congress had invested him 
with almost dictatorial powers 
in all things relative to the 
operations of war, and, thus 
empowered, he was making 
efforts to augment his army by the addition of artillery bat- 
talions. 

II. Towards the evening of the 2d of January, Cornwallis, 
at the head of a large body of troops, reached Trenton, and 
after making several attempts to cross the stream which runs 
through the town, and being as often repulsed with loss, he 
concluded to give his wearied troops a night's repose, and de- 
fer hostilities until morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
Washington and his entire army. 

III. Washinoton's situation was indeed critical. To retreat 




CENTRAL PART OF NEW JERSEY, 



Events of 1777.— I. Questions.— 1. How large was Washington's array at Trenton 
in the beginning of 1777 ? 2. With what extraordinary power had Congress invested 
Washington ? 

II. 3. Give an account of what took place on the 2d of January. 

III. 4. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. 5. What bold 
expedient suggested itself to his mind in this critical position ? G. In what direction 
from Trenton is Princeton ? (See map, p. 136.) 7. When did the battle of Princeton 
take place ? 8. Describe it 9. What otHcer did the Americans lose? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 



across the Delaware, which was then very much obstructed by 
floating ice, or to remain and risk a battle with a superior 
force, appeared full of danger. In this hour of darkness, a 
bold expedient suggested itself, and he adopted it. Leaving^ 
his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route to- 
ward Princeton, intending to surprise and attack the British 
troops left there. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his 
forces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the British troops, 
already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the 
American militia gave way, but Washington coming up with 
a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. 
The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not 
exceed thirty, but among them was General Mercer, who was 
mortally wounded. 

IV. Washington's army was encampe-d at Morristown 
duringthe first months of 1777. The place had not been se- 
lected for winter quarters, but, being well protected by forests 
and rugged hills, no change was made until the latter part of 
May, when the encampment was removed to Middlebrook. 

Y. Early in 1776, Congress sent 
Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid 
for the United States. He was af- 
terward joined by Dr. Franklin and 
Arthur Lee. France hesitated to 
extend any open assistance, but 
secretly aided the Americans by 
loans and gifts of money, and bv 
supplies of arms, provisions, and 
clothing. And what aid France flag of the vsitkd states, 
did not extend as a nation, was, to '^^"™" ^'^ •'^^'^' ^''^^• 

IV. Questions.— 10. Where did Washington's army spend the first iPonths rf 
1777? 11. Why did the army remain there so long? 12. When and to what place 
did the army remove ? 13. In what direction from Morristown is Middlebrook ? 
(See map, p. 68.) 

V. 14. What persons were sent to France for aid ? 15. In what way did Franco 
respond? 16. What is said of Lafayette ? 




138 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

• . 

^^ some extent, at least, accorded by her citizens. The 
Marquis de Lafayette was a notable example. At his 
own expense he fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 
1777, arrived in America. He at once joined the army of 
Washington as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after 
appointed by Congress a major-general. 

VI. Toward the close of April, 1777, General Tryon, late 
royal governor of Xew York, made an expedition eastward. 
With a force of two thousand men he marched aorainst Dan- 
bury, Connecticut, and, after destroying the stores which had 
been collected there by the Americans, burned the town. 
Fearing an attack from the militia, who were assembling in 
great force, he retreated to his shipping in Long Island Sound, 
being repeatedly harassed on his retrograde march by de- 
tachments of the Americans, commanded by Generals 
Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. Tryon's loss, during the 
expedition, amounted to nearly three hundred men : that of 
the Americans was not so large, but Wooster was among the 
slain. 

VII. The destructive expedition against Danbury was fully 
retaliated in less than a month after. Colonel Meigs (megz)^ 
Avith a party of Connecticut militia, crossed Long Island 
Sound, destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sag 
Harbor, and, carrying off ninety prisoners, returned to Con- 
necticut without the loss of a man. 

VIII. This gallant exploit was foUow^ed, in July, by another 
of equal, if not greater daring. Colonel Barton, with a 
small party of resolute men, at night crossed Narragansett 
Bay to the Island of Rhode Island, surprised and captured 
General Prescott, the British commander there, and returned 

YI. Qttestioxs. — 17. When and by Avhom was the town of Danbury burned? 18 
In what direction from New Haven is Danbury? 19. Give an account of Tryon'a 
expedition. 20. "What officer did the Americans lose ? 

VII. 21. How is Sag Harbor situated? (See map, p. 47.) 22. Give an account 
of the expedition conducted by Colonel Meigs, 

VIII. 23. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Barton. 24. 
What was afterward done with Prescott ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 139 



safe to the mainland with his prisoner. This achievement 
put it into the power of the Americans to recover Lee, an 
officer of equal rank with Prescott, and the exchange was ac- 
cordingly effected in May, 1778. 




THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP.* 



TX. As spring approached, it became evident that Howe's 
scheme in New Jersey was to draw the Americans from their 
camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general engagement. 
Tn furtherance of the plan, he concentrated the main body of 
his army at New Brunswick, within ten miles of the camp ; 
and, in one attempt, a skirmish took place between a corps 
under Cornwallis and Stirling's brigade, in which the British 
had the advantage. The scheme, however, failed : Washing- 
ton continued to pursue his " Fabian policy," and, at length, 
the whole force of the enemy in New Jersey was withdrawn 
to Staten Island, leaving the American commander in complete 
possession of the State. 



♦ Durins: the Revolution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships for the imprisonment of 
Americans captured by them. One of these, the Jerseii Prison-Ship, is proverbial in our revolutionary 
history on account of the great numbers who were confined there, and of the cruel and inhuman treat- 
ment they received. She was anchored in the Wallabout, a small bav on the Long Island shore, opposite 
New York, and used as a prison-ship until the close of the war. 



IX. Questions. — 25. What became evident as spring approached ? 26. Did tho 
British succeed ? 27. To what place did the British withdraw ? 



140 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

^^ X. The troops thus withdrawn, amounting to eigh 

teen thousand men, were embarked on board the fleet 
commanded by Admiral Lord Howe, and the vessels put to sea, 
leavino- a larj^fe force under Clinton still at New York, to retain 
possession there, and make the city a base of other operations 
then in progress. The destination of the fleet being unknown 
to Washington, he remained for many days in painful uncer- 
tainty about it. 

XL At last the mystery was explained. The object of the 
British was to get possession of Philadelphia, but, on reach- 
ing Delaware Bay, they were deterred from entering by re- 
ports that measures had been taken to obstruct the navigation 
of the Delaware River. The Admiral, it afterward appeared, 
then determined to make for Chesapeake Bay, and, in that 
way, approach as near as possible to the city. Accordingly 
a landing was efi*ected at a point on the Elk River, a stream 
flowing into tire bay from the north. 

XIL Washington hastened to dispute the march of the 
British, and, with the main part of his army, took a position 
at Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine Creek. On the 11th of 
September, the enemy advanced in two divisions, and while 
one, under Knyphausen [nip how'-zen)^ made a direct attack 
upon the left wing of the Americans, the other, under Howe 
and Cornwallis, crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly 
fell upon their right. The patriots defended themselves with 
great valor, but were at length forced to give way. The loss 
of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was full 
twelve hundred men ; that of the British was about five 



X. QtrE6TiONS.— 28. What disposition did Howe make of his troops ? 29. On what 
subject did Washington feel a painful uncertainty? 

XI. 30. How was the mystery of Howe's movements explained? 31. By what 
route did the British finally i>roceed ? 32. What town is situated at the mouth of the 
Elk River? (See map, p. 142.) 

XII. 33. Where did Washington take a i)osition to dispute the march of the 
British? 34. Is Chad's Ford nearer the mouth of Brandy wine Creek than Wilming 
ton? (See map. j). 142.) 35. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 86, 
What distinguished officer, on the American side, was wounded? 37. What otha 
distinguished officer was in the battle ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



141 



hundred. Lafayette, who was wounded, and Pulaski (pu-las'- 
ke), a Polish nobleman, were both in the battle, doing brave 
service for the cause of libertv. 




WASHINGTON'S HEAD-QUARTERS AT BR ANDY WINE. 

XIII. During the following night, the Americans retreated 
to Chester, where they rendezvoused, and next day marched 
toward Philadelphia. Washington, desiring to save the city 



XIII. Questions. — 3S. To what place did the American army retreat during the 
night ? 39. State how Washington's determination to meet the enemy again was 
frustrated. 40. Give an account of the battle of Paoli. 41. Into what body of 
water does the Schuylkill flow ? (See map, p. 142.) 42. In what direction from 
Philadelphia is Paoli? (See same map.) 



142 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1777. 



if possible, recrossed the Schuylkill {skool'-kil)^ with 
the determination of seeking the enemy and giving 
battle. The two armies met, and were on the point of engag- 
ing, when a violent rain-storm prevented. To add to the dis- 
aster of Brandywine, General Wayne, who had been detached 
with about fifteen hundred men to get in the rear of Howe's 
advancing army, and cut off his baggage train, when near 
Paoli (pd-o'-le), on the 20th of September, was surprised by 
A midnight attack, and defeated with great loss. 

XIV. A movement on the part of the British, which threat- 
ened the magazine and military stores at Reading {red'-ding), 
induced Washington to make a counter-movement and take a 
position at Pottsgrove. Philadelphia, thus abandoned, was 
entered by the British on the 26th of September, 1777. 
Howe prepared to make the city his winter-quarters, while 
the main body of his army was encamped at Germantown, 
four miles distant. 

XV. Some days after, Washington, on learning that a 
strong detachment of the British had left for the reduction of 
Forts Mifflin and Mercer, determined to attack the force re- 
maining at Germantown. Ac- 
cordingly, early on the morn- 
ing of the 4th of October, the 
Americans advanced upon the 
encampment of the enemy, 
and, for a time, had the ad- 
vantage ; but a fog which pre- 
vailed, and a stone house into 
which several companies of 
British troops had thrown 
themselves, favored the party 
attacked, and, after one of the 




PIIILADKLPIIIA AND VICINITY. 



XIV. Questions.— 43. How is Reading situated ? (See map, p. 142.) 44. How is 
Pottsgrove situated ? (Sec same map.) 45. Why did Washington occupy Potts- 
grove ? 46. What was the consequence ? 47. Where did the main body of the 
British encamp for the winter? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 



bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots 
were repulsed. The loss, on the part of the Americans, in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about a thousand men ; 
on the part of the British, about half that number. 

XVI. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the Ameri- 
cans had erected two forts on opposite sides of the Delaware 
River. One of these, called Fort Mifflin, was at Mud Island, 
near the Pennsylvania shore, and the other. Fort Mercer, was 
at Red Bank, on the New Jersey side. It was evident that 
while these two forts were in the hands of the Americans, and 
the obstructions remained which had been placed in the river, 
the British shipping could not ascend to Philadelphia, and 
consequently the army there would not readily obtain supplies. 

XVII. Howe was aware of this, and, in concert with his 
brother, a plan of operations was agreed upon for the reduc- 
tion of the forts and the removal of the obstructions. Ac- 
cordingly, on the 22d of October, both forts were attacked : 
Mercer, by a land force of two thousand Hessians, under 
Count Donop; and Mifflin, by a powerful naval force of 
frigates " and other vessels. But, in both cases, the British 
were most signally repulsed, with heavy loss. Donop was 
mortally wounded ; about five hundred of the Hessians and 
marines were either killed or wounded, and two of the largest 
ships were destroyed. Colonel Green, who commanded at 
Fort Mercer, Colonel Smith, who commanded at Fort Mif- 
flin, and Commodore Hazelvvood, who did good service in 
command of a small fleet of galleys, were thanked by Con- 
gress for their courageous conduct, and to each was afterwards 
voted a sword. 



XV. Questions. — 48. In what direction from Pottsgrove is Germantown ? (See 
map, p. 142.) 49. Wiiile at Pottsgrove, what information did Washington receive? 
50. When did the battle of Germantown occur ? 51. Give an account of it. 

XVI. 52. IIow are Forts Mifflin and Mercer situated ? 53. What was evident 
in connection with the two forts? 

XVII. 54. "What plan of operations was agreed upon ? 55. When were the two 
forts attacked? 56. Give an account of the two battles? 57. How was the gallant 
conduct of the American commanders afterwards noticed? 



144 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1777. 



XVIII. On the tenth of November a second attempt 
to reduce Fort MiflBin was commenced. After a heroic 
defense of five days, during which the British kept up a de- 
structive fire from a battery wliich they had erected, and also 

from their ships-of-war, the gar- 
rison set fire to and evacuated 
the fort, and crossed over to Red 
Bank at night by the light of the 
flames. Washington endeavored 
to keep possession of Fort Mer- 
cer, but before he could send ?: 
sufficient force. Lord Cornwallis, 
with two thousand men, appear- 
ed before it. As a defense against 
such odds was hopeless, the place 
was abandoned. 

XIX. During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops 
were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, on the west side of 
the Schuylkill River, about twenty miles from Howe's head- 
quarters at Philadelphia. Here they suffered greatly for want 
of food, clothing, and comfortable quarters, and many of the 
officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. 
In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of 
Congress, on the 23d of December, he says: "We have no 
less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight men 
now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and 
otherwise naked." 




COLONEL MOULTllIE. 



XVIII. Questions.— 5S. When did the British a second time undertake to reduce 
Fort Miflain? 59. Give an account of what followed. 60. What is said of Fort 
Mercer? 

-MX. 61. Where .did Washington's army make their head-quarters during the 
winters of! 77S-"79? 62. In wh^t direction from Fort Mifflin is Valley Forge? (See 
map. p. 142.) 63. What is said of the sufferings of the Americans at Valley Forge ? 
(U. What statement did Washington make in a letter ? 



AMERICAK' REVOLUTION. 



145 



BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 



I. The failure of the campaign of 1776 against Canada, left 
the British at liberty to make hostile demonstrations from 
that quarter, and they were not slow in availing themselves of 
it. An army of ten thousand men, consisting of British and 
German troops, and a large body of Canadians and Indians, 
was concentrated at St. John's, on the Sorel River. 

II. The immediate design of General Burgoyne, who com- 
manded this large army, was to invade the United States by 
the way of Lake Champlain, and force his way to x\lbany. 
He further designed to effect a junction of his own army with 
that of one from New York city, and thus cut off Washing- 
ton's commmiications with the Eastern States. Before making 
any advance, however, he sent a 
detachment, under St. Leger, to 
proceed by way of Oswego, cap- 
ture Fort Schuyler {shi'-ler), situ- 
ated on the Mohawk River, and 
then rejoin him at Albany. 

III. Burgoyne, at the head 
of his invading host, moved slow- 
ly up the lake, and, after taking 
possession of Crown Point, pro- 
ceeded to invest Ticonderoga, 
which was then garrisoned by a foi-ce of three thousand men, 
under General St. Clair.* This commander had determined 




GENERAL 8T. CLAIR. 



* Arthur St. Clair wa8 born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1735. He was with Wolfe in the battle of the 
Plains of Abraham, and with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He died near Greens- 
burg, Pennsylvania, in 1818. 



Bitrgotne's Invasion.— I. Questio.js.— 1. What was the consequence of the 
failure of the Canada campaign in 1776? 2. Where did the British army of invasion 
concentrate? 3. How is St. John's situated? 4. Is St. John's north or south of 
House's Point? (See map, p. 124.) 

II. 5. Who commanded the army at St. John's? 6. What was Biirgoyne's im- 
mediate design? 7. What further design did he have? 8. What detachmtfmt did ht 
send out? 



146 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

^^^ to hold out to the last extremitv, but, to his dismay 
1777. . ^ 1 -I ^ . 

discovering that the enemy had erected batteries on 

Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he 

determined upon a speedy retreat. • 

IV. On the night of the 5th of July, while dispatching his 
ammunition and stores for Skenesborough [skeenz'-hur-ro)^ 
now Whitehall, the army crossed over to Mount Independence, 
and took a road through the woods, on the east side of the 
lake, towards Fort Edward, the head-quarters of General 
Schuyler, who then commanded the American forces at the 
north. Early on the morning of tlie 7th, the rear division of 
the retreating army was overtaken at Hubbardton, Vermont, 
and, after a severe battle, routed with considerable loss. The 
ammunition and stores were also overtaken at Skenes- 
borough, and destroyed. 

y. Schuyler, deeming his force, which then numbered only 
about four thousand men, inadequate to make a successful 
stand against that of the invaders, gradually fell back to the 
islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne reached 
Skenesborough, and thence his march was slow and difficult, 
owing to the impediments which Schuyler had placed in his 
way, by destroying the bridges and felling immense trees 
across the roads. 



III. Questions.— 9. In what part of the State of New York is Lake Cham plain 
situated? (See map, p. 62.) 10. What State is on the east of the lake? (See map, 
p, 62.) 11. How is Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 149.) 12. Ticonderoga? 
(Ditto.) 13. Mount Defiance? (Ditto.) 14. Up what lake did Burgoyne sail ? 15. 
What place did he take possession of? 16. What place did he then proceed to in- 
vest? 17. By whom was Ticonderoga defended? IS. What had St. Clair deter- 
mined upon ? 19. Why did he not carry out his determination ? 

IV. 20. What did St. Clair do with his ammunition and supplies? 21. In what 
direction from Fort Edward is Whitehall? (See map, p. 149.) 22. To what place 
did the American army cross? 23. Where is Mount Independence? (See map, 
p. 149.) 24. What road did the army then take? 25. When was the battle of Hub- 
bardton fought? 26. How is Hubbardton situated? (See p. 149.) 27. Give an 
account of the battle fought there. 2S. What became of the ammunition and stores ? 

V. 29. To what place did Schuyler retire? 30. Into what river does the Mohawk 
flow? (See map, p. 149.) 31. Why did Schuyler retire to the islands at the mouth 
of the Mohawk? 32. What is said of Burgoyne's march after leaving Skenes 
horoush? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



147 



VI. While approaching Fort Edward, an act of barbarity- 
was perpetrated which excited wide-spread abhorrence. This 
was the murder of Miss McCrea. The lady, it appears, was 
on a visit to a friend residing near the fort. Several Indians, 
part of one of Burgoyne's marauding parties, burst into the 
house where Miss McCrea was, and carried her off. On the 
way, a quarrel arose among the savages as to whose prize the 
captive was. The dispute becoming furious, one of the In- 
dians, in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and bore off her scalp 
as a trophy. According to some authorities Miss McCrea was 
killed by a shot, intended for one of her captors, which was fired 
from an American gun at the fort. 

VII. St. Leger, who, it will 
be recollected, had been sent 
against Fort Schuyler, on reach- 
ing the place, and finding it reso- 
lutely defended by Colonel Gan- 
sevoort, determined upon a siege. 
The besiegers were a motley 
force, composed mostly of Brit- 
ish and Indians, the latter led by 
the famous Brant, with some 
Royalists, Hessians, and Cana- 
dians. On the 6th of August, 

two days after the commencement of St. Leger's operations, 
General Herkimer, with a body of militia, while advancing 
to the relief of Gansevoort, fell into an ambuscade at 
Oriskany, {o-ris'-kan-e), within a few miles of the fort, and was 
mortally wounded. 




KOSCIUSKO.* 



* Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was born about 1755. He was with Gates in the two battles of 
Stillwater, and subsequently distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washington. His death, which oc- 
curred in Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. 



VI. Questions. — 33. Give an account of the murder of Miss McCrea. 34. How 
JR Fort Edward situated ? (See map, p. 149.) 

VII. 35. Against what place had St. Leger been sent? 36. Where was Fort 
Schuj^ler? (See map, p. 14S.) 37. By whom was Fort Schuyler defended? 38. 
Upon what did St. Leger determine? 39. Why did he not make an attack at once? 
40. Of whom did the besiegers consist? 41. Give an account of the battle of Oris- 
kany. 



148 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 




VICINITY OF KOUr SCHUYLER. 



1 VV7. YIII. At the same time, and for 

the purpose of making a diversion 
in favor of Herkimer, of whose ap- 
proach Gansevoort had been in- 
formed, a spirited sortie from the 
fort was made upon the camp of 
the besiegers, who were driven 
away or fled, and a large quantity 
of baggage and stores was seized. 
The Americans retreated in good 
order to the fort just as St. Leger 
came up with re-enforcements. 

IX. Schuyler, upon hearing that Gansevoort was so closely 
pressed, sent a detachment of eight hundred men to his relief. 
Arnold, who commanded it, by contriving to send a report 
ahead, exaggerating the number of his force, so worked upon 
the fears of St. Leger's Indian allies that they fled, and the 
siege was abandoned. 

X. While these events were taking place on the Mohawk, 
others, of no less importance, were being enacted nearer to 
Burgoyne. That commander, in consequence of the delays 
to which he had been subjected, found himself in want of 
supplies for his army. Learning that large quantities were 
stored at Bennington, he sent a detachment of five hundred 
men, mostly Hessians, commanded by Colonel Baum, to seize 
them. The detachment was met a short distance from the 
town, on the IGth of August, 1777, by a body of New Hamp- 
shire militia, under General Stark, and entirely defeated, 
Baum being killed. The victors then dispersed in various 
directions about the field. 



VIII. QuicsTiONS. — 42. Give an account of the sortie from the fort. 

IX. 43. Give an account of Arnold's stratagem. 

X. 44. What (lid Burgoyno find himself in need of? 45. How came Jt that his 
supplies were gone? 46. By what method did he undertake to procure supplies ? 
47. How is Bennington situated? (See map, p. 149.) 48. When did the battle of 
Bennington take place? 49. Give an account of it. 50. What error did the Ameri- 
cans commit after the battle? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



149 



StJbhit%% 

N A 

la CoUe^ 



^SAR^^^ 



■po^ 



,P^ 



WeslportmWeTye 



CrowaFaint^ 



TicoTideroga^ 



XL At this juncture, five 
hundred Hessians, Avhom Bur- 
goyne had sent to the aid of 
Baum, came up. These were 
joined by many of their coun- 
trymen who had fled. Staik 
was endeavoring to gather to- 
gether his scattered men, when, 
fortunately, Colonel Warner,* 
with a fresh body of militia, 
arrived from Bennington, and 
the enemy were again defeated. 

XII. The reverses experi- 
enced by the British at Fort 
Schuyler and Bennington, se- 
riously embarrassed the move- 
ments of Burgoyne, and weak- 
ened and dispirited his whole 
army. Just then, when the 
Americans were in good force 
to confront the British, a 
change was made in the com- 
mand of the patriot army of the 
north — General Gates, by act 
of Congress, was appointed to 

succeed Schuyler. Saratoga akd vicinity. 

XIII. Gates advanced to Bemis Heights, a little above 

* Seth AVarner was bom in <'oTinecticut, about 1744. He took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, in 1775 ; was at the battles of Bunker flill, Benningt.m, and Beans Heights, and was with 
Montgomery in Canada. He died in Connecticut, in 17S5. 



u 



ISuhdardMi 



fSTTeneihan/tiqli 
({■now WhxteTicdo) 



tEdvvari 



Saratogco fe^..r^-^ 




/MASS. 



XI. Questions. — 51. What occurred at this juncture? 52. How did fortune 
favor the Americans ? 

XII. 53. How did the defeat of the British at Bennington affect them ? 54. Who 
was appointed to succeed Schuyler? 55. What injustice was done to Schuyler by 
the change? 

XIII. 56. To what place did Gates advance ? 57. In what direction is ihat from 
Bennington? (See map, p. 149.) 5S. What movement did Burgoyne make? 59. 
When was the first battle of Stillwater fought? 60. Give an account of it. 61. By 
what other name is that battle also known ? 



150 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, arriving 
within two miles of the American camp. On the 
following day, September the 19th, was fought the first battle 
of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Berais Heights, in 
which Arnold was the leading spirit, and the bravest among 
the brave. Both parties claimed the victory ; but, though 
the British remained on the field of battle, their progress 
toward Albany was eflfectually checked. 

XIV. The two armies remained in sight of each other 
for more than two weeks, Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clin- 
ton from New York. Despairing of aid from that quarter, 
the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his 
way through the American lines. Then, October the 7th, 
occurred the second battle of Stillwater, or, as it is often 
called, the battle of Saratoga. 

XV. After a fierce conflict of sev- 
eral hours, in which the British lost 
General Eraser and other valuable 
oflicers, beside over four hundred 
men, they were compelled to give 
way. Though having no command 
assigned him, Arnold was the most 
active in the battle, and was severely 
wounded just as victory was decid- 
ing for the Americans. 

XVI. Burgoyne* retired to Sara- 
toga shortly after, where, finding 

* John Burgoyne was born in England, about 1730. After his surrender to Gates he returned to Eng- 
land, being tlien a prisoner on parole, where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he wa3 
Ji member. He died in London, in 1792. 




XIV. QuKSTiONS. — 62. IIow long did the two armies remain In sight of each 
other? 68. What did Burgoyne do in the mean time ? 64. "What did he at last de- 
termine to do? 65. When did the second battle of Stillwater occur? 66. By what 
other name is that battk' also known ? 

XV. 67. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. 

XVI. 68. To what place did Burgoyne then retire ? 69. What was his condition 
at Saratoga? TO. When did he surrender ? 71. What did the Americans acquire by 
the surrender? 



•AMERICAlSr REVOLUTION. 



151 



himself so surrounded that all chance of retreat was cut off, 
and being without provisions, on the l7th of October he 
surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five 
thousand men, prisoners of war. By the surrender, the Ameri- 
cans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, 
and a large quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores. 

XVII. In the mean time Sir Henry Clinton had ascended 
the Hudson as far as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and 
captured the two forts ; but, in- 
stead of hastening to the co-oper- 
ation of Burgoyne, he sent an ex- 
pedition to devastate the country, 
intending thereby to make a diver- 
sion in favor of the northern Brit- 
ish army. The troops garrisoning 
Ticonderoga and other forts on 
the northern frontier, upon hear- 
ing of Burgoyne' s surrender, aban- 
doned their posts and fled to Can- 
ada, and Clinton's expedition returned to New York. 

XVIII. The all-important successes of Gates* at Bemis 
Heights and Saratoga formed an unsatisfactory contrast with 
Brandywine and Germantown, and served the purpose of a 
faction, subsequently known as " Conway's Cabal," who were 
laboring in secret to undermine the popularity of Washington. 
The leading conspirator, the one from whom the cabal de- 
rived its name, was Thomas Conway, who had come from 
Europe with a military reputation, and been appointed a 
major-general in the x^merican army. 




G EN Kit A L GATES. 



* Horatio Gates was born 
and was severe 
an estate which 
1806. 



Ensrland, in 1728. 



...v,.^ ..c» ^..^ I., ... ..-^. He was an officer in Braddock's expedition, in n.5.^, 

ly wounded in the battle of the Monongahela. After the Revolutionary ^ ar, he resided on 
h he owned in Virginia, until 1790. He then removed to New York, where he died in 



XVII. Questions. — 72. What had Sir Henry Clinton done in the mean time? 
73. How were the two forts, Clinton and Montgomery, situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 
74 What expedition did he send ? 75. What effect did Burgoyne's surrender have 
upon the expedition, and the British troops on Lake Champlain ? 

XVIII. 76. What invidious contrast was made ? 77. What is said of the cabal 
and the leading conspirators ? 



152 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. * 



^^ XIX. A knowledge of tliis intrigue coming to 

Washington, bis despondency, occasioned by tbe dis- 
tresses at Valley Forge, was very much augmented, but during 
the trying season he comported himself with dignity ; and 
time fully vindicated the wisdom of Congress in electing him 
to be the commander-in-chief of the army. 

XX. In November, 1111, Articles of Confederation 
for the government of the United States were adopted by 
Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being rati- 
fied by all the States previous to 1781, did not go into cifect 
before that year. 




KUINS OP FOET Tico>Di;noc;A. 



XIX. Questions— T8. Did Washington hear- of the intrigue against him? 79. 
How did the knowledge affect him ? SO. What was his conduct under the circum- 
stances? 8L What is said of the wisdom of Congress in connection with the sub- 
ject? 

XX. 82. When did Congress adopt the Articles of Confederation ? &3. When did 
the Articles go into effect? 84 Why did they not go into effect sooner? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 153 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What measures were taken to drive the British from Boston ?. 127 

2. When and under what circumstances did they leave the city? 127 

3. What authority did Washington give to General Charles Lee? 128 
rt. When, where, and by whom was Clinton's force increased?. . . 128 

5. How was Charleston prepared for defense ? 128 

6. Give an account of the battle of the 28th of June, 1776 128 

7. What was done in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776? 129 

8. What on the 2d of July and the 4th of July ? 129, 130 

9. What extensive preparations were made by the British? 130 

10. What was their design in making the preparations ? 130 

11. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 131, 132 

12. Of Washington's retreat to New York and evacuation of the city 132 

13. Of Howe's subsequentmovements to intercept Washington. 133, IS-l 

14. How did the British get Fort Washington and Fort Lee ? 134 

15. How did Gen. Lee behave when ordered to join the main army ? 134 

16. How did the British succeed in making him a prisoner ? 135 

17. Give an account of the battle of Trenton 135 

18. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 136, 137 

19. Why were Dr. Frankhn and others sent to France? 137 

20. What can you state of the generous conduct of Lafayette?. . . 138 

21. What expeditions were made in April, May, and July?. ..... 138 

22. In what way did Howe proceed from New Jersey to the Elk R. ? 140 

23. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine 140, 141 

24. Give an account of Wayne's disaster at Paoh 142 

25. When did the British army enter Philadelphia? 142 

26. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 142, 143 

27. Give an account of the two battles fought October 22d 143 

28. How were Ports Mifflin and Mercer afterwards lost?. 144 

29. What can you state of Washington's army at Valley Forge? . . 144 

30. What army did the British concentrate at St. John's, Canada?. 145 

31. Give an account of St. Leger's operations 145, 147, 148 

32. Of Burgoyne's movements against Ticonderoga 145, 146 

33. Of the battle of Hubbardton 146 

34. Of the two battles fought near Bennington 148, 149 

35. By whom was Schuyler superseded in the Northern command ? 149 

36. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 149, 150 

37. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 150 

38. What was Burgoyne finally compelled to do? 150, 151 

39. What account can you give of Conway's Cabal? 151, 152 

40. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? 152 



154 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



EVENTS OF IT 7 8. 

I. The success of the Americans at Saratoga decided the 
negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. France 
acknowledged the independence of the United States, and a 
treaty of alliance and commerce was concluded between the 
two countries. The commissioners by whom the treaty was 
made met at Paris, — those on the part of the United States 
being Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, — and 
on the 6th of February, 1778, signed the important docu- 
ment. 

II. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender pro- 
duced alarm, which w^as aggravated by apprehensions that 
France was about to espouse the cause of the Americans ; 
and instead of the determination formerly manifested by the 
British ministry, to conquer the rebellious colonies at any cost, 
a more conciliatory spirit began to prevail, and two bills, in 
keeping with this feeling, were passed by Parliament. 

III. Commissioners w^ere sent to America, with all dispatch, 
to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress refused to 
treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets 
and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United 
States. 

IV. One of the commissioners, in his eagerness to forward 
the end of his mission, attempted to bribe General Joseph 
Reed and Robert Morris, members of Congress. Said Reed, 
in reply, " I am not worth purchasing ; but, such as I am, the 
king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." 



Events of 1T7S.— I. Questions. — 1. How did the American success at Saratoga 
affect matters in France? 2. "Who were the American commissioners by whom the 
treaty was negotiated? 3. When was It signed? 

II. 4. How did the success at Saratoga affect the cause in England ? 5. What 
was done by Parliament ? 

III. 6. Who were sent to America ? 7. How did Congress act toward them ? 

IV. 8. What is said of the attempt at bribery ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



155 




, V. France, immediately upon 
the conclusion of the treaty with 
the United States, fitted out a 
squadron, commanded by D'Es- 
taing* [destaing'), the first object 
of which was to blockade the 
British fleet, then in the Dela- 
ware. 

VI. In the mean time. Gen- 
eral Howe had resigned his com- 
mand, and General Clinton been d'estaing. 
appointed his successor. The 

British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the 
Delaware, and apprehending a result to their main army similar 
to that of Burgoyne's, ordered the ships to leave the river, 
and the troops to abandon Philadelphia, and both forces to 
proceed to New York. Consequently, D'Estaing, in his first 
intention, was foiled, for, before his arrival. Admiral Howe 
had sailed. 

VII. On the 18th of June, Clinton completed the evacua- 
tion of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware, and commenced 
his march through New Jersey toward New York. Wash- 
ington gave pursuit, and at Monmouth, on the 28th of June, 
a severely contested battle was fought. In the early part of 
it, Lee's division fell back, and was in fall retreat just as 
Washington came up. Lee was sharply rebuked by the com- 
mander-in-chief, and directed to assist in further operations ; 



A^emHvff N!.''t«'hl£°-°\h'^^**'°^u''5' " native of France, born in 1729. He was a member of the 
gunffidL^?94 Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, waa 



V. Questions.— 9. flow did France commence to assist the Americans ? 

VI. 10. What change took place in the British command? 11. In Avhat intention 
was D'Estaing foiled? 12. What was the cause ? 13. Why did Clinton leave Phila- 
delphia? 

VII. U. When did he leave ? 15. In what direction did he go? 16. What move- 
ment did Washington make? 17. When did the battle of Monmouth take place? 
18. In what direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia ? (See map, p. 68.) 19. What 
is Monmouth now called ? ^«s.— Freehold. 20. Give an account of the battle. 



156 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

he complied, and during the remainder of the battle 
displayed both faithfulness and courage. 

VIII. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the 
engagement was indecisive, the advantage was clearly with 
the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to re- 
new the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton 
silently departed before dawn, and proceeded on his march. 
The loss of the British in the battle reached five hundred, and 
this was increased by more than a thousand desertions, prin- 
cipally among the Hessians, before the march was ended. 
The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom 
fell from the excessive heat and fatigue of the day. 

IX. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke he ha'.l 
received on the battle-field, he addressed two disrespectful let- 
ters to Washington on the subject, and, at his own request, was 
tried by a court-martial. Three charges were made out against 
him, namely : disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the 
enemy, and disrespect to the commander-in-chief A tedious 
investigation of more than a month was had, when he was found 
guilty and sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. 

X. Lee never rejoined the army, but, just before the close 
of the war, died in Philadelphia. It is certain that his con- 
duct, on more than one occasion during the war, gave rise to 
painful suspicions ; and the evidence is now strong that, once 
at least, he was ready to act a treacherous part. 

XI. During the summer of 1778, an enterprise was decided" 
upon by Washington and D'Estaing, having for its object the 



YIII. Questions.— 21. What is said of the result? 22. What prevented a re- 
newal of the contest? 23. What losses were sustained by each party ? 

IX. 24. To whom did Lee address two disrespectful letters ? 25. Why did he do 
so ? 26. What action was taken at his request ? 2". What charges were brought 
against him? 28. What was the result of the trial ? 

X. 29. When and where did Lee die? 30. What is said of his conduct during 
the war? 

XL 31. What enterprise did Washington and D'Estaing decide upon ? 32. What 
force did the enemy havf there at the time ? 33. How did the French and Ameri- 
cans commence operations? 34 In what direction from Providence is Newport? 
(See map, p. 87.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



157 



expulsion of the British from the Island of Rhode Island, which 
place had been made a military depot and stronghold by them. 
The enemy's force there, at the time, consisted of about six 
thousand men, commanded by General Pigot, whose head- 
quarters were at Newport. In accordance with the plan of 
attack, the French fleet entered the harbor of Newport and 
anchored near the town, while Sullivan,* commanding the 
American troops, crossed from Tiverton and landed on the 
northern part of the island. 

XII. Just as arrano-ements 
were matured for a com- 
bined attack, Lord Howe, 
who had heard of Pigot's 
danger, and hastened to his 
relief, made his appearance 
with his large fleet. The 
new-comer entirely diverted 
the French commander from 
his object, who, tempted by 
the hope of a naval victory, 
sailed out to meet Howe. The two fleets were about to 
engage when a furious storm came on, which parted and 
disabled them. 

XIII. D'Estaing returned to Newport, but, instead of co- 
operating with the Americans, as agreed, he announced his 
intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. Against this 
contemplated desertion, not only Sullivan, but Lafayette and 
Greene, who were then with the army at Rhode Island, re- 
monstrated, but without effect. In the mean time, Sullivan 
had advanced almost to Newport, but, finding himself deserted 




GENERAL STJLLITAN. 



* John Sullivan was born in Berwick, Maine, in 1740. In consequence of ill health, he resigned his 
position in the army before the close of the wa:. His death occurred at Durham, New Hampshire, in 
1795 



XII. QiTESTTONS.— 35. Describe v.hat took place in connection with D'Estaing's 
fleet. 

XIII. 86. Upon D'Estaing's return to Newport, what announcement did he 
make? 37. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 38. What 
had Sullivan done in the mean time ? 



158 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



by the French, he withdrew to the northern part of 
the island, followed up by the British. 

XIV. Here, on the 29th of August, occurred an engage- 
ment known as the battle of Quaker Hill, or, taking its name 
from another eminence, on which the Americans had thrown up 
a redoubt, the battle of Batt's Hill. After a loss, in killed, of 
over two hundred on each side, the British retired. Learning 
that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sulli- 
van gained the mainland, by a night movement, just in time 
to avoid being intercepted by Sir Henry Chnton. 

XV. A little later in the season, a marauding expedition, 
commanded by General Grey, committed great devastation, 
burning vessels in Buzzard's Bay, sacking New Bedford and 
Fair Haven, and, at Martha's Vineyard, levying an immense 
contribution in sheep and cattle. But no acts of the enemy 
during the entire war were considered of greater atrocity than 
those committed by the Tories and Indians at Wyoming, in 
Pennsylvania, and at Cherry Valley, in New York. 

XVI. Early in July, 1778, a large force of Tories and In- 
dians, under Colonel John Butler, entered the Valley of Wy- 
oming, spread desolation in every direction, and defeated, with 
great slaughter, a body of the inhabitants, who had march- 
ed out to check their ravages. In November, of the same 
year, a force of the same mixed character fell upon the settle- 
ment of Cherry Valley, and killed, or carried into captivity, 
many of the settlers. 

XVII. Towards the close of the year. Sir Henry Clinton 
sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. 

XIV. Questions.— 39. When did the battle of Quaker Hill take place ? 40. Give 
an account of it. 41. What is said of Sullivan's escape? 

XV. 42. Give an account of Grey's expedition. 43. Where is Buzzard's Bay? 
(See map, p. 37.) 44. In what direction fi-om Newport is New Bedford? (See same 
map.) 45. Where is Fair Haven? Aii-i.—On the Acushnet Eiver, opposite New 
Bedford, with which it is connected by a bridge. 46. Where is Martha's Vineyard ? 
(See map, p. 37.) 47. What acts of the enemy were looked upon as of peculiar atrocity ? 
48. Where is Cherry Valley ? (See map, p. 62.) 49. Where, Wyoming ? (See map, p. 62.) 

XVI. 50. Give an account of the " Massacre at Wyoming." 51. Of the '-Massacre 
at Cherry Valley." 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. J 59 



Colonel Campbell {Tcam'-el\ who commanded it, proceeded 
against Savannah, then defended by a force of only six hun- 
dred regulars and two or three hundred militia, under General 
Robert Howe, and, on the 29th of December, made an attack 
The America;is were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- 
quence. Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was 
retained by them until July, 1783. 

EVENTS OF Vin%. 
I. Savannah having fallen into the hands of the British no 
other post in Georgia remained to the Americans except Sun- 
bury {sun'-her-e). On the 9th of January, 1779, General Pre- 
vost, who had arrived from Florida with a body of troops 
captured this post, and, assuming the command of the British 
forces in the South, ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, for 
the purpose of giving encouragement and support to the loy- 
alists in that region. 

11. The Tories along the western frontiers of Carolina, havino- 
organized themselves into a body, and placed Colonel Boyd in 
command, marched to join the royal army under Prevost 
Throughout their entire route, they committed depredations 
and cruelties upon the property and persons of the patriots ; 
but at Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked, on the 14th 
of February, by a force of Carolina militia, under Colonel 
Pickens, and utterly defeated, Boyd being among the killed. 
III. Encouraged by this success. General Lincoln {link' -on) 
who had arrived to take command of the American troops at 

^nfr\ ^™r«-52. What expedition was sent against Georgia » 53 How i. 

ZZtjtVXr^'l'-'"^' ^. When did a battle occL. t^Z. 
account ot it. 06. What was the consequence ? 

.hfln™s°va„^!i;;% 'i.T'f '"" '" "'""'^ "^"'"°"' to the Amencan, after 
did P . Ir : " ""'' "'"' ""^ ""'■ '<""• '"^ "'^'- 3. What command 

"tfah irr:::;' (te?:, ;:t4?" " »"'-' '■ '" -^ --■- -- - 

J^' /:.'"''■" "'S^-'^ati™ of Tories was effected? T. What is said of their acts f 

dd tfrV'V !■ """- ""J "-">>">« «f Me Creettateplaoc? 9 Wher 

V n aht v!X r'"-^' """"" •'""'• "'"'^"^ -- "' J-«"o» With the Sa! 
dnnan Kiver. 10. Give an account of the battle. 



160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

the South, sent General Ashe to drive the British from 
1779. 

Augusta, and confine them to the country near the sea. 

Campbell fled at his approach ; but at Brier Creek, Georgia, 

Ashe was surprised by Prevost, on the 3d of March, and de- 

feated, losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and 

dispersion. Elated with victory, Frevost advanced against 

Charleston, but the timely arrival of Lincoln forced him to 

retire. 

IV. Learning that a body of British troops was stationed 
at Stono Ferry, ten miles southwest from Charleston, Lincoln 
determined, if possible, to drive the enemy from a position so 
menacing to the city. Accordingly, on the 20th of June, the 
attempt was made, but, after a severe engagement, the Ameri- 
cans were repulsed. 

V. While these operations were being carried on at the 
South, General Tryon made two more expeditions against Con- 
necticut, and Clinton captured Stony and Verplanck's Points, 
on the Hudson. In Tryon's second expedition, he destroyed 
some salt-works at Horseneck, and dispersed a body of troops 
under Putnam ; in his third, he plundered New Haven, and 
laid East Haven, Fairfield, and Nor walk, in ashes. 

VI. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, plan- 
ned a midnight attack under General Wayne.* On the 15th 
of July, Wayne set out, and, dividing his force into two col- 



* Anthony Wavne was born at Waynesborough, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He died at 
Presque Isle", now Erie, in 179fi, while on his way from the West, where he had been on public business. 



III. QiTESTiONS. — 11. Who succeeded General Robert Howe in the command of 
the American troops at the South? 12. On what expedition did Lincoln send Ashe? 
1.3. How is Augusta situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 14. When did the battle of Brier 
Creek take place ? 15. Into what body of water does Brier Creek flow ? (See map, 
p. 164.) 16. Give an account of the battle. 

IV. 17. When did the battle of Stono Ferry tahe place? 18. Where was the 
battle fought ? 19. Give an account of it. 

V. 20. In the mean time, what had the British done at the East and North ? 
21. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 169.) 22. Which is the near- 
er to Peekskill, Stony Point or Verplanck's Point? (See map, p. 169.) 23. How 
are New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk situated? (See map, p. 47.) 24. Where is 
East Haven? Arts. — Four miles east from New Haven. 25. What did Tryon ac* 
eomplish in his second expedition? 26. In his third? 




AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 10 1 

umns, for simultaneous attacks 
on opposite sides of the fort 
readied the outworks before 
the alarm was given : the two 
columns then forced their way 
with the bayonet, in the face 
of a tremendous fire of grape- 
shot and musketry, and, meet- 
ing in the centre of the 
works, the garrison surren- 
dered at discretion. The entire General wayne. 
loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three 
wounded : the British lost upward of six hundred, in killed 
and prisoners. This achievement, considered one of the most 
brilliant of the war, was eff"ected without the firing of a single 
gun on the part of the victors. 

YII. Only four days after, July 19, another gallant exploit 
crowned the eff'orts of the Americans. The British post at 
Paulus ( paw'-lus) Hook,* in New Jersey, opposite the city of 
New York, was surprised at night by Major Henry Lee, and 
one hundred and fifty men of the garrison were made prison- 
ers, 

YIII. These two successes were counterbalanced by a com- 
plete reverse, experienced about a month later, in Maine. A 
squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massachusetts, pro- 
ceeded against a military post which the British had estab- 
lished on the Penobscot River. Just as the Americans were 
about to make an assault, after an ill-judged siege of fifteen 
days, a British fleet arrived and defeated them with great loss. 

* Panlns Hook was so called for a number of years. Its name was afterwards changed to " the city o< 
Jersey," and in 1838, by act of incorporation, it was called Jersey City. 



VI. Questions. — 27. What place did Washington desire to recapture ? 28. How is 
Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 169.) 29. When was the battle of Stony Point 
fought? 30. Give an account of it. 31. How is Wayne's achievement considered ? 

VII. 32. Give an account of the exploit at Paulus Hook. 

VIIT. 33. Describe the Penobscot Eiver. (See map, p. 103.) 34. Give an account 
of the reverse on the Penobscot. 



162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

IX. As many of the Indian tribes, especially those 
in the western part of New York, were constantly war- 
ring upon the border settlements. General Sullivan was sent to 
check their depredations, as also to avenge the '' Massacre of 
Wyoming." On his march, he was joined by General James 
Clinton, from the vicinity of Albany, when the united forces 
amounted to about five thousand men. After defeating a 
body of Indians and Tories at Newtown, now Elmira, in a 
conflict know^n as the " Battle of Chemung" [she-mung')^ he 
penetrated as far as the Genesee [jen-e-see') River, destroying 
forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn. This chastise- 
ment greatly intimidated the Indians, and their murderous 
excursions became less frequent. 

X. The winter of l'7'79-'80 set in early, and w^as very se- 
vere. Washington made his winter quarters at Morristown ; 
and, though he made great exertions for the comfort of his 
troops, they still were at times on half allowance, and suffered 
greatly for want of sufficient clothing and shelter. 

XI. D'Estaing, it will be remembered, sailed from Rhode 
Island for Boston, to refit his ships, after they had been dis- 
abled in a storm. From Boston he went to the West Indies. 
In September, 1V79, he returned, and prepared to co-operate 
with Lincoln in an attempt to recover Savannah. On the 9th 
of October, after a siege of about three weeks, the two com- 
manders made a combined assault, but were repulsed with 
the loss of nearly a thousand men, in killed and wounded. 
Among those who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski, a Po- 
lish patriot, who had distinguished himself at the battle of 
Brandywine, and had otherwise rendered good service to the 
American cause. 

IX. QtTESTiONS. — 35. Upon what expeditiou was Sullivan sent? 36. By whom waa 
he joined? 3T. Where is Elmira? (See map, p. 62.) 3S. What took phce there? 
89. What did Sullivan accomplish? 40. Describe the Genesee Eiver. (See map, p. 
62.) 

X. 41. What is said of the condition of Washington's army during the winter 
of 1T79-'S0? 

XI. 42. What is said of D'Estaing's movements? 4^3. Give an account of the 
attempt to recover Savannah. 44. What officer of note did the Americans lose ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



163 




PAUL JONES. 



XII. In September of this year, one of the most obsti- 
nate naval engagements ever fought took place off Flam- 
borongh Head, England. It 
was between a small squad- 
ron of French and American 
vessels, commanded by Paul 
Jones,* and two British frig- 
ates that were convoying a mer- 
chant fleet. At about seven, on 
the evening of the 23d, the 
battle commenced. The Bon- 
Homme Eichard, Jones's flao-- 
ship, coming in contact with 
the Serapis, one of the frigates, commanded by Captain Pear- 
son, Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest con- 
tinued with great fury till ten at night, when the Serapis 
struck. The other frigate in the mean time had surrendered 
to the Pallas, one of the vessels of the squadron. Jones, find- 
ing that his own ship was sinking, was compelled to transfer 
his crew to the Serapis. 

XIII. Great Britain found an additional antagonist this 
year, in Spain ; that power with a view to regaining Gibraltar 
Jamaica, and Florida, joined France and declared war against 
her. 

EVENTS OF nso. 
I. The principal military operations of 1780 were carried 
on in South Carolina. Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet com- 
manded by Arbuthnot, having sailed from New York to pro. 

* John Paul Joues was born in Scotland, in 1747. At the a-e of twelve, he was apprenticed to a shin 

~ir' Hi:'::r'wl' John l^rr'r V'^- ^ '"^''^'^ ''"' e^'"'^'-"=^° Revolution rortth: tasTn' 
Virginia. Hisnamewaa John Paul, to which, for some unknown reason he added Ion p<i Aft^r tha 
Revolution, he entered the Russian naval service, and died at Paris, in poverty and neglec", In 1792. 

XII. Questions.— 45. Where did a naval battle take place on the 23d of September, 
1779 ? 46. What was the character of the battle ? 47. Give an account of it. 

XIII. 48. What additional antagonist appeared against Great Britain ? 

Events of 1780.— I. 1. Where were the principal military operations of 17S0 
carried on? 2. When did Sir Henry Clinton appear before Charleston? 3. How 
is Charleston situated? (See map, p. 164.) 4. What took place at Monk's Cor- 
ner? 5. Where is Monk's Comer? (See map, p. 164.) 6. Give an account of the 
sun-ender of Charleston. 



164 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



ceecl ao-ainst Charleston, appeared before that city in 
February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a regu- 
lar siege. While it was in progress, an American force, sta- 




tioned at Monk's Corner, to keep open a communication 
between the city and the interior, was surprised by Colonel 
Tarleton, and put to flight. On the 12th of May, Lincoln, 
the American commander, unable to hold out any longer, 
surrendered, and every man in Charleston became a prisoner 
of war. 

II. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as Clin- 
ton contemplated, three expeditions were sent into the into 
rior. The first was to scour the country along the Savannah : 
the second, to go against the post of Xinety-Six ; while the 
third was to pursue a body of troops which had been sent 



II. Questions. — T. Why did Clinton send three expeditions ' 
objects had each ? 



8. What special 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 

to the relief of Charleston, but, on learning of the surrender 
of that city to the British, had turned back, and were march- 
ing towards North Carolina. 

III. The first and second expeditions met with no opposi- 
tion. As Buford, the commander of the retrograding Ameri- 
cans, was moving very rapidly, and had a long start of the 
third expedition, Cornwallis, its commander, detached Tarleton 
with a force of dragoons and mounted infantry, to lead the 
pursuers. At Waxhaw Creek, on the 29th of May, Tarleton 
overtook the retreating Americans, and, impetuously falling 
upon them, gave no quarters, but massacred or maimed nearly 
every man. 

IV. Sir Henry Clinton, believing South Carolina to be 
completely subdued, sailed for ]>^qw York, leaving Cornwallis 
to carry the war into North Carolina and Virginia. In this 
opinion, however, Clinton was mistaken : for Generals Sumter 
and Marion, by their partisan warfare, kept alive the spirit of 
freedom. Although the former was repulsed at Rocky Mount, 
yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he attacked a large 
body of British and Tories and gained a decided victory. 

V. Previous to the surrender of Charleston, Washington 
had sent the Baron De Kalb with re-enforcements, for the pur- 
pose of aiding Lincoln ; but, owing to various difficulties, 
De Kalb advanced no further than Deep River, in North 
Carolina, where, hearing of the fate of Charleston, he deter- 
mined to await further orders. While thus waiting. Gates, 
who had been appointed by Congress to succeed Lincoln in 



III. Questions. — 9. How did the first and second expeditions succeed? 10. 
When did the battle ofWaxhaw Creek talie place? 11. Give an account of it. 12. 
Into what river does Waxhaw Creek flow? (See map, p. 164.) 

IV. 13. Why did Clinton return to New York ? 14. Whom did he leave in com- 
mand? 15. What is said of Sumter and Marion ? 16. What is said of the battles at 
Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock ? 17. Where are these two places situated ? (See 
map, p. 164.) 

V. 18. How did Washington endeavor to prevent the loss of Charleston ? 19. Give 
an account of De Kalb's movements. 20. Into what body of water does the Deep 
River flow? (See map, p. 164..) 21. Who was Lincoln's successor in command al 
the South? 22, To what place did Gates march his army ? 



166 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1780. 



the command at the South, arrived and took charge. 
The army then marched to Clermont, in South Carolina. 
yi. At this time there were two large forces of the British 
in South Carolina : one at Charleston, under Cornwallis, and 
the other on the Santee River, under Lord Rawdon. On hear- 
ing of the approach of Gates, Rawdon concentrated his troops 
at Camden, twelve miles from Clermont, at which place Corn- 
wallis soon arrived with a small number of troops and took 
the command. On the 15th of August, Gates sent re-enforce- 
ments to aid Sumter in capturing a train of supplies intended 
for the enemy ; and, on the night of the 15th, he advanced 
towards Camden, for the purpose of attacking the British 
should they march out in force to repel Sumter. 

VII. On the same night, by a singular coincidence, Corn- 
wallis sallied from Camden to attack the camp at Clermont. 
Just after midnight the two vanguards met at Sanders Creek, 
and a slight skirmish took place, and early in the morning a 
general battle commenced. After a 
desperate contest, the American reg- 
ulars, being deserted by the militia, 
and overwhelmed by superior num- 
bers, were forced to retreat, with a 
loss in killed, wounded, and prison- 
ers, of about a thousand men. De 
Kalb* was among the mortally 
wounded, and died three days after. 
The loss of the British was l»^tween 
three and four hundred. This con- 
test, fought on the 16th of August, 




GENERAL DE KALB. 



» The Baron De Kalb was i 
America with Lafavette, in 1' 



! of Alsace, a German provi 



possession of France. He < 



VI. Questions.— 23. Where, at the time, were the British in force in South Caro- 
lina? 24. Describe the Santee Paver. (See map, p. 164.) 25. How is Camden situ- 
ated? (Sec same map.) 26. What movements did Kawdon and Cornwallis make 
before the IGth of August ? 27. What did Gates do on the 15th and 16th ? 

VII. 28. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 29. When did it take 
place ? 80. By what other names Is it also known ? 31. What oflficer of note did tha 
Americans lose? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 167 



1780, is known as the battle of Sanders Creek. It is also 
known as the first battle of Camden, or, it is quite as often 
simply designated as the battle of Camden. 

VIII. Sumter was successful in capturing the train of sup- 
plies ; but the defeat of Gates not only left him without any 
co-operation from that quarter, but let loose the enemv 
agamst him. He was pursued by Tarleton, and at Fishin^r 
Creek, a tributary of the Wateree, was surprised and routed 
with great slaughter. 

IX. Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Corn- 
wallis proceeded to overrun North Carolina. His first 
measure was to detach Major Ferguson to overawe the in- 
habitants favoring the patriot cause, and embody the loyalists 
under the royal banner. A large number of Tories and dis- 
reputable persons flocked to Ferguson's standard, and, as a 
consequence, his progress was attended by many disgraceful 
excesses. 

X. These acts of violence so exasperated the inhabitants, 
that, on the 7th of October, a hastily-formed force, consisting of 
bodies of mountaineers and backwoodsmen, under the general 
command of Colonel William Campbell, of Virginia, attacked 
the enemy at King's Mountain,* in South Carolina. Fer- 
guson and one hundred and fifty of his men were killed, and 
the^emainder, to the number of more than eight hundred, 



VIII. QUESTIONS.-32. What is said of Sumter's success and subsequent defeat ? 
33. By what name is the Wateree Eiver known in North Carolina? Ans.~The 
Catawba. 34. At what place was Sumter surprised and routed by Tarleton ■> 35 
Into what stream does Fishing Creek flow ? 36. Into what stream does the Wateree 
flow? (See map, p. 164.) 

oo^i.^^' ^°'^*''' ^^^^ delusion did Cornwallis proceed to overrun North Carolina' 
38. What was his first measure? 39. What is said of the persons who flocked to 
i erguson's standard ? 40. What was the consequence ? 

X. 41. When was the battle of King's Mountain fought ? 42. Was the battle 
fought in North or South Carolina ? 43. In what direction is King's Mountain from 
the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 44. Of whom did the American force at King's 
Mountain consist? 45. Give an account of the battle. 46. What oflScer did the 
Americans lose ? 47. How did the result of the battle affect Cornwallis ? 



168 



MERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1780. 



surrendeied. Though the Americans had only twenty- 
men killed, the loss of Colonel Williams, a bravi 
and efficient officer, who was among the slain, was very much 
felt. The blow was a severe one to Cornwallis, and compelled 
him to make a retrograde march into South Carolina. 

XL Marion* {ma'-re-un)^ by his 
stratagems and expedients, con- 
tinued to frustrate the purposes of 
British detachments, and Sumter, 
appearing again in the field after 
his rout at Fishing Creek, was 
victorious in two engagements — 
one at Fishdam Ford, with Major 
Wemyss {ivtmz), and the other 
at Blackstocks, with Tarleton. 

XII. At the north, in the mean 
time, events of great importance 
were taking place. vSir Henry Clinton, having heard that 
a mutinous spirit was breaking out in Washington's army, 
deemed the occasion propitious for an expedition. Accord- 
ingly, a force of five thousand men, under Knyphausen, 
advanced into New Jersey, took possession of Elizabeth, and 
burned " Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. 
In a second advance, also led by Knyphausen, the British were 
met at Springfield, on the 23d of June, and repulsed. 




GENERAL MARION. 



* Francis Marion was born in South Carolina, in 1732. The amount of service which he rendered the 
patriot cause durins the Revolution can hardly be estimated. He was sometimes at the head of an inde- 
pendent force, surprising relief and supply parties of llie British, and often rescuine captive Americans ; and 
thi^n he and Sumter would be en^asred in some daring; enterprise, or he would aid Greene. All attempts 
of the enemy to overreach or baffle Wm were entirely futile. He was an honest man and a pure patriot 
His death occurred in 1795. 



XI. Questions. — 48. What is said of Marion's successes ? 49. Of Sumter^s? 50. 
Where is Fishdam Ford? (See map, p. 164.) .ol. Where Is Blackstocks? (See 
map, p. 164.) 

XII. 52. What prompted Clinton to send an expedition into New Jersey? 53. 
What expedition did he send ? 54. What did Knyphausen accomplish in his first 
advance? 55. How is the village of Union situated? (See map, p. 6S.) 56. How 
is the city of Elizabeth situated? (See map, p. 136.) 57. What was the city of 
Eli7,abeth formerly called ? ^tis.— Elizabethtown. 5S. When did a battle take place 
at Springfield? 59. Wh,T,twas the result? 60. How is Springfield situated? (See 
map, p. 136.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



169 



TREASON OF ARNOLD. 



XIII. The year 1780 is particu- 
krly memorable for the treason of 
Arnold. In 1778, directly after 
the British had evacuated Phila- 
delphia, Washington appointed 
Arnold to the command of that 
city, as the state of his wound, re- 
ceived at Stillwater, would not per- 
mit him to resume active duty. 
At Philadelphia he lived at an ex- 
pense, far beyond his income, and, 
to meet the demands of his credi- 
tors, appropriated public funds to 
his own use. Charges were pre- 
ferred against him, and, though 

acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, he was 
adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. 

XTV. The decision of the court was received by Arnold 
with an ill grace, and with evident emotions of resentment ; 
and though Washington administered the sentence with great 
delicacy and consideration, Arnold felt the disgrace, and de- 
termined to effect a plan by which he might wreak his ven- 
geance, and, at the same time, repair his fortune. 

Xy. He had already made secret advances to the enemy, 




XIII. Questions. — 61. For what is the year ITSO particularly memorable ? 62. 
When was Arnold appointed to a command at Philadelphia? 63. Why was he not 
given a command reqnirins: greater activity? 64. What is said of Arnold's style of 
living at Philadelphia? 65. What misappropriation of funds did he make? 6G. 
What followed ? 

XIY. 67. How did Arnold receive the decision of the court ? 6S. How did Wash- 
ington perform his unpleasant task? 69. Upon what did Arnold determine ? 

XV. 70. Of what had Arnold already been guilty? 71. W^hat command did he 
p,olicit? 72. What correspondence was he at that time engaged in? "3. What is 
said of the importance of West Point ? 74. Where is it situated ? (See map, p. 169.) 
75. How did Arnold's request strike Washington ? 76. Why then did he grant tho 
request ? 



8 



170 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1780. 



under a feijrned name; and while actually engaged in 
a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henrj^ Clinton, 
he solicited the command of West Point, then the strongest 
and most important fortress in the United States. Washing- 
ton expressed surprise that an officer so remarkable for energy 
and activity should seek a post where there was compara- 
tively so little to be done ; but, having confidence in Arnold's 
patriotism, he granted the request. 




AUNOLD 8 nEAD-QUAETEES, OPPOSITE WEST POINT. 

XVI. The treasonable correspondence had now been car- 
ried on eighteen months. The plot was ripe. Arnold was ih 
the command of an important fortress which he proposed to 
betray into the hands of the British; and Major Andre, aide- 
de-camp to Clinton, was sent to complete the plan of treason 
and adjust the traitor's recompense. Andre left New York, 



XVI. Questions. — 77. How long had Arnold carried on his correspondence with 
Clinton before the treasonable plot was ripe? 78. On what mission was Andre sent? 
79. Who was Andre ? 80. How did Andre reach Arnold ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. l7l 

proceeded up the Hudson, and, at a place about six miles 
below West Point, met Arnold and completed the bargain. 

XVII. Instead of returning by water, as had been previ- 
ously arranged, circumstances compelled Andre to cross to 
the east side of the Hudson, and proceed towards New York 
by land. When near Tarry town, he was stopped by three 
militiamen — John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van 
Wart — and searched. In his boots were found a number of 
papers in Arnold's own hand-writing ; and he was therefore 
pronounced a spy. In vain he remonstrated, and attempted 
to bribe his captors ; they conducted him to North Castle, 
the nearest military station of the Americans. 

XVIII. Colonel Jameson, the 
commander at North Castle, in 
stead of initiating measures for the 
capture of Arnold, stupidly dis- 
patched a letter to that officer, in- 
forming him of the circumstances 
of the arrest. The traitor, startled 
and alarmed upon reading the let- 
ter, immediately escaped on board 
the British sloop-of-war Vulture, benei>ict aknotd. 
the vessel which had been intend- 
ed for Andre's return, and took refuge in New York. 

XIX. Andre was conveyed to Tappan, a village on the 
west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, and there tried 
by a court-martial, found guilty, and, agreeably to the law 



XVII. Questions.— 81. What change was made in Andr6's traveling arrange- 
ments? 82. What was the consequence? 83. Where is Tarrytown? (See map, p. 
169.) 84. Give the names of the three persons who arrested him. 85. What was 
the result of the search? 86. Did Andr6 endeavor to effect his release, or not? 87. 
By what means? 88. Wliat did his captors do with him ? 89. Where is North Cas- 
tle ? (See map, p. 47.) 

XVIII. 90. Who commanded the Americans at North Castle? 91. What folly 
did he perpetrate ? 92. What was the consequence ? 

XIX. 98. Whither was Andre taken ? 94. How is Tappan situated ? 95. Where 
was he executed? (See map, p. 169.) 96. How was Arnold rewarded for his 
treachery ? 




172 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

and nsaores of nations, executed as a spv Arnold* 
was made a brigadier-general in the British service, 

and received six thousand three hundred pounds sterling as 

an additional reward for his treachery. 



* Benedict Arnold was born nt Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After the Revolution he was engaged 
In business for a time at St. John's, New Brunswick. He went to England, and at London, where he 
died in 1801, he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. 



EEYIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

1. "What foreign negotiations were comraenced in lYTS? 154 

2. "What acknowledgment did France make in 1778 ? 154 

3. What treaty was also made at the same time ? 154 

4. Who, on the part of the United States, signed the treaty ?. ... 154 

5. What effect did Burgoyne's surrender have in England? ...... 154 

6. Upon what mission were commissioners sent to America?. ... 154 

7. How did Congress act with reference to the commissioners?. . 154 

8. What error did one of the commissioners fall into? 154 

9. How did General Reed reply to him ? 1 54 

10. What foreign squadron was fitted out to aid the Americans?. 155 

11. By whom was Howe succeeded in the command of the British? 155 

12. Why did not D'Estaing capture the British fleet? 155 

13. When did Clinton evacuate the city of Philadelphia ? 155 

14. By whom was he pursued towards New York ? 1 55 

15. When did the battle of Monmouth occur ? 155 

16. Give an account of the battle 155, 156 

17. What was the loss of the British during the battle and retreat? 156 

18. How did Lee take the rebuke from Washington ? 156 

19. Upon how many and what charges was he tried?. 156 

20. What is said of the investigation and its result ? 156 

21 Give the subsequent account of Lee 156 

22. Where was Pigot in command during the summer of 1778?.. . 157 
2.3. What rendered the place important at the time ? 157 

24. What enterprise was decided upon against it? 156, 157 

25. Into what harbor did D'Estaing's fleet enter? '. 157 

26 What was done by Sullivan at the same time ? 157 

27 How was D'Estaing diverted from the attack upon Newport? . 1 57 

28. Upon his return to Newport, what announcement did he make? 157 

29. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 157 

30. Give an account of the battle that took place on the island. . 158,159 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. l73 

PAGE 

31. What fortunate retreat did Sullivan afterward make? 158 

32. Give an account of Grey's marauding expedition 158 

33. When did the " Massacre of Wyoming" take place? 158 

34. When did the "Massacre of Cherry Yalley" take place? 158 

35. Upon v/hat southern expedition was Campbell sent? 158, 159 

36. Give an account of the battle between him and Gen. R. Howe 159 

37. What did the Americans hold in Georgia at the opening of 1779? 159 

38. When and by whom was Sunbury captured? 159 

39. How did the force under Colonel Boyd originate 159 

40. Give an account of the battle between him and Pickens 159 

41. Who, in 1779, commanded the American troops at the South? 159 
42.' On what expedition did Lincoln send General Ashe ? 160 

43. Give an account of the battle between Ashe and Prevost 160 

44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Ferry 160 

45. What was done by Tryon mhis second and third expeditions?.' 160 

46. By whom was the recapture of Stony Point planned? 160 

47. Give an account of Wayne's brilliant achievement 160 161 

48: What brilliant success crowned the efforts of Major Lee? 161 

49. Where, in Maine, had the British estabUshed a military post?. 161 

5.0. Give an account of the expedition against it 161 

51. On what westward expedition was Sullivan sent? 162 

52. What did he accomplish during the expedition ? 162 

53. What preparations were made, in 1779, to recover Savannah?. 162 

54. Give an account of the battle of Savannah 162 

55. What account can you give of Pulaski? 141 ig2 

56. Where did Paul Jones have his famous naval battle ? 163 

57. Give an account of it 1 53 

58. Give an account of the operations against Charleston 163, 164 

59. What expeditions did Clinton send into the interior? 164, 165 

60. What success did they meet with ? 165 

61. After Lincoln's capture, who succeeded to his command? 165 

62. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek 166 

63. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain 167, 168 

64. Of the events which led to Arnold's treason 169 170 

65. What place did Arnold propose to surrender to the British?.. . 170 

66. Whom did Clinton send to negotiate with Arnold ? 170 

67. At what place did Andre and Arnold meet ? 171 

68. State the circumstances of Andre's arrest 171 

69. What farther account can you give of Andre? 171, 172 

70. How did Arnold succeed in making his escape? 171 

71. How did the British afterward reward him ? , 172 



174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

EYENTS OP 1*781. 

I. The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thir- 
teen hundred, having experienced much suflfering through 
want of pay, clothing, and provisions, left their camp at Morris- 
town, with the intention of inarching to Philadelphia and de- 
manding redress from Congress. At Princeton they were over- 
taken by two emissaries whom Clinton had sent, for the pur- 
pose of inducing them by bribes to enter the service of the king. 

II. Though smarting under the neglect to which they had 
been subjected, the troops were not to be bribed. Regarding 
Clinton's attempt as a reflection upon their fidelity to the 
cause of freedom, they seized the emissaries and conducted 
them to General Wayne, to be treatei;l as spies. While at 
Princeton a committee of Congress met the disaffected sol- 
diers, and, after making concessions and granting relief, settled 
the difficulty. The two emissaries were tried by court-martial, 
found guilty, and executed as spies. 

III. The plan of concession by which the troubles with the 
Pennsylvania troops were settled, had a pernicious effect ; for 
the example of the Pennsylvanians was soon followed by a 
part of the Jersey troops, who claimed like treatment ; but 
Washington, by vigorous measures, not only quelled this 
second mutiny, but repressed all similar manifestations among 
other portions of the army. 

lY. However much these two demonstrations were regretted 
at the time, they produced a quickening and salutary effect 
upon Congress. Direct taxes were resorted to, an agent was 
sent to Europe for aid, the Bank of Xorth Amei'ica was char- 
tered, and other efficient measures were adopted for the support 

Events of ITSl.— I. Questions.— 1. What is said of the mutiny of the Pennsyl- 
vania troops? 2. Where and by whom were they overtaken ? 

II. 8. What did the troops do with the emissaries? 4. What was finally dono 
with them ? 5. How was the difficulty with the troops settled ? 

III. 6. What is said of the method by which the difficulty with the Pennsylvania 
troops was settled? 7. How was that soon shown? 8. How were the Jersey 
troops dealt with? 9. What was the eflfect? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



175 




ROBERT MORRIS. 



of the army and the maintenance 
of the government. Through the 
exertions of Robert Morris,* as su- 
perintendent of the national treas- 
ury, and by the help of the bank, 
was Congress mainly enabled to 
prosecute the war. 

V. Early in 1781, two months 
after he had joined the British, 
Arnold was appointed to the 
command of an expedition 
against Virginia. With about twelve hundred men, he sailed 
up the James River to Richmond, plundered and destroyed 
public and private property there, and all his movements, in 
every direction, were marked by ravages and distress. 

VI. Descending the river, he took post at Portsmouth. An 
opportunity for his defeat and capture seeming full of promise, 
Washington arranged a plan by which troops under Lafay- 
ette,! co-operating with a French fleet from Rhode Island, 
were to make the attempt. But the eff'ort failed in conse- 
quence of the British fleet, under Arbuthnot, overtaking that 
of the French off the capes of Virginia, and, after an engage- 
ment of about an hour, compelling it to return. 

VII. Gates's defeat at Sanders Creek caused his removal 
from the command of the Southern troops, and the appoint- 
ment of Greene in his place. Establishing a camp on the 



» Robert Morris was born in Lancashire, England, in 1734. He came to America when thirteen years 
old, and was educated at Philadelphia. He was one of the sigruers of the Declaration of Independence. 
After the Revolution, he lost, by land speculations, an immense fortune which he had gained in the China 
trade, and he died at Philadelphia, in 1«06, in comparative poverty. 

t The Marquis de Lafayette was born in France, of an ancient and distinguished family, in 1757. He 
was in the battles of Brandywine, Monmouth, and Yorktown, and was a member of the court that tried 
Andr6 as a spy. He died in Paris, in 1S34. 



IV. Questions. — ^10. What is said of the effect which the two uprisings of the 
troops had upon the Congress? 11. What measures did Congress adopt ? 12. What 
is said of Eobert Morris's exertions ? 

V. 13. When did Arnold commence operations in behalf of those to whom he had 
deserted? 14. What is said of his expedition? 15. Describe the James Elver. 
(See map, p. So.) 

VI. 16. How is Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 17. What plan of cap- 
ture did Washington arrange ? 18. Why did it fail ? 



1*76 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



1781. 




Lafayette. 



Great Pedee, the first care of the new commander was 
to reorganize the army, after which, separating it into 
two divisions, he sent one, under 
Morgan, to check the devastations 
of the British in the western part 
of South CaroUna; the other, he 
retained under his own immediate 
command. 

VIII. Cornwalhs no sooner 
heard of the movement of Mor- 
gan, than he dispatched Tarle- 
ton to disperse his force or drive 
it out of the State. Morgan, on receiving intelhgence of the 
approach of the British, was at first inclined to make a stand 
where he was encamped, but, being informed of the superior- 
ity of their numbers, he retreated and took a position near 
the Cowpens. Here Tarleton found him, on the morning of 
the 1 7th of January. 

IX. Upon the signal being given, the British rushed for- 
ward with a shout, and a conflict ensued, in which, though 
Tarleton was confident of success, up to almost the very close 
of the battle, the Americans were completely victorious, inflict- 
ing a loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of more than 
eight hundred men, while their own did not exceed seventy. 
The battle of the Cowpens was one of the most decisive of the 
Revolution. The patriots fought, actuated by a desire to re- 
venge the wrongs and outrages which the Tories and Englisli, 
had committed upon them, their neighbors, and their homes, 



VII. Questions.— 19. What change in commanders did Gates's defeat at the South 
cause? v20. Where did Greene establish a camp? 2L Into what river doe.s that 
flow ? (See map, p. 164.) 22. How did he divide his army, and what did he do with 
one of the divisions? 

VIII. 23. What expedition was dispatched by Cornwallis ? 24. What movement 
did Morgan make ? 25. Where is the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 26. When did 
the battle of the Cowpens take place ? 

IX. 27. Give an account of the battle. 2S. What is said of the decisiveness of the 
battle ? 29. What is said of the desire which actuated the patriots? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



177 




GENERAL MORGAN. 



and the result was a blow which perceptibly paralyzed the 
power of the royalists in the South. 

X. Morgan* did not linger on 
the battle-field. BeUeving that 
Cornwallis would advance upon 
him with an overwhelming force as 
soon as he should hear of Tarle- 
ton's defeat, the victor set out in 
a northeasterly direction, his ob- 
ject being to get across the Cataw- 
ba before the enemy, then only 
twenty-five miles distant, could 
intercept him. Nor was he mis- 
taken with refjard to the movement of Cornwallis. That com- 
mander soon received the inglorious tidings from the Cowpens, 
and, starting off in pursuit of Morgan, reached the Catawba at 
evening, on the 29th, just two hours after the Americans had 
forded the river. He halted, intending to cross in the morning, 
but during the night a heavy rain set in, and by daybreak 
the stream was so swollen as to be impassable. 

XL Greene, who had received intelligence of the victory 
and pursuit, hurried forward with only a guard of dragoons, 
and, reaching the east side of the Catawba, took command of 
Morgan's division, and continued the retreat. x\fter some de- 
lay and opposition, Cornwallis effected a crossing, and reached 
the Yadkin only in time to capture a few wagons which had 
lingered in the rear of the retreating army. Another fall of 
rain, which had occurred during the day, overflowed the ford 



* Daniel Morgan was born in New Jersey, in 1736. He was with Braddock in the expedition of 1755, 
performing the humble duties of teamster. At the breaking out of the Revolution, he joined Washington 
at CambriHge, with a rifle corps. He accompanied Arnold across the wilderness to Quebec, and partici- 
pated in the attempt to capture that city. In the battle of Bemis Heights he took a distinguished part. 
His death occurred in 1802, at Winchester, Virginia. 



X. Questions. — 30. Why did Morgan hurry away after his victory? 31. What 
movement did Cornwallis make? 32. How were the Americans aided, as if provi- 
dentially ? 

XI. 33. Who now assumed command of the American army ? 34. Give an ac- 
count of the pursuit as far as the Yadkin. 35. Describe the Yadkin. (See map, p. 
164.) 36. How were the Araericans aided the second time? 

8* 



178 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Cornwallis had expected to use, and lie was therefore 
compelled to find a crossing higher up. 
XII. By stratagems and manoeuvers, Greene succeeded iu 
reaching the Dan River, and effected a crossing just as* the 
astonished enemy appeared on the opposite bank. Grieved 
and vexed, Cornwallis abandoned the pursuit, and marched 
southward to Hillsboro (hilz'-bur-reh). 

XIII. Greene* recrossed the 
Dan, and, with his force increased 
to over four thousand men, felt 
himself to be in sufficient 
strength to confront Cornwallis 
with boldness. But at Guil- 
ford (ghil'-fwrd) Court House, 
in North Carolina, he was attack- 
ed on the 15th of March, and, 
after one of the severest actions 
of the war, was forced to retreat. 
His loss, in killed and w^ounded, amounted to four hundred 
men, in addition to which, many of the militia deserted. 

The result, though a victory to the British, cost them, in 
killed, wounded, and missing, more than five hundred men, 
and so disabled Cornwallis as to compel him to retreat from 
the field of victory. 

XIV. Undismayed by his reverse, Greene determined to 
follow the victor, and again give battle. The pursuit was 

♦ Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, at Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. He aided, at the 
■bejjinnine; of the Revolution, in driving; the British from Boston, and he took a distinfruished part in the 
battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine.Germantown, and Quaker Hill; and commanded in the battles 
ii Guilford Court House. Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs. He died of " sun-stroke," in Georgia, near 
Savannah, in 1786. 




GENERAL GREENE. 



XIL Questions.— 37. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit after leaving the 
Yadkin. 38. Describe the Dan Eiver. (See map, p. l&l.) 39. To what place did 
<Dornwallis then march ? 40. Where is Hillsboro ? (See map, p. 164.) 

XIII. 41. What bold movement did Greene make ? 42. At what place did Corn- 
wallis attack Greene? 43. When was the attack made? 44 How is Guilford Court 
House situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 45. Give an account of the battle. 

XIV. 46. What singular pursuit followed? 47. At what place did Greene almost 
succeed in overtaking Cornwallis? 4S. Describe the Deep Elver, 'ftee map, p. 164.) 
49. Where is Wilmington? (See map, p. 164.) 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 179 

eagerly kept up for several days, and the retreating enemy was 
almost overtaken at the Deep River ; but there, in conse- 
quence of the bridge being broken down, and also because of 
the fatigue of his men, Greene had to give up the chase. 
Cornwallis did not halt until he reached Wilmington. 

XY. Discharging a large number of the militia whose term 
of service had expired, Greene, with his reduced army, formed 
the bold resolve of entering South Carolina, and attacking the 
enemy at Camden. Lord Rawdon, who commanded the post 
at that place, wrote to Cornwallis, informing him of the threat- 
ening danger ; but, believing that he would not be able to 
reach Camden in time to aid in its defense, Cornwallis took 
advantage of Greene's absence from North Carolina, and 
marched through that State into Virginia, where his army was 
strengthened by large additions. 

XVI. Greene appeared before Camden, but, finding the 
enemy there stronger, in position and numbers, than he had 
anticipated, withdrew to Hobkirk's Hill, about two miles 
distant. Here he was partly surprised by Rawdon, on the 
25th of April, but succeeded in forming his troops and repel- 
ling the first advance against him. Victory, for a time, hung 
in the balance : more than once, the British drove the Ameri- 
cans before them, but Avere compelled to reced* before the 
impetuous charges of the patriots. At length, a regiment of 
the Americans was charged so furiously that it broke and fell 
into disorder. The enemy followed up this success vigorously, 
until the disheartened Americans retreated in one mass. 

XVn. Each party lost about two hundred and fifty men, 

XV. Questions.— 50. What movement into South Carolina did Greene then 
make? 51. Why was his resolve a bold one? 52. Of what did Eawdon inform 
Oornwallis? 53. "Why did not Cornwallis go to the rescue of Eawdon? 54 "What 
did Cornwallis do instead? 

XVI. 55. Why did not Greene attack Eawdon at Camden ? 56. To what place 
did Greene withdraw? 57. What occurred there? 53. When did it occur? 59. 
Give an account of the battle. 

XVII. 60. What loss did each party sustain in the battle? 61. Why did not the 
British follow up their advantage ? 62. Whither did Eawdon go, directly after the 
battle? • 6.3. In what situation did he find himself there ? 64. What was ho then 
compelled to do ? 



180 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

but, as at the battle of Guilford Court House, the 
lift! 

British, though victorious, were too much cut up to 

allow them to pursue the advantage which they had gained. 

They re-entered Camden, but finding their supplies cut off 

by the Americans, and realizing that by the northward 

march of Cornwallis no aid could be expected, they adopted 

the only alternative, that of evacuation, and Camden was left 

in flames. 

XVIII. A number of successes, in rapid succession, now at- 
tended the American arms at the South. In pursuance of 
Greene's plan of operations. Colonel Henry Lee was detached 
with a small body of troops, known as ' " Lee's Legion," and, 
in consort with Marion, Sumter,* Pickens, and other partisan 
chiefs, carried on a harassing warfare against the enemy's scat- 
tered posts. Forts Watson, Motte, and Granby, fell into the 
hands of the Americans, and Augusta, Georgia, also surren- 
dered after a siege of about two wrecks. 

XIX. Only three posts in South Carolina — ^Ninety-Six, 
Eutaw Springs, and Charleston — remained in the hands of 
the British. Greene proceeded against Ninety-Six,t but after 
besieging it for almost a month, and making an unsuccessful 
assault, the approach of Rawdon compelled him to raise the 
siege, and he retreated before the arrival of the enemy. A 
foray which he subsequently planned, againstthe British troops 
in the vicinity of Charleston, was partially successful. 

XX. As the fortunes of the British were beginning to de- 

* Thomas Sumter was 1)orn in South Carolina, about 1734. During the Revolution he took an active 
and able part as one of the partisan leaders at the South. The qualities of bravery, determination, and 
cheerfulness, which he exhibited, endeared him to his followers, who bestowed upon him the sobriquet of the 
"Carolina Gaine-Cock." Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, v/as so named in honor of him. His death 
occurred in South Carolina, in 1832. 

t The post of Ninety-Six was so called, because it was ninety-sii miles from Prince George, a frontier 
foil in the northwestern part of South Carolina. 



XVIII. Questions. — 65. How did the American arms then fare? 66. What is 
said of Colonel Lee and others? 67. Name four of the places that fell into the hands 
of the Americans. 63. Give the situation of the four places. (See map, p. 164.) 

XIX. 69. How many posts were then left to the British? 70. Give the situation 
of the three places. (See map, p. 164.) 71. Give an account of Greene's attempt 
against Ninety-Six. 72. What is said of a foray ? 

XX. 73. What call did Eawdon make upon the people? 74. How came he to 
make such a call 't 75. Who was Colonel Isaac Hayne ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 181 

cline, even Charleston itself being threatened, Rawdon called 
upon all persons who had given in their adhesion to the royal 
cause, to repair at once to his standard. Among the persons so 
called was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a distinguished patriot of South 
Carolina, who had been assured, when he took the oath of 
adherence, that he would never be required to take up arms 
against his countrymen. 

XXI. Believing this call to be in violation of the agree- 
ment, and being thus compelled to assume the sword either 
for or against the patriots, he did not hesitate to choose the 
former. At the head of a troop of hor'se he gained some 
advantages, but, being surprised and captured, was taken to 
Charleston. After a brief examination, without any trial what- 
ever, he was sentenced to be hung ; and, although the citizens 
united in petitioning for his pardon, the sentence was duly 
executed on the 4th of August. 

XXII. Towards the latter part of August, Greene, who had 
been for several weeks on the " high hills of Santee," broke 
up his encampment to march against Stuart, who was then 
not twenty miles off". As he advanced, Stuart retreated to 
Eutaw Springs. Here, on the 8th of September, Greene, 
with a force not exceeding two thousand men, attacked 
the enemy, twenty-three hundred strong. 

XXIII. The contest was desperate, and, at one time, vic- 
tory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the British rally- 
ing, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him about five 
hundred prisoners. The enemy decamped during the night. 
In this battle, which may be said to have ended the contest in 
South Carolina, both parties claimed the victory. Washing- 



XXI. Questions.— 76. What belief did Hayne hold respecting Rawdon' s call ? 
77. What course did he consequently adopt? 78. What further account can you 
give of him ? 

XXII. 79. What movement did Greene make in August? 80. Where was a bat- 
tle fought in the next month ? 81. Near what river did the battle tako place ? (See 
map, p. 164.) 82. How did the battle commence? 

XXIII. S3. Give a further account of the battle. 84. What may be said of the 
battle as regards the contest South ? 85. How did Washington consider the result ? 



182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



ton considered it a victory for the Americans, as the 
advantage certainly was with them. 

XXIV. Cornwalhs's operations in Virginia, during the sum- 
mer of 1781, were very distressing to the patriots, property 
to the value of several millions having been destroyed thereby. 
Lafayette had endeavored to check these operations, but 
owing to the inferiority of his force, was not able to make a 
stand against Cornwallis. 

XXV. Clinton, believing New York to be menaced by a 
combined force of French and Americans, directed Cornwallis 
to take a position near the sea, from which he might readily 
send re-enforcements to the city, when called upon. The order 
was obeyed. Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, on the south 
side of York River, Virginia, opposite a promontory called 
Gloucester [glos'-ter). 

XXVI. The expected arrival of a French fleet, under Count 
de Grasse (du grass), in Chesapeake Bay, induced Washing- 
ton to abandon the design which he had meditated against 
New York and proceed against Cornwallis, but, while doing 
so, to continue preparations as if against New York. The 
consequence was, that before Clinton became aware of the 
real intentions of the American commander, a body of French 
troops from Rhode Island and Washington's army were well 
on their way to Virginia. 

XXVII. Clinton, finding it too late to adopt any direct 
measures against the great southward movement wherein the 

XXIV. Questions.— 86. What is said of Cornwallis's operations during the sum- 
mer of 1781 ? 87. What had Lafayette endeavored to do? 

XXV. 88. What direction was sent to Cornwallis ? 89. "Why was he so directed? 
90. How did Cornwallis obey? 91. IIow is Torktown situated? 92. In what direc- 
tion is Yorktown from Hampton? (Sec map, p. 287.) 

XXVI. 93. Why did Washington abandon his design against New York ? 94. 
What new project did he then determine upon ? 95. In what way did he undertake 
to deceive the enemy ? 96. Before Clinton became aware of his intentions, how far 
had his project progressed? 

XXVII. 97. What expedition did Clinton hurry off? 98. What was his object in 
sending the expedition? 99. When did Arnold reach the harbor of New London? 
100. How is New London situated? 101. How was it defended? 102. Into what 
nody of water does the Thames flow ? (See map, p. 183.) 




AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 

French and Americans were combined, undertook to recall 
"Washington by hurrying off an expedition of devastation to 
the eastward, under the command of Arnold. At daybreak, 
on the morning of the 6th of September, 
Arnold appeared off the harbor of New 
London, with a large fleet, carrying a 
strong land and marine force. New Lon- 
don is situated on the west bank of the 
Thames River, three miles from its mouth ; 
and the approach to it was defended by 
Fort Trumbull, on the west side of the ""^"^^c™. ^'''' 
river, and Fort Griswold on the east. 

XXVIIL The invaders were landed in two divisions ; one, 
under Colonel Eyre (ire), on the east side, and the other, com- 
manded by Arnold himself, on the west or New London side. 
Arnold advanced, meeting with but little resistance in taking 
Fort Trumbull, or in making himself master of the town. 
The militia which manned the fort, finding it untenable, aban- 
doned their post and went to the aid of Fort Griswold, on the 
opposite side of the river. 

XXIX. Meanwhile, Eyre proceeded against Fort Griswold, 
which had been hastily garrisoned by about a hundred and 
fifty militia, under the brave Colonel Ledyard. After a des- 
perate contest, in which the assailants were repeatedly re- 
pulsed, losing their commander and many men, the fort was 
at last carried. Irritated by the opposition which they 
had met, the victors set upon the garrison without mercy, 
killing and maiming more in the massacre that followed than 
in the previous contest. Colonel Ledyard was among the 
first slaughtered. Major Bromfield, a malevolent Tory, who 



XXVIII. Questions.— 103. In what way did the invaders proceed ? 104. What 
success did Arnold meet with ? 105. Whither did the garrison of Fort Trumbull 
go? 

XXIX. 106. By whom was Fort Griswold garrisoned? 107. By whom com- 
manded ? 103. What is said of the contest and loss of men before the fort was car- 
ried? 109. What is said of the massacre that took place afterward? 110. Relate 
the case of Colonel Ledyard. 



186 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION, AND EVENTS TO THE BE- 
GINNINa OP WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicings 
throughout the United States, being considered a death-blow 
to the war. The effect in Eno-land was as mio'ht have been 
anticipated. Public opinion became so decidedly opposed to 
the further prosecution of hostilities, that, upon the formation 
of a new ministry, negotiations were entered into for the es- 
tablishment of peace. 

II. A convention of commissioners from the two countries 
met at Paris, four of whom, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Jay, and Henry Laurens, represented the United States, 
and, on the 30th of November, 1782, they signed a prelimi- 
nary treaty. A cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
American army on the 19th of April, 1783, the eighth anni- 
versary of the battle of Lexington ; and, on the 3d of Septem- 
ber following, a definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 

III. By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknowledged 
the independence of the United States, allowed boundaries 
extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi 
on the west, and conceded an unlimited right to fish on the 
banks of Newfoundland. Florida was, at the same time, re- 
turned to Spain. 

IV. The close of the war found the national treasury empty : 
the States were unable to respond to the call of Congress for 
money, and the resource of foreign loans was about exhausted. 



Close of the Revolution. — I. Questions. — 1. What effect did Cornwallis'S sur- 
render have in America and England ? 

II. 2. Where did peace commissioners from the two countries meet? 3. Who 
were the American commissioners? 4. When was a preliminary treaty signed? 5. 
What took place on the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington ? 6. When was 
a definitive treaty signed ? 

III. 7. What did the United States secure by the terms of the treaty ? 

IV. 8. What was the condition of things at the close of the war? 9. What was 
the consequence? 10. Where was the influence of Washington felt? 11. What ar- 
rangements were soon made ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



18V 



The government was unable to meet the just claims made 
upon it, and the consequence was general discontent, particu- 
larly among the officers and privates of the army. Through 
the influence of Washington the discontents in the army were 
soothed, and arrangements were soon after made by which 
Congress granted five years' whole pay to the officers, instead 
of, as by resolution passed in 1780, half-pay for life. Four 
months' whole pay was granted to the soldiers, in part pay- 
ment of their claims. 

V. rh conformity w^ith general orders of Congress, tlie 
army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1783; and on 
the 25th of the same month, Sir Guy Carleton, who had suc- 
ceeded Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated New York, After the 
retirement of the British from the city, Washington met his 
officers there, and, " with a heart full of love and gratitude," 
took leave of them. 

VT. Washington then re- 
paired to Annapolis, where 
Congress was in session at the 
time, and, on the 23d of De- 
cember, 1783, resigned to that 
body his commission as com- 
mander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can army. Ilis simple and 
impressive address upon the 
occasion, and the touching re- 
sponse of General Milflin,* 
the president of Congress, 




GENERAL MIFFLIN. 



* Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744. By birth and education he was a Quaker, but, not- 
withstanding the peace principles of that sect, he was one of the first to enlist in the military service at 
the breaking out of the Revolution. He was with Washington at Cambridge : in the battle of Long 
Island be fought with credit, and he was also in the battle of Trenton. His death occurred at Lancaster, 
Pfnu.,inl800. 



V. Questions.— 12. "When was the American army disbanded ? 13. When was 
New York evacuated by the British ? 14. After the British left, what affecting scene 
occurred ? 

VI. 15. To what place did Washington then repair ? 16. Where is Annapolis ? 
(See map, p. 24.) 17. State what took place at Annapolis. 18. To what place did 
"Washington then hasten? 19. How is Mount Vernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) 



188 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



affected the assemblage to tears. He then hastened to his 
home at Mount Vernon, where, in the retirement of private 
life, he hoped to spend the remainderof his days. 




MOUNT VERNON.' 



VII. Peace was no sooner established than it was founc' 
that, by the Articles of Confederation, Congress had no 
power to discharge the debts incurred by the war ; and this 

♦Mount Vernon, the home of Washington and the place of his burial, is situated on the western bank 

of the Pot<jmac, fifteen miles from Washington citv. The place, comprising the mansion, the tomb, and 

two hundred acres of the original estate, was sold, in 1858, bv John A. Washington, a nephew of George 

\V ashmgton, to the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Association," for $iOO,000. " It is the design of the i 

hold it in perpetuity as a place of public resort and pilgrimage." 



VII. QiTESTioNS.— 20. What difficulty was found in regard to the debts of the 
Revolution? 21. What was the consequence? 22. How did Congress undertake 
to raise funds ? 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 189 

condition of things was productive of embarrassments whicli 
for a while threatened to deprive the people of the fruits 
of their seven years' contest for independence. As there 
was no other alternative, the individual States were called 
upon for funds, and they, in response, resorted to direct tax- 
ation. 

yill. The efforts thus made by the States were productive 
of great excitement, especially in Massachusetts, where the 
opposition grew to an open insurrection, known as Shays's 
Rebellion. Daniel Shays, its leader, made some bold moves 
against the courts of the State, as well as against the military 
power; but the outbreak was suppressed, in 1787, with but 
little bloodshed, by a strong force sent against the insurgents. 

IX. This daring attempt to destroy the government, though 
unsuccessful, filled its friends with gloomy apprehensions. 
Other causes increased the distrust, until at last it began to 
be generally felt that the Articles of Confederation were not 
at all adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and that 
measures should be taken either to revise them, or substi- 
tute others in their place. 

X. Accordingly, a convention of delegates from all the 
States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, and their 
first act, by a unanimous vote, was to make George Washing- 
ton their presiding officer. Instead of revising the Articles 
of Confederation, as w^as at first intended, they formed a con- 
stitution, after months of deliberation, and adopted it on the 
17th of September, 1787. This, with some amendments 
made in after years, still exists as the Constitution of the 
United States. 

XL The Constitution was then submitted to the people for 
ratification, and after a thorough discussion, lasting in some 



VIII. Questions. — 23. Give an account of Shays's rebellion. 

IX. 24. How did Shays's attempt aflfect the public mind ? 25. What, at last, be- 
gan to be generally felt ? 

X. 26. What, accordingly, took place ? 27. What was the first act of the conven- 
tion ? 28. What did the convention accomplish ? 



190 



AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



of the States for two or more years, it was accepted by every 
one of the thirteen States. When it had been adopted by 
eleven (the requisite number was nine), it became valid, and 
went into operation on the 4th of March, 1*789. 

XI. Questions. — 29. To whom was the Constitution then submitted? 30. For 
what purpose? 31. Was the Constitution thoroughly discussed or not? 32. How 
long did the discussion last in some of the States? 33. How many States finally ac- 
cepted it? 34. "When did it go into operation? 35. How many States had adopted 
it up to that time ? 36. Which of the States had not adopted it when it went into 
effect ? Am. — North Carolina and Rhode Island. 



NAMES OF OFFICERS, MENTIONED IN THIS WORK, WHO PARTICI- 
PATED, ON THE SIDE OF THE AMERICANS, IN THE REVOLUTION^ 
ART WAR. 



NAME. 


DIED. 


NAME. 


DIED. 


Gen. William Alexander (Lord 
Stirlin") 


1783 
1789 
1801 
1781 
1831 
1795 
1786 
1781 
1812 
1812 

1780 
1794 
1812 
1806 
1788 
1781 
1786 
1776 
1S04 
1781 
1777 
1785 
1855 
1792 
1776 
1806 
1817 
1834 
1781 
1782 
1818 




1776 

1810 
1786 
1795 
1777 
1799 
1775 
1802 
1805 
1775 
1817 
1795 
1779 
1790 
1785 
1807 
1818 
1804 

1839 
1822 
1785 
1832 
1776 
1785 
1800 
1775 
1799 
1796 
1S30 
1780 
1777 


Gen. Solomon Lovell 


Col. Ethan Allen 


Gen. Benjamin Lincoln 

Gen. Alex. McDougall 


Gen Benedict Arnold . 






Col. William Barton 

Col. Zebulon Butler 


Gen. Hugh Mercer 


Gen. Thomas Mifflin 


Gen. John Cadwalladcr 

Col William Campbell 


Gen. Richard Montgomery 

Gen. Daniel Morgan .... 




Col. William Moultrie 


Gen James Clinton 


Capt. Jonas Parker 


Gen Thomas Conway 


Col. Andrew Pickens 




Col. William Prescott 


Count D'Es^aing 


Gen. Casimir Pulaski 


Gen. Peter Ganscvuort 

Gen Horatio Gates 




Gen. Joseph Reed 


Count de Grasse 


Count de Rochambeau 


• Col. Christopher Greene 

Gen Nathaniel Greene 


Gen. Arthur St. Clair 


Gen. Philip Schuyler 


Capt. Nathan Hale 


Gen. G G. Silliman 


Col. Alexander Hamilton 

Col Isaac Havno 


Col. Samuel Smith 


Gen. John Stark ... 


Gen. William Herkimer 

Gen. Robert Howe 




Gen. Thomas Sumter 






Capt. John Paul Jones 


Col. Seth Warner 


Col Thomas Knowlton. 


Gen. Artemas Ward 




Gen. Joseph Warren 

Gen. George Washington 


CoL Thaddeus Kosciusko 


Col. William Ledvard 




Gen Charles Lee 


Col James Williams 




Gen. David Wooster 







Progressive Maps, ISTo. 2. 




AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



191 



PRINCIPAIj BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. + Doubtful. 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


MEN ENGAGED, j 


American. 


British. 


Am'ricn 


British. 


1775. 

April 19, 
June 1 7, 
Dec. 31, 

1776. 
June 28, 
An- 27, 
Oct. 28, 
Nov. 16, 
Dec. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 3, 
July 7, 

Aug. 6, j 

Aug.16, -j 

Sept. 11, 
Sep. 19. 
Sept. 20, 
Oct. 4, 

Oct. 6, 1 

Oct. T, 

Oct. 22, -j 

Nov. 16, 

1778. 
June 23, 
July 3, 
Aug. 29, 
Dec. 29, 

1779. 
Jan. 9, 
Feb. 14, 
Marcli 3, 
June 20, 
July 15, 
Aug. 13, 
July 19, 
Aug. 29, 
Sept. 23, 
Oct. 9, 

17S0. 
April 14, 
May 12, 
May 29, 
June 23, 
July 30, 
Aug. 6, 
Aug. 16, 
Aug. 18, 
Oct. 7, 
Nov. 12, 
Nov. 20, 

1781. 
Jan. 17, 
March 15, 
April 25, 
June IS, 
Sept. 6, 
Sept. 8, 
Oct. 19, 




Parker 

Prescott 

Montgomery . 


Smith* 

Gen, Howe*.. 

Carleton* 


unknwii 

1,500 

900 


1,700 
3,000 
1,200 


Bunker Hill 

Quebec 


Fort Moultrie 

Long Island 

White Plains 

Fort Washington . . 
Trenton ... . 


Moultrie* .... 

Putnam 

McDougall . . . 

Magaw 

Washington*. . 


Parker 

Gen. Howe* . . 

Leslie* 

Gen. Howe* . 
Rahl 


400 

10,000 

1,600 

3,000 

2,400 


4.000 
20,000 
2,000 
5,000 
1,000 






Princeton 

Hubbard ton. 

Oriskanyt 


Washington*. . 

Warner 

Herkimer 

Willett* 

Stark* 

Warner* 

Washington. . . 

Gates* 

Wayne 

Washinffton . . 
Jas. Clinton / 
Gov. Clinton j 

Gates* 

Col. Greene*.. 
Col. Smith*. . . 
Major Thayer. 


Mawhood 

Eraser* 

St. Legcr... ) 
J.Johnson., f 
Baum . . . / 
Breyman j • • • 
Gen. Howe* . . 

Burgoyne 

Grey* 

Gen. Howe*.. 

Sir H, Clinton* 

Burgoyne 

Donop ... 

Gen. Howe . . . 
Gen. Howe*.. 


3,000 
700 

1,000 

2,000 

11,000 
2,500 
1.500 

11,000 

600 

8,000 
450 
400 
400 


1,800 
1,200 

1,500 

1,200 

18,000 
3,000 
3,000 

15,000 

3,000 

4,500 
2,000 

Mixed. 

Mixed. 


F. Schuyler, sortie . 
Bennington (1st). .. 

(Second battle) 

Brandvwinc 

Bemis" Heights 

Paoli 


German toM'n 

Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery. . 
Saratoga, ". .. 


Fort Mercer 

Fort Mifflin 

Fort Mifflin 


Monmouth 

Wyoming 


Washington* . 
Col. Z. Butler. 

Sullivan* 

Robert Howe . 


Clinton 

John Butler* 

Pigot 

Campbell* .... 


12,000 

400 

5,000 

900 


11,000 
1,100 
5,000 
2,000 


Rbode Island 

Savannah 






Lane 

Pickens* 

Ashe 

Lincoln 

Wayne* 

Lovell 

Major Lee*... 

Sullivan* 

Paul Jones* . . 
Lincoln 


Prevost* .... 

Boyd 

Prevost* . ... 
Maitland* .... 

Johnson 

McLean* 

Sutherland . . . 

Brant 

Pearson 

Prevost* 


200 

300 
1,200 

800 
1,200 

900 

. 350 

4,000 

squad' n 

4,500 


2,000 
700 

1,800 

1,200 
600 

3,000 
250 

1,500 
2 vessels 

2,900 


Kettle Creek 

Brier Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Penobscot 


Paulus Hook 

Chemung . .... 


Flamboro' Head . . . 




Monk's Corner 

Charleston 

Waxhaw 

Springfield 

Rocky Mount 

Hanging Rock 

Sanders Creek 

Fishing Creek 

King's Mountain. . . 

Fishdam Ford 

Blackstocks 


Huger 

Lincoln 

Buford 

Greene* 

Sumter 

Sumter* 

Gates 

Sumter 

Campbell* 

Sumter* 

Sumter* 


Tarleton* .... 

Clinton* 

Tarleton* .... 
Knyphausen.. 
Turnbull* ... 

Brown 

Cornwallis* .. 
Tarleton* .... 

Ferguson 

Wemyss 

Tarleton 


300 

8,700 

400 

3,000 

600 

600 

3,000 

700 

900 

500 

500 


600 
9,000 

700 
5,000 

500 

500 
2,200 

350 
1,100 

450 

400 


Cowpens 


Morgan* 

Greene 

Greene 

Greene 

Ledyard. 

Greene 

Washington* . 


Tarleton 

Cornwallis* .. 

Rawdon* 

Cruger* 

Eyre* 

Stuart 

Cornwallis 


900 
4,400 
1,200 
1,000 

150 

2.000 

16,000 


1,100 
2,400 

900 

550 

800 
2,800 
7,500 
1 


Guilford C. H 

Hobkirk's Hill 

Ninety-Six 

Fort Griswold 

Eutaw Springst 

Yorktown 





192 



Washington's administration. 




Biii-Tnio-toiL 
MttclisoiL'' 



'^<^r 






-A CSzcasiok ^t^ Pontiac _ 






Bloomnigtan I rtaTayette^Chwiville /^ (S.Newar1< 



^ebJ^ie/d / %>T^APOLIS^ 



i • COLUMBUSi® 



mflaUa ( ^ ^ ^ Covia5t^\o,^P4^easaut/C 






/PotosI'^ 



S*,G 








'aducah. ^' Glasgow 



^.larksyiUe. ,. ^..^^..-...^s- -:^ 



'a L" Jf.# 





(Questions to be answered fro7n the above map.) 
Where did the battle of Tippecanoe occur? Harmar's defeat ? St. Clair's defeat? 
Wayne's victory ? How ia Fort Mackinaw situated ? In what direction is it from 
Detroit? From Fort Wayne? From Greenville? How is Sandusky situated' 
In what direction is it from Cairo ? From NashviUe ? 



I 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 193 



REYIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Grive an account of the two mutinies among the troops in I'ZSl . . 174 

2. Give an account of Arnold's expedition against Virginia 115 

3. What plan was arranged for his capture ? 1*75 

4. "Why did it not succeed ? 175 

5. Who succeeded Gates in tlie Southern command ? 175 

6. Relate the events which led to the battle of the Cowpens ..175, 176 

7. Give an account of the battle, with its results 176, 177 

8. Of Cornwalhs's pursuit of Morgan and Greene 177, 178 

9. Of the battle of Guilford Court House, with its result 178 

10. What course did Greene pursue after the battle? 178, 179 

11. What events led to the battle of Hobkirk's HiH? ' 179 

12. Give an account of the battle, with its result 179, 180 

13. What advantages rapidly attended the American arms ? 180 

14. What were Greene's operations against the post of Xmety-six ? 180 

15. Relate the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne .180, 181 

16. What battle took place on the 8th of September, 1781 ? 181 

17. Give an account of it, with its results 181, 182 

18. Where, in Virginia, did Cornwallis take post? 182 

19. What deception was practiced upon Clinton ? 182 

20. What method did he adopt to recall Washington? 182, 183 

21. What plan of action against New London did Arnold adopt ? . . 183 

22. How did Arnold carry out his part of the plan ? 183, 184 

23. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Griswold . , ,183, 184 

24. How and by whom were the British atTorktownmvested?.184, 185 

25. What naval action took place off the capes of Virginia ? . , . , 185 

26. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown, with its results, . . 185 

27. What was the consequence of Cornwallis's surrender? , , „ 186 

28. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed?. . 186 

29. What was secured to the United States by the treaty ? 186 

30. In what condition was the national treasury at that time ? 186 

31. What sources for supplymg the treasury were cut off?. . 186, 187 

32. What discontents followed, and how were they checked? 187 

33. When and where did Washington resign his commission? . . , 187 

34. What can you say of the ceremony on the occasion ? 187, 188 

35. What led to the insurrection known as Shays's Rebellion? 188, 189 

36. Give an account of that insurrection 189 

37. What opinion existed about the Articles of Confederation?. . . 189 

38. What convention was accordingly held, and with what result?. 18.9 

39. What further history of the Constitution can you give ?. . .189, 190 

9 



SECTIOJS" V, 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION^ IN 

1789, TO THE CLOSE OF jefferson's, IN 1809. 

WASHIISrGTON'S ADMIOTSTKATION. 




I. The first election 
for President of the 
United States resulted 
in the choice of George 
Washington, he receiv- 
ing the whole number of 
electoral votes. At the 
same time John Adams 
of Massachusetts was 
elected Yice-president. 
New York was then* 
the capital of the Uni- 
ted States, and in that 
city Washington ap- 
peared before the first 
constitutional Con- 
gress, and was inaugu- 
rated on the 30th of 
April, 1789. 

II. Congress having 
created three executive 
departments, — of state, treasury, and war, — the heads of which 



■Washington's Administration.— I. Questions.— 1. Who was the first President 
of the United States? 2. Who was the first Vice-president? 3. When was Wash- 
ington inaugurated? 4. Where did his inauguration take place? 5. What po« 
Utical relation did New York hold to the Union at that time ? 



Washington's administration. 



195 



were to constitute the Presid ent's cabinet, Washington ap- 
pointed Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Secretary of State, 
Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, 

and Henry Knox,* of Massa- 
chusetts, Secretary of War. The 
condition of the treasury was 
the first thing to be considered, 
and Hamilton, the secretary of 
that department, was directed 
to report a system of revenue. 
The task imposed upon him 
was difficult, but it was per- 
formed with ability ; and, upon 
his recommendation, the pub- 
lic debts incurred during the 
war were assumed by the general government. 

III. In 1790, a law was passed, establishing the seat of gov- 
ernment at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward locating 
it somewhere on the Potomac ; and, in the following year, the 
Bank of the United States was incorporated. For many 
years, both New York and New Hampshiref had laid 
claim tQ the territory of Vermont, called, originally, the New 
Hampshire Grants. New York having finally yielded her 




GENERAL KNOX. 



• Henrv Knox was born in Boston, in 1750 During: the Revolution h« ^«';"/"""f^J|?«jf'*If' ^"^3 
• *i, K„t»ioo nf Trontnn Prinopton Brandvwine, Germantown, Monmouth, and yorktown. He waa 
rmeml er of the coilmartiaUoTAe^ His death occurred at Thomaston. Maine, in 1806. 

" TNew HampsW e h^laid 1^ to the territory, and between the. years 1760 and 1768, h" governor 
made grantsTfCre than a hundred townships in it, whence it acquired the "A-^e of Ne^w Hampshire 
Grants. The claim of New York we 



based upon the grants made to the Duke of York by Charles II. 



II. Questions.— 6. What departments did Congress create? 1. Whom did Wash- 
ington appoint at the head of the respective departments? 8. What was the first 
thing for the consideration of Congress? 9. What was Hamilton directed to 
do? 10. How was the task performed ? 11. What was done upon his recommen- 
dation? 

III. 12. What was done by Congress in relation to the seat of government? Id. 
What in relation to a national bank? 14. When was Vermont admitted into the 
T]nion? 15. Why had not the admission taken place at an earlier day? 16. By 
what name was Vermont originally called? IT. When was Kentucky admitted? 
US. What \» said of the previous history of Kentucky ? 19. When was Tennessee 
adniitted? 20. What is said of the previous history of Tennessee ? 



196 



WASHINGTONS ADMINISTRATION. 



claim for $30,000, Ver- 
mont became the four- 
teenth State of the Uni- 
on, in 1791. Kentucky, 
which had been previ- 
ously claimed by Virgin- 
ia, was admitted in the 
following year ; and Ten- 
nessee, originally a part 
of North Carolina, was 
admitted in 1796. 

IV. For a number of 
years after the Revolu- 
tion, the British continu- 
ed to hold certain forts 
on the northwestern 
frontier, contrary to the 
requirements of the trea- 
ty of 1783, by which 
they were called upon 
to relinquish them to the Americans. This fact, as well as the 
imprudent language used by the officers of the forts, and by 
British traders in that region, led the Indians to believe that 
the people of America would be deprived of their national 
existence, and be again subjected to Great Britain. 

V. This belief made them overbearing and hostile ; and, in 
1790, they commenced war upon the settlements. Washing- 
ton at first used pacific means ; but, these failing, an expedition, 
under General Harmar, was sent against the hostile tribes, 
llarmar destroyed several of their villages, and large crops of 
corn ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the better, as 
he thought, for pursuit, reckoned upon a speedy conquest. In 
this he was doomed to sad disappointment. He encountered 




lY. Questions. — 21. "What treaty violations were the British guilty of? 22. 
What belief did the Indians contract regarding the American Government ? 23. How 
was this belief caused? 24. "When had a treaty been made by the English? 



Washington's administration. 



197 



the savages at two dif- 
ferent times, once, on 
the I7th of October, 
and again, on the 2 2d, 
in the northeastern part 
of Indiana, and was 
both times defeated, 
with severe loss. 

YI. A second expedi- 
tion was then sent, com- 
manded by General St. 
Clair ; but he was not 
more successful than 
Harmar. While en- 
camped in the western 
part of Ohio, in 1791, 
he was completely sur- 
prised, and defeated 
Avith the loss of about 
six hundred men. 

VII. A third expedi- 
tion was then planned, and the command given to Gen- 
eral Wayne, the " Mad Anthony" of the Revolution. 
Wayne marched against the Indians, defeated them at the 
battle of the Maumee, in 1794, and laid waste their coun- 




V. Questions.— 25. What did the belief of the Indians lead to ? 26. How did 
Washington at first act towards the Indians? 27. What expedition did he then 
send? 28. What did Harmar accomplish? 29. Give the further account of the ex- 
pedition. 30. What town is situated near where Harmar's two battles were fought? 
^ns.— Fort Wayne. 31. How is Fort Wayne situated ? ^ns.— At the confluence of 
the St. Joseph^s and St. Mary's Rivers. 32. What river do the St. Joseph's and St. 
Mary's form? (Sec map, p. 192.) 

VI. 33. Give an account of the second expedition sent against the Indians. 34. 
Where did St. Clair's defeat take place? 35. What town is situated near the place ? 
(See map, p. 192.) 

VII. 36. What was then planned against the Indians ? 37. Give an account of the 
expedition. 38. Into what body of water does the Maumee flow? (See map, p. 193.) 
39. What was the consequence of Wayne's victory and vigorous measures? 40. 
What elections took place at the expiration of the first presidential term? 



198 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



try. His success, and 
subsequent vigorous 
measures, so humbled 
the savages that, in 
1795, they consented 
to a treaty, by which a 
hirgc tract of country 
was ceded to the United 
States. This treaty was 
made at Fort Grreenville, 
in the western part of 
Oliio, Avhere the town 
of Greenville now 
stands. Washington, 
whose first term of 
office expired on the 
4th of March, 1793, 
was unanimously re- 
elected : Adams was 
also rechoscn to the 
vice-presidency. 

VIII. The great revolution in France, which broke out 
during Washington's administration, was powerfully felt, in its 
principles and effects, in this country. When France declared 
war against England (the revolution there still beiug in pro- 
gress), and looked to us for aid, a large part of the people 
here, remembering the assistance which she had given us in 
our struggle foi- independence, would gladly have seen the 
United States engaged in the trans-atlantic struggle, siding 
^^ith their former ally. 

IX. M. Genet (zhe-na'), minister to the United States from 
Uie French republic, presuming upon the favor with which his 
country was regarded here, began to fit out privateers in 
our ports, to cruise against; the vessels of nations at war 




VIII. Questions. -41. What is said of the eflFoct of the French Revolution in thi? 
country ? 42. IIow did a large part of the people here feel towards France ? 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 



199 



with France. Persisting in this course, in opposition to the 
remonstrance of the President, he was recalled by request 
of Washington. M. Fouchet [foo-sha')^ his successor, was 
instructed to assure the President that France disapproved the 
conduct of his predecessor. 

X. The first measure adopted by the United States govern- 
ment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 
1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. This law, from 
the first, was very unpopular in certain sections of the country, 
especially in the western part of Pennsylvania, where the op- 
position to it grew to an open rebellion in 1*794, known as the 
Whisky Insurrection. The approach of a large body of mili- 
tia, sent by Washington to enforce obedience, had the desired 
eff*ect, and the rebellion was suppressed without bloodshed. 

XL Although the treaty of 
1783 established peaceful rela- 
tions between the American and 
British governments, yet it was 
not long before each party accus- 
ed the other of having violated 
its stipulations ; and so bitter did 
the spirit of the complaints and 
recriminations become, that a war 
seemed inevitable. 

XII. To avoid this calamity, 
the President sent John Jay'* as a 
special envoy to England, where. 




John Jay. 



* John Jay was bom in the city of N'ew York, in 1745. In 1789, when Washington became President 
of the United States, so exalted was his opinion of Jay's honesty and fitness, that he tendered him a 
choice of the offices in his gift. Jay preferred the bench, and, consequently, was the first Chief-Justice ot 
the United States. His death occurred in 1829, at Bedford, Westchester Co., New York. 



IX. Questions. — 43. What did Genet, the French minister, undertake to do? 44. 
Why did he presume iipon such an undertaking? 45. "What was the consequence to 
Genet? 46. Who was his successor? 47. What instructions did Fouchet receive 
from his government? 

X. 48. What was the first government measure for raising a revenue by internal 
taxation ? 49. How was the law regarded by the people ? 50. Give an account 
of the Whisky Insurrection. 

XI. 51. What accusations were made by the governments of the United States 
and Great Britain, each against the other ? 



200 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 

in 1794, a treaty was concluded. This was published in the 
United States, and its provisions at once caused a prodigious 
storm of excitement and opposition, because they were regard- 
ed as being too favorable to the English. In the following 
year, however, the treaty was ratified, and the threatened con- 
flict happily avoided. At the close of the second term, 
Washington, having declined a re-election, retired to the qui- 
etude of his home at Mount Yernon. 



JOHN ADAMS'S ADMIKISTRATIOlSr. 

I. The second President of the United States was John 
Adams. His inauguration took place at Philadelphia, on the 
4th of March, 1797.* 

II. The neutral position taken by the United States in the 
war between France and England, gave offence to the former 
government ; and " Jay's Treaty," which had been ratified in 
1795, by the American Senate, considerably augmented the 
unfriendly feeling. This was boldly made manifest by the act 
of the French government, in authorizing depredations to be 
committed upon the commerce of the United States, and in 
ordering our minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave France. 

III. One of the first acts of President Adams was to con- 
vene Congress in extra session, to consider these outraores. 



» The cabinet selected by Adams consisted of Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State ; Oliver Wolcott, 
Secretary of the Treasury ; James McHenry, Secretary of War ; and Charles Lee, Attorney GeneraL 
The navy department w^as not created until 1798, when Benjamin Stoddard was appointed its head. 



XII. Questions. — 52. "What did "Washington do to avoid a war ? 53. What was 
the result of Jay's mission? 54. By what name is the treaty known ? Ans. — "Jay's 
Treaty." 55. How was the treaty received in the United States? 56. Why was it 
so received ? 57. "What course did Washington pursue at the end of his second 
presidential term? 58. How is Mount Yernon situated? (See map, p. 24.) 

John Adams's Adshnistkation. — I. 1. Who was the second President of the Uni- 
ted States ? 2. When and where was he inaugurated? 

II. 3. What offended the French government? 4. How was the oflFense aug- 
mented? 5. How was the feeling of the French government manifested ? 

III. 6. What Avas one of the first acts of President Adams? 7. How did the Amer- 
ican government undertake to adjust the ditficulties? 8. With what result? 



ADAMs's ADMINISTRATION. 



201 



Three envoys were sent to France, with authority to adjust all 
difficulties, but the French government refused to receive 
them, and even order- 
ed two of them, whom 
they looked apon as less 
friendly than the third, 
to quit the country. 

lY. The insult to 
the envoys excited 
great indignation in 
the United States ; and 
Congress at once a- 
dopted measures for 
putting the country in 
a state of defense, 
authorized a standing 
army and naval arma- 
ment, and appointed 
Washington command- 
er-in-chief of the entire 
land forces. 

V. Hostilities at sea 
soon commenced. In 
one case, an American schooner was taken, and, in another, a 
French frigate was captured by the United States frigate Con- 
stellation. The decided stand taken by the Americans had. its 
effect upon the French government ; and overtures of peace 
were made, which resulted in a treaty, concluded in 1800, 
with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of 
France. 

VI. But Washinsfton did not live to see the troubles termi- 




IV. Questions.— 9. What was the consequence of the insult to the envoys ? 

V. 10. What hostile acts actually took place? 11. What was the effect? 

VI. 12. What mournful event took place before the troubles with France were 
terminated ? 13. When and where did Washington die ? 14. How was his death 
regarded ? 



9* 



^02 



ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 



nated: lie died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 
1799. His death was regarded as a national bereavement. 
Congress paid honors to his memory, and the whole people 
mourned the loss which each person felt that he had individu- 
ally sustained. 

VIT. In conformity with the provisions of the law passed 
in 1790, in relation to the future seat of government, the 
capital of the United States was removed from Philadelphia 
to Washington, during the summer of 1800. 




THE CAPITOL AT WASmNGTOM. 



VIII. Adams was President for only one term, or four years. 
TowEvrds the close of it a fierce strife took place between the 
two great political parties of the day, the Federalists and the 
Republicans, in relation to the presidential succession. Thomas 
Jefferson was the successful candidate, defeating Adams, his 
opponent ; and, at the same time, Aaron Burr, of New York, 
was elected Vice-President. 



VII. Questions.— 15. When was the capital of the United States removed 
to Washington? 16. How is Washington situated? (See map, p. 24.) 

VIII. 17. For how long was Adams president? 18. What took place towards the 
close of it? 19. Who were the successful candidates ? 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



203 



JEFFEESOl^'S ADMIKISTKATIOK 

I. The tliird Pres- 
ident of the United 
States was Thomas 
Jefferson. His inau- 
guration took place in 
the new capitol, at 
Washington, on the 
4th of March, 1801.* 
During his adminis- 
tration, the Ohio Ter- 
ritory,! which had 
previously formed the 
eastern part of the 
Northwest Territory, 
adopted a State gov- 
ernment, and, in 1802, 
was admitted into the 
Union as the State of 
Ohio. 

II. In 1803, a most 
important addition 
was made to the ter- 
ritory of the United States, by the purchase of an immense 
tract of land, for which fifteen millions of dollars were paid to 
France. The territory thus acquired included not only the 




* JeflCerson's cabinet consisted of James Madison, Secretary of State; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of 
War; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury; Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy ; and Levi Lin- 
coln, Attorney-General. 

t After the Revolutionary War, a dispute arose between several of the States respecting the ownership 
of the Ohio Territory, which was put an end to by the whole being ceded to the United States. 



Jefferson's Abministeation.— I. Questions.— 1. Who was the third Presi dent 
of the United States? 2. When and where did his inausruration take place? 3. 
When was Ohio admitted into the Union? 4. What is said of Ohio's previous his 
tory? 



204 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



present State of Louisi- 
ana, but a vast region 
extending to the Rocky 
Mountains. One of the 
first advantages secured 
by this purchase was 
the free navigation of 
the Mississippi River 
to the Gulf of Mexico. 
III. In the same 
year, 1803, Commodore 
Preble (^p7'eb'-el) was 
sent to humble the pi 
rates of the Barbary 
States, who, notwith- 
standing the tribute 
which the United States 
had paid, in imitation 
of European nations, to 
secure their commerce 
in the Mediterranean 
from molestation, were becoming more insolent and exacting. 

IV. Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after exact- 
ing terms of the emperor, proceeded eastward. Before he 
had time to reach Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia, one of the 
vessels of his fleet, which had preceded him, while reconnoit- 
ering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and was cap- 
tured by the Tripolitans, who consigned her crew to slavery. 

V. As the captured frigate added to the defenses of the 
place, and would undoubtedly be sent out to cruise, it was 
deemed important to recapture or destroy her. The latter 




IL Questions.— 5. How was the State of Louisiana acquired by the United States ? 
6. What advantage accrued from the purchase ? 

III. 7. What expedition was sent across the Atlantic in that year? 8. What had 
the Barbary pirates done? 

IV. 9. What was the first thing accomplished by Preble? 10. Give an account 
of the loss of the Philadelphia. 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



205 




COMMODORE DEOATTJR. 



being considered the more prac- 
ticable, Lieutenant Decatur,* with 
a few brave companions, entered 
the harbor on the night of the 
15th of February, 1804, boarded 
the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
into the sea every one of the Tri- 
politan crew, and, after setting the 
vessel on fire, escaped without 
losing a man. 

VL About a year later, Mr. 
Eaton, an agent of the United 

States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though 
rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli, against the reigning 
sovereign. He left Egypt, accompanied by Hamet, with a 
force of about five hundred men, four-fifths of whom were 
Arabs : the other fifth was composed of adventurers, prin- 
cipally Greeks, and only nine Americans. 

VII. He accomplished a remarkable march of several hun- 
dred miles across a desert country, and captured Derne, a Tri- 
politan city, after a fierce struggle. He held the place for 
several weeks, despite the exertions of an opposing army, and 
finally routed the enemy in a general engagement, in which 
more than three thousand men took part. In the midst of 
his successes, a treaty of peace was concluded between the 
reigning bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Consul-Geueral 
at Algiers. 



• Stephen Decatur, Jr., was born in Maryland, in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and Leop- 
ard, in 1807, in the opinion of Decatur was disgraceful to the Americans, and he did not hesitate to animad- 
vert freely upon the conduct of Commodore Barren, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. 
The consequence was a duel with Barron, at Bladensburg, Md.,as late as 1820, in which Decatur was killed, 
and Barron was" so severely wounded that he was not expected to live, and he only recovered after months 
of great suffering. 



V. Questions. — 11. "What was deemed important with regard to the captured 
frigate? 12. Why? 18. What, consequently, was determined upon? 14. Give an 
account of the exploit. 

VI. 15. What expedition was concerted against the reigning sovereign of Tripoli? 
16. From what place did the expedition start? IT. Of whom was it composed? 

VII. 18. What is said of the march? 19. What city did Eaton capture? 20- 
Give an account of his subsequent successes. 



206 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 




ALEXANDER HAMILTON, 



VIII. In July, 1804, the un- 
fortunate duel between Alexander 
Hamilton* and Aaron Burrf oc- 
curred: the latter, at the time, 
was Vice-President of the United 
States. This sad affair, which re- 
sulted in the death of Hamilton, 
grew out of a political quarrel 
between the two men. By it 
Burr's political influence was com- 
pletely destroyed ; and when Jef- 
ferson was re-elected President for 
a second term, George Clinton, 
of New York, was chosen Burr's 
successor as Vice-President. 

IX. After his retirement from the vice-presidency, Burr 
made a journey to the Southwest, and there his conduct sub- 
jected him to strange suspicion. He made considerable pro- 
gress in the organization of an expedition which, it was alleged, 
was designed for the invasion of Mexico. His ultimate pur- 
pose, it was further alleged, was to establish an empire which 
should embrace one or more of the Southwestern States of 
the Union. 

X. By order of the President of the United States he was 
arrested, taken to Richmond, Virginia, and there tried on a 

* Hamilton was born in the Island of Nevis, West Indies, in 1757. At the age of thirteen he was sent 
to New York to be educated. He was one of the first to take up arms at the beginning of the Revolution, 
and as captain of an artillery company, performed a creditable part in the battle of Long Island. By his 
activity and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and. after the battles of Trenton and 
Princeton in which he took part, he accepted an invitation from the commander-in-chief to take a place 
in his Stan as aide-de-camp. He afterwards participated in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and 
Monmouth. 

+ Burr was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. In 1775 he was engaged in the expedition against 
Canada, and accompanied Arnold upon his toilsonj^'lnarch-lhrough the wilderness. He was in the battles 
of Quebec and Monmouth. His death occurred at Staten Island, N. Y„ in 1836. 



VIII. Questions. — 21. What sad affair, in which two public men were the princi- 
pal actors, took place dui-ing Jefferson's administration ? 22. When did it take 
place ? 23. At what place ? A71S. — At Hoboken, New Jersey, opposite the city of New 
York. 24. What position was Burr holding at the time ? 25. What was the cause of 
the duel? 26. What was the result of it? 27. What was the consequence to Burr? 

IX. 28. In what project was Burr subsequently engaged? 

X. 29. What order did President Jefferson issue with regard to Burr > 30. What 
is said of the trial and its result? 



JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



207 




Aaron Burr. 



charge of treason. The trial was 
a protracted one; but, under a 
ruling of the court, which did not 
involve the merits of the charge, 
he was acquitted. 

XI. The wars in Europe, grow- 
ing out of the French revolution, 
continued during Jefferson's ad- 
ministration. That between Eng- 
land and France, though it at first 
proved profitable to the Ameri- 
can shipping interests engaged in 
the carrying trade between the 
ports of the two hostile nations, re- 
sulted in the adoption of measures injurious to our commerce. 

XII. To annoy and cripple her adversary, England declared 
the whole northern coast of France in a state of blockade. 
Napoleon retaliated by the " Berlin Decree," in which he pro- 
nounced the British islands in a state of blockade. But the 
crowning grievance was the " right of search," asserted by 
Great Britain, under which claim American vessels were 
boarded, and all sailors of English birth found on board, were 
impressed as subjects of the king. 

XIII. An event occurred in June, 1807, which brought 
things towards an issue. The American frigate Chesapeake, 
when off the capes of Virginia, was attacked by the British 
frigate Leopard. The Chesapeake, being unprepared for ac- 
tion, struck her colors, after having three men killed and 
eighteen wounded. Four of her crew, who were claimed by 
the commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were then 

XL Questions.— 31. How did the war between England and France aflfect Amer- 
ican interests? 

XII, 32. What did England do to annoy and cripple her adversary? 33. How 
did Napoleon retaliate ? 34. What was the crowning grievance of which Americans 
complained? 

XIII. 35. What event brought the relations of growing hostility between Eng- 
land and America towards an issue? 36. When did it occur? 37. What did tho 
outrage provoke President Jefferson to do? 



208 Jefferson's apministration. 

transferred to the Leopard. This outrage provoked the Pres- 
ident to issue a proclamation interdicting the entrance of 
British armed vessels into the ports or waters of the United 
States. 

XIY. Although the act of the Leopard was disavowed by 
the English government, no reparation was made ; and towards 
the close of the year the British " Orders in Council," forbid- 
ding all trade with France and her allies, were issued. Bona- 
parte again retaliated by issuing the " Milan Decree," inter- 
dicting all trade with England and her colonies. 

XV. In consequence of this policy of the two European 
nations, so destructive to our commerce, Congress laid an 
embargo upon all American vessels, forbidding tbem to leave 
the ports of the United States. As the act of Congress not 
only failed to obtain an acknowledgment of American rights, 
but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the shipping in- 
terests, was very unpopular among the commercial classes, it 
was repealed, and the non-intercourse law, prohibiting all com- 
merce with France and Great Britain, was substituted. 

XVL At this point in the history of the country, Jefferson, 
following the example of Washington, declined a second re- 
election to the presidency, and terminated his political career. 
He was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. 

XIV. Questions. — 3S. How was the outrage committed by the Leopard treated 
by the British government ? 39. "What is said of reparation? 40. "When were the 
British "Orders in Council" issued ? 41. "What were the " Orders in Council?" 42. 
How did Bonaparte again retaliate? 

XT. 43. What action did Congress take in consequence of the trade-interdicting 
policy of France and England ? 44. Why was the embargo act afterward repealed? 
45. What law was substituted for it? 

XVI. 4(5. Why was not Jefferson continued in the presidency iur more than eight 
years? 47. By whom was he succeeded? 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

I'AGK 

1. "What event took place on the 30th of April, 1789 194 

3. How was "Washington's cabinet constituted ? 195 

3. How were the State debts of the war disposed of ? 195 

4. "What controversy )iad existed between N. Y. and N. H. ? . . . 195 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 



PAGE 



5. How was the controversy finally settled ? 195 j gg 

6. When were Kentucky and Tennessee admitted to the Union?.' 196 
1. In what respect did the British violate the treaty of 1783 ?. . . 196 

8. To what war did this treaty violation conduce ? ige 

9. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Harmar. .196, 191 

10. Give an account of the expedition conducted by St. Clair ' 197 

11. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Wayne. . .197, 198 

12. How did the French Revolution influence the people of the U. S. ?' 198 

13. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection 199 

14. Why was John Jay sent as a special envoy to England? 199 

15. What was the result of Jay's mission? 199 200 

16. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1797 ? .' 200 

11. How did the difficulty with France originate ? 198, 199, 200 

18. What were the events of the difficulty? 200,' 201 

19. What sad event took place towards the close of 1799 ? 201, 202 

20. When did Philadelphia cease to be the capital of the U. S. ?. . .' 202 

21. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1801 ? 203 

22. Which State was added to the Union in 1802 ? 203 

23. How was Louisiana acquired by the United States? 203, 204 

24. On what expedition was Com. Preble sent in 1803 ? 204 

25. What can you state of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia?. . . 204 

26. Give an account of her recapture and destruction 204, 205 

27 Give an account of Hamet's expedition and successes 205 

28. When did the duel between Hamilton and Burr take place ?.. . 206 

29. What was the result of it ? 206 

30. How did the result affect Burr's political influence ? , 206 

31. In what expedition was Burr afterward engaged ?. . . 206 

32. How was the expedition brought to an end? 206, 207 

33. How did the European wars affect American commerce? .... 207 

34. What decrees were issued by England and France ? 207 

35. Of what grievance did the United States especially complain ? 207 

36. Relate the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 207, 208 

37. Did the Enghsh government approve the Leopard's attack?. , . 208 

38. Was any reparation made for the injury done by the Leopard ? 208 

39. What "orders" and "decrees" were afterwards issued? 208 

40. What can you say of the embargo laid upon U. S. vessels ?. . . 208 

41. Why was the act repealed, and wHat substitute was passed ?. 208 

42. What did Jefferson decide upon towards the close of his sec- 

ond presidential term ? . 208 

43. Whose example did he follow in this respect ? 208 

44. Did he afterward participate in political matters? 208 

14 



SECTION ^I. 

Madison's administration; from march 4th, 1809, to 

MARCH 4tII, 1817. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 

I. The fourth Pres- 



4> 




ident of the United 
States was James 
Madison. His inau- 
guration took place 
at Washington, on 
the 4th of March, 

1809, at a crisis in 
the affairs of the na- 
tion which required 
of his administration 
the utmost caution, 
prudence, and reso- 
lution.^ The United 
States were on the 
verge of war with 
Great Britain. Na- 
poleon revoked his 
hostile "Decrees" in 

1810, but the British 
"Orders in Council" 
continued in active 
force. 



* Madison's oaliinet consisted of Robert Smith, Secretary of State; William Eustis, Secretary of War ; 
Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy ; Albert Gallatin, "Secretary of the Treasury ; and Ca-sar A. Rod- 
uey, Attorney-General. 



Madison's AnMiNiSTnAxiox. — I. Questioxs.— 1. Who was the fourth President 
of the United States? 2. When did his inauguration take place? 3. What was 
peculiarly required of Madison's administration? 4. Why? 5. What concession 
did Napoleon make? 6. What is said of the British " Orders in Council?" 



211 

II. Ill May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to widen 
the breach which ah-eady existed between Great Britain and 
the United States, though, in this case, the British were the 
greater sufferers. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt, Cap- 
tain Bingham, when off the coast of Virginia, fired into the 
American frigate President, Commodore Rodgers, but found 
her fire returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few 
minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded 

III. About the year 1804, the Indians on the western fron- 
tiers, incited by British emissaries and influenced by the ap- 
peals of Tecumseh,"^ One of their boldest and most active 
warriors, began to form a confederacy against the people of 
the United States. A brother of Tecumseh, known as the 
" Prophet," who by his predictions and promises had ac- 
quired great influence over the tribes along the Wabash, w^as 
a leadin<T asrent in the business of brinirino; about an alliavice. 

IV. General Harrison, then governor of the Indian terri- 
tory, marched towards the western frontier and approached 
Tippecanoe, the town of the Prophet, situated at the junction 
of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, in the present State 
of Indiana. The Prophet, in the absence of Tecumseh, at 
once proposed a conference, to take place the next day, and 
requested the Americans to encamp for the night at a place 
which he designated. Plarrison, suspecting treachery, or- 
dered his troops to sleep on their arms. This proved a fortu- 
nate precaution, for, early on the following morning, Nof-em- 
ber Yth, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the 
American camp ; but, after a desperate and bloody contest of 



* Tecumseh, or, as the name 13 sometimes written, Teeumtha, was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. He 
was born on the banks of the Scioto River, in Ohio, about 1770. " The Prophet's" name was Elkswaiawa. 



II. QuKSTiONS. — 7. Give an .iccoiint of the naval affair -\vhich took place in May, 
ISll. S. What did the affair tend to ? 

III. 0. "What took place among the Indians about the year lSO-1? 10. "Who ^va3 
Tecumseh's principal co-operator in bringing about the alliance ? 

IV. 11. Where was the battle of Tippecanoe fought? 12. What town is situated 
not far from the battle-ground? (See map, p. 192.) 13. When was the battle 
fought? 14. Give an account of it. 



212 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



two hours, they were repulsed. This battle ruined the plans 
which Tecuraseh had formed, and his next attempt against 
the Americans was in the alliance which he formed with the 
English, in 1812. 

EVENTS OF 1812. 



LOUISIANA, 

"In 16S?, La Salle* descended 
the Mississippi fo the sea, and, for- 
mally taking possession for France 
of the whole new country watered : 
by the Mississippi from "its mouth j 
I to its source, he named it Louisiana, ', 

honor of Louis XIV., King of 
France." The Seal of the State is 
given above. The motto of Louis- 
iana is, Canton and Confidence. 



made for raising a large army, 
chusetts, an officer who had scrv 



Y. The United States 
government had endeav- 
ored to induce the British 
government to abrogate its 
" Orders in Council," and 
negotiate terms for sus- 
pending the impressment of 
American seamen, but in 
vain. That government 

;^ absolutely refused, and 
nothing remained but war. 
YI. Accordingly, in 
June, 1812, the President 
of the United States, in 
conformity with an act of 
Congress, issued a procla- 
mation declaring war 
against Great Britain ; and 
preparations Avere at once 
General Dearborn, of Massa- 

ed with credit in the Revolu- 



• La Salle, a celebrated French navi<rator, was born in Rouen, about 1G35. His death occurred in 1687. 
He made four visits to America. In his first, while endeavorins; to find a passage by water to China, he 
explored Lake Ontario. In his third, he descended the Mississippi. The fourth was made for the pur- 
pose of settling Louisiana. A fleet, containing more than two hundred colonists, sailed from France, but 
instead of landing near the mouth of the Mississippi, by mistake they proceeded to Texas. After La 
Salle had passed two years in Te.tas, some portion of the "time in the vain attempt to reach the Mississip- 
pi, his nepliuw was murdered by one of his few remaining followers, and he was shot by another. 



Y. QUESTION'S.— 15. How had the TJnited States endeavored to avert the war? 

YI. 16. "When was war declared ? IT. "Who was placed at the head of the army ? 
18. Before the commencement of hostilities, what revocation on the part of England 
cook place 7 19. But what was still insisted upon ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 213 

tion, being appointed commander-in-chief. Before hostilities 
actually commenced, the British government had revoked its 
" Orders in Council," but the " right of impressment" was still 
insisted upon. 

YII. At the time of the declaration of war, General Hull, 
the governor of Michigan {inish'-e-gun) Territory, was march- 
ing with two thousand men from Ohio to Detroit, his pur- 
pose being to accomplish the reduction of the hostile Indians 
of the Northwest. In anticipation of the war with England, 
he had been invested with discretionary power to invade 
Canada. 

VIII. Learning, while on the march, that war had been 
declared, he crossed the Detroit River, with the avowed in- 
tention of going against Fort Maiden [maul'-den) ; but, instead 
of at once marching upon the place, he encamped at Sand- 
wich, eighteen miles distant, and thus gave the enemy an 
opportunity to prepare for defense. 

IX. In the mean time Fort Mackinaw, an American post 
situated on an island at the outlet of Lake Michigan, was sur- 
prised by a force of British and Indians, and captured before 
the garrison had even heard of the declaration of war. This 
loss was a severe one, as the fort was the key to that section 
of the country, and the grand depot of the fur companies 
there. 

X. Hull, while at Sandwich, sent a detachment to convoy a 
party who were approaching his camp with supplies. Van 
Horn, the commander, neglecting to exercise sufficient caution, 
was led into an ambush near Brownstown, August 5, by six 

VII. Questions.— 20. On what expedition was General Hull engaged? 21. 
With what discretionary poM^er was he invested ? 

VIII. 22. What information did Hull receive while on this march ? 23. What 
river did he cross ? 24. What was his avowed intention ? 25. Where is Fort Mai- 
den? (See map, p. 214) 26. Is Sandwich north or south of Fort Maiden? (See 
same map.) 27. What advantage did HulPs halt at Sandwich give to the British? 

IX. 2S. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackinaw. 29. Where is Fort Mack- 
inaw situated ? 30. In what direction from Detroit is Fort Mackinaw ? (See map, 
p. 192.) 

X. 31. Give an account of the defeat of Van Horn. 



k 



214 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



DETROIT 

AND 




hundred British and 
Indians, and utterly 
defeated. 

XL After waiting 
nearly a month at 
Sandwich, Hull re- 
crossed the river and 
took post at Detroit, 
to the great vexation 
and disappointment of 
his troops. Three days 
after the defeat of Van 
Horn, a second detach- 
ment, under Colonel 
Miller, was sent to 
convoy the supply 
party. As Miller approached Brownstown, on the evening of 
the 9th, he came upon the British and Indians, who were 
protected by a breastwork of logs and branches of trees, and, 
after a sharp contest, completely routed them. 

XII. The withdrawal of Hull across the Detroit embold- 
ened General Brock, the British commander, who began to 
erect a battery opposite the American post. Not being mo- 
lested, he became still bolder, and, on the 16th of August, 
crossed the river with seven hundred regulars and six hundred 
Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of Detroit. 

XHI. The Americans were strongly posted, and confident 
of victory in the conflict which seemed to be before them ; and 
yet, to the great indignation of his troops, Hull ordered them 
to withdraw to the fort, and a white flag, in token of sub- 
mission, to be lifted- above the works. By this act of sur- 



XI. QuESTioxs.— 32. What retrograde movement did Hull make ? 33. Give an 
account of the victory gained by Miller. 

XII. 34. Give an account of Brock's operations against Detroit. 

XIII. 35. What is said of the ability and disposition of the Americans to defend 
themselves at Detroit? 36. What made them indignant ? 87. What did the Brit- 
ish acquire by the surrender ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



215 



render, not only Detroit, but the whole Territory of Michigan, 
passed into the hands of the enemy. 

XIV. Hull's conduct, two years after, underwent ex- 
amination by a court-martial, and though he was acquitted of 
treason, the court pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and 
he was sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age 
and revolutionary services, the sentence was remitted by 
President Madison. Hull's* conduct was severely criticised 
at the time, as well as in after years ; but a series of letters 
which he published in 1824, and a volume which appeared at 
a still later period, together form a complete vindication of 
his surrender, as regards either the charge of treason or cow- 
ardice. 



XV. During the year 
1812 a second invasion 
of Canada was made in 
another quarter. On 
the morning of the 13th 
of October, Colonel Sol- 
omon Van Rensselaer 
[van-ren'-se-ler), with a 
detachment of only two 
hundred and twenty- 
five men, crossed the 
Niagara River to storm 
the heights of Queens- 
town. The command- 
er having been severely 
wounded at the landing, 




* William Hull was born in Connecticut, in 1753. He was in the battles of White Tlains, Trenton. 
Princeton, Hemis Hei);lits, Saratojica, Monmouth, and Stony Point ; and in all of them fought with courage. 
His death occurred in Massachusetts, in Itiio. 



XIV. Questions.— 38. To what was Iluirs conduct afterward subjected? 39. 
What sentence was pronounced upon him? 40. "Why was not the sentence exe- 
cuted ? 41. IIow was IIulPs conduct subsequently regarded ? 

XV. 42. At what place did the second invasion of Canada occur? 43. Describe 
the events that took place on the morning of the 13th of October. 44 What town, 
In New York, is opposite Queenstown ? (See map, p. 215.) 



216 Madison's administration. 

his troops, led by Captains Ogilvie and Wool, gal- 
lantly moved forward, carried a British battery, and 
gained the heights. 

XVI. The enemy, re-enforced by several hundred men under 
Brock, attempted to regain the battery, but were repulsed, 
and Brock was killed. While this struggle was going on at 
the west side of the Niagara, a large body of militia was col- 
lected at Lewiston, on the east side. General Stephen Van 
Rensselaer, a cousin of Solomon, and the superior in com- 
mand of the troops in that quarter,, endeavored to send re- 
enforcements across the river, but only about a thousand men 
could be induced to go : the rest professed to consider it wrong 
to invade the enemy's country. 

XYII. On the afternoon of the same day, 13th, the Amer- 
icans on the heights were attacked by fresh troops, under 
General Sheaffe (shefe), from Fort George, and nearly all were 
killed or taken prisoners. General Van Rensselaer, disgusted 
with the conduct of the militia, soon retired from the service, 
when the command on the Niagara frontier devolved on Gen- 
eral Smyth. Smyth accomplished nothing : after projecting 
two invasions of Canada, neither of which was carried out, he 
also resigned. 

XVIII. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, du- 
ring 1812, were as decided as their reverses on the land. The 
first of importance was the capture of the sloop Alert by the 
frigate Essex, Captain Porter. The second, of greater im- 
portance, was achieved by Captain Isaac Hull,* nephew of 
General Hull, on the 19th of August, off the coast of Massa- 



* Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Oommodore. was horn in Derby, Conn., in 1775. Durinp: the war with 
the Barbary States, from 1803 to ISO.S, he served with distinction in the squadrons of Commodores Prebla 
and Barron", and co-operated with Eaton in the capture of DerQe. He died in Philadelphia, in 1S43. 



XYI. QUESTION'S. — i5. Give an account of the repulse and loss sustained by the 
British. 46. Where was the main body of the American militia at the time sta- 
tioned? 47. Why did they not cross over to ^ueenstown ? 

XVII. 4S. Give a further account of the battle of Queenstown. 49. Who suc- 
ceeded General Van Rensselaer in the command of the forces on the Niagara fron- 
tier ? 50. Why had Van Rensselaer resigned ? 51. What can you state of Smyth 
and his operations ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



217 



chusetts. Hull commanded the American frigate Constitu- 
tion, and Dacres the British frigate Guerriere {gare-e-a.re'\. 
The action between the two frigates lasted about forty min- 
utes, and resulted in the capture of the Guerriere. The cap- 
tured vessel had been so much injured it was found impossible 
to bring her into port, and she was consequently burned by 
the victors. 

XIX. In October, the American sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain 
Jones, while cruising off the coast of North Carolina, fell in with 
the British brig Frolic, Captain Whinyates, and after a conflict 
of three-quarters of an hour, boarded her. A melancholy 
scene of destruction was presented. The decks were covered 
with the dead and the wounded. Not twenty of the Frolic's 
crew escaped unhurt. Scarcely had the enemy's vessel been 
taken possession of, when an English ship of seventy-four 
guns hove in sight, and captured both vessels. 

XX. A second naval victory by the Americans occurred in 
this same month, October. The frigate United States, ■ Com- 
modore Decatur, encountered the British frigate Macedonia 
{mas-se-do' -ne-d) west of the Ca- 
nary {Jca-na' -re) Islands, and, after 
an action of nearly two hours, 
compelled her to surrender. She 
was taken to New York. 

XXL A little more than two 
months later, the Constitution, 
then commanded by Commodore 
Bainbridge, gained her second 
victory, in the capture of the 
frigfate Java (jah'-va). The ac- 

& " \y / COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. 




XVIII. Questions. — 52. What comparison is made between the land reverses 
and the ocean triumphs ? 53. Which was the first important naval victory ? 54. The 
second? 55. When did the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere take 
place ? 56. Give an account of it. 

XIX. 5T. Give an account of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. 58. 
What event deprived Captain Jones of the fruits of his victory ? 

XX. 59. Give an account of the action between the United States and Maccdoniaa 

10 



218 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

tion took place off the coast of Brazil, on the 29th 
of December, and lasted nearly two hours. Bain- 
bridge,* finding the captured frigate so much riddled that it 
was impossible to get her into an American port, destroyed 
her by fire, and the Constitution then put into San Salvador, 
where the prisoners were landed on parole. 

XXII. In the belief that the navy of the United States 
would be entirely destroyed or captured by that of England, 
it had been decided, at the beginning of the war, to lay up 
our ships to save them. But, happily, that policy was soon 
departed from. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, 
and British commerce suffered in every direction. During 
the year 1812, more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
than three thousand prisoners, beside valuable cargoes, were 
taken by the Americans. 



EYENTS OF 1813. 

I. For the campaign of 1813 three armies were raised. 
That of the West, near the head of Lake Erie, was commanded 
by General Harrison ; that of the Centre, between Lakes Erie 
and Ontario, by General Dearborn ; and that of the North, 
near Lake Champlain, by General Hampton. 

II. The leading object of the army of the West was to re- 
cover Michigan and avenge the disgrace of Hull. A division 
of the army, composed mostly of Kentnckians, commanded by 

• William Bainbridge was born in Princeton, N. J., in 1774. In 1803 he was in command of the frigata 
Philadelphia when that vessel struck on a rock and wa« captured in the harbor of Tripoli. He and his 
crew, of more than three hundred persons, were taken prisoners by the Tripolitans and neld in captivity 
nineteen months. He died in Philadelphia, iu 1833. 



XXI. Questions. — 60. Give an account of the action between the Constitution 
.^nd the Java. Gl. What did Bainbrid;!?e do with his prize and prisoners ? 

XXII. G2. What policy had been decided upon at the beginning of the war, with 
reference to American ships? G3. Why was that decision made? &i. What is 
stated of the successes of the Americans on the ocean, during the year 1S12? 

Events of 1S13. — I. 1. What armies were raised for the campaign of 1813? 

II. 2. What was the object of the army of the West? 3. What command did 
Winchester have ? 4. What place did he reach in January? 5. How did his men at 
first employ themselves there ? 6. What did he learn while there ? 7. What request 
did he receive? 



Madison's administration. 219 

General Winchester, reached the rapids of the Maumee on the 
10th of January. Here, while constructing huts for the re- 
ception of supplies, Winchester learned that Frenchtown, then 
a small settlement, nearly forty miles distant, was threatened 
with an attack from a body of British and Indians. He, at 
the same time, received an urgent request from the inhabi- 
tants to come to their assistance. 

in. Accordingly, he sent a detachment of jfive hundred men, 
under Colonel Lewis, in advance, while he prepared to follow. 
Lewis, ascertaining that the British and Indians were already 
in possession of the town, hurried forward, and, on the 18th 
of January, made a charge upon the enemy, driving them into 
the woods. On the following day, AVinchester arrived. The 
Americans were, on the 2 2d, attacked by a force of fifteen 
hundred British and Indians, commanded by General Proctor. 
They made a brave defense, but Winchester, who had been 
made prisoner during the engagement, agreed upon a capitu- 
lation, and the Americans surrendered on condition that 
they should be protected. But Proctor failed to observe 
the condition : his Indian allies murdered the wounded 
prisoners who were unable to travel, and then set fire to the 
houses. 

IV. Upon hearing of Winchester's defeat, Harrison took a 
position on the Maumee River, where he constructed a forti- 
fied camp, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, he called 
Fort Meigs {megz). On the 1st of May, Proctor advanced 
against this fort, and, with a force of not less than a thousand 
British and Indians, commenced a siege. Four days after, 



III. Questions.— S. How did lie act in response to the request ? 9. "What did 
Lewis accomplish? 10. What battle took place on the following day ? Ans. — The 
battle of Frenchtown. 11. Give an account of it. 12. Give an account of the massa- 
cre that followed. 13. How is Frenchtown situated? (See map, p. 214.) 

IV. 14. Where did Harrison make a stand, upon hearing of Winchester's misfor- 
tune? 15. Describe the Maumee. (See map, p. 192.) 16. Is Fort Meigs above or 
below Toledo? (See map, p. 214.) 17. How was Fort Meigs threatened? IS. Give 
an account of the event that took place on the 5th of May. 19. When and why did 
Proctor abandon the siege ? 



220 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

General Clay* arrived, with twelve hundred Kentuck- 
1813 

ians, and successfully attacked the besiegers, compel- 
ling them to disperse ; but, unfortunately, a large body of his 
troops, while pursuing the enemy, was surrounded and cap- 
tured. On the ninth day of the month, Proctor, deserted 
by his allies, and despairing of success, withdrew, and returned 
to Fort Maiden. 

V. In a little more than two months after, Proctor and 
Tecumseh again threatened Fort Meigs ; but, finding it well 
garrisoned, terminated a brief siege by a sullen withdrawal. 
Proctor's next movement was against Fort Stephenson, at 
Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, situated on the Sandusky 
River. The place was garrisoned by only one hundred and 
fifty men, under the command of Major Croghan,f a young 
man not yet twenty-two years old, and they had but one gun, 
a six-pounder. Proctor's force consisted of more than twelve 
hundred men, half regulars and half Indians. 

YI. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of August, 
attempted to carry the place by assault ; but they were met 
by a volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder 
with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confu- 
sion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or 
wounded. 

VII. The naval supremacy on Lake Erie (e'-rc) and Lake 
Ontario (on-td'-re-o), became an object of much importance to 
the belligerent governments, and, as early as the beginning of 
October, 1812, preparations were in progress, on both sides, to 



• Green Clay was born in Virginia, in 1757. After his success in driving the British and Indians from 
the siege of Fort .Meigs, he was "left m comuiand there, and defended the fort when it was a second time 
threatened. He died in 1826. 

t George Croghan was born in Kentucky, in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort 
Meigs (ifay 5), and served with Taylor in lilezico. His death occurred at New Orleans, in 1849. 



T. QiTESTioxs. — 20. What can you state of the second demonstration against 
Fort Meigs? 21. To -what object did Proctor ne.xt direct his attention? 22. In 
what direction from Fort Meigs was Fort Stephenson? (See map, p. 214.) 23. How- 
was Fort Stephenson prepared to resist Proctor? 

VI. 24. Give an account of Proctor's efforts against the fort. 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



221 



secure it. To Commodore Chauncey* was given the general 
command of the American naval forces on the two lakes, while 
to Commodore Perryf was assigned the immediate command 
on Lake Erie. On the part of the enemy, Sir James Yeo 
held the general command, and Commodore Barclay the spe- 
cial one on Lake Erie. 

VIIL By the first of August, 1813, two squadrons had 
been fitted out on Lake Erie. One of these, the American, 
consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns ; and the 
other, the British, consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty- 
three guns. They met, on the 10th of September, near the 
western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of 
four hours' duration took place, resulting in a complete and 
brilliant victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy 
having surrendered. In dis- 
patching information of his 
victory to General Harrison, 
Perry wrote : " We have met 
the enemy, and they are ours." 

IX. The consequences of 
the victory were highly impor- 
tant. The Americans complete- 
ly established their naval su- 
premacy on the lake, Detroit 
was evacuated by the British, 
the Indians of Michigfan were 




COMMODORE I'EKRT 



* Isaac Chauncey was born in Connecticut, in 1772. When a youn^ man, he was engaged in the mer- 
chant service, and during a voyage, a mortal sickness prevailed, leaving him on board as the only survivor. 
He navigated the vessel into port, for which he was rewarded by being appointed to the command of her. 
He served in the war against Tripoli, and during tlie war. of 1812, he rendered important service on Lake 
Ontario, by his active co-operation with the land forces. His death occurred at Washington, in 1840. 

t Oliver Hazard Perry was born at Newport, R. I., in 17S5. He died at Port Spain, Island of Trinidad, 
of yellow fever, contracted while he was engaged on government service, up the Orinoco River, in South 
America. 



YII. Questions. — "5. What is said of the naval supremacy on Lakes Erie and On- 
tario? 2G. What command was given to Chauncey? 2T. To Perry? 28. To Yeo? 
29. To Barclay ? 

YIII. 30. Howlar^e a fleet did Perry command ? 31. Barclay? 8'2. When did 
the battle of Lake Erie take place? 33. What produced enthusiasm among the 
Americans? Ans. — A flag floating from the mainmast of Perry's ship, upon which 
were the dying words of Lawrence: "Don't give up the ship." 34. Give an account 
of the battle. 35. How did Perry inform Harrison of his victory ? 



222 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 

intimidated, and the way to success for the army at Fort 
Meigs was clearly opened. Harrison saw his opportu- 
nity, and was not slow to profit by it. 

X. Having been re-enforced by a large body of Kentuckians, 
under Governor Shelby, Harrison resolved to seek Proctor and 
give him battle. While, in conformity with his orders, a regi- 
ment of horse, one thousand strong, proceeded by land, cross- 
ing the river at Detroit, the rest of the array crossed Lake 
Erie in Perry's fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But 
Proctor, on hearing of Barclay's defeat and Harrison's ap- 
proach, was seized with alarm ; and when the fort was reached, 
it was found deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in full 
retreat towards the Thames {temz) River. The Americans 
followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, overtook 
them near the Moravian village on the Thames, about eighty 
miles from Detroit. 

XI. The enemy, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, 
took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between 
the river and an extensive swamp. The Americans charged, 
breaking the line of the British, and soon compelling them to 
surrender; but the contest with the Indians was more obsti- 
nate. At length, Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the 
savage warriors dispersed in all directions. Proctor was gone: 
he had fled at the first onset, leaving his carriage, private pa- 
pers, and even his sword, behind him. 

XII. Besides six hundred prisoners taken by Harrison, sev- 
eral cannon and a large quantity of stores and ammunition 
fell into his hands. By the victory thus achieved, the terri- 
tory which Hull had surrendered was entirely recovered, the 



IX. Questions. — 3G. What were the important consequences of the battle? 

X. 37. What accession arrived for Harrison's array ? 3S. What did Harrison rc- 
eolve upon ? 39. How did the two parts of his army proceed ? 40. Why did not 
Proctor remain at Fort Maiden ? 41. How is Fort Maiden situated? (See map, p. 
214.) 42. What is said of the flight of Proctor and the pursuit? 43. When was the 
battle of the Thames fought ? 

XI. 44. Give an account of it. 45, Where w:ia the battle fought? (See map, p. 
214.) 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



223 



destruction of Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy was completed, 
and the Avar on the western frontier was terminated. 

XIII. In the spring of 1813, several months before the suc- 
cesses of Perry and Harrison had been achieved, the Southern 
Indians w^ere visited by Tecumseh and urged to take up arms 
against the whites. The Creeks yielded, and began to com- 
mit depredations upon the settlements of the Americans. In 
the latter part of August, fifteen hundred of their Avarriors 
surprised Fort Mims,"^ on the Alabama River, and massacred 
nearly three hundred men, women, and children. 

XIV. This sanguinary and unprovoked attack aroused the 
whole South, and a large force, under Generals Jackson and 
Coffee, marched into 
the country of the 
Creeks to avenge the 
deed of horror. Sev- 
eral battles w^ere fought 
in quick succession, at 
Talladega, Autossee, 
Emucfa, and other 
places, in every one of 
which the Indians were 
defeated. 

XV At length a 
thousand Avarriors, 
Avith their Avomen and 
children, made a final 
stand at Tohopeka, or. 



STATE OP 

ALABAMA 

50 SO 




* The name of this place was also written Fort Mitnms. The fort was situated on the east side of th 
Alabama, about ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee. 



XII. Questions. — 46. "What were the fruits of Harrison's victory? 

XIII. 47. AVhat had Tecumseh been about in the spring of 1S13? 43. AVhat fol- 
lowed? 4a. AVhat is said of the massacre at Fort Mims? 50. In what directioq 
from Mobile was Fort Mims? (See map, p. 223.) 

XIV. 51. What effect did the massacre nave upon the people of the South ? 52. 
AVhat can you say of the battles that were fought? 53. Give the location of tha 
three places named. (See map, p. 223.) 54. AVhat two rivers uniting form the Ala- 
bama Eiver ? Ans. — The Coosa and the Tallapoosa. 



224 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



1813. 



as the whites called it, the Horse- Shoe Bend of the 
Tallapoosa River, where they had established a camp, 
skillfully fortified. Here, on the 27th of March, 1814, they 
were attacked by a force of three thousand men, under Jack- 
son. The doomed Creeks, being liemmed in on all sides by 
their assailants, fought with the energy of despair, and not till 
almost six hundred of their number were slain did the battle 
their defeat was complete. 



cease 

XVI. While these events were transpiring at the South, 
others of equal moment were taking place at the North. To- 
wards the latter part of April, 1813, General Dearborn, with 
seventeen hundred men, embarked on board Chauncey's fleet, 
at Sackett's Harbor, with the design of going against York, 
the capital of Upper Canada. 

XVII. On the 27th, the fleet anchored off" that town, and 
on the same day the troops eff'ected a landing in the face of a 
severe fire from British and Indians, commanded by General 
Sheafte. Still they pressed forward, led by General Pike,* 

and were carrying every thing 
before them, when the enemy's 
magazine exploded, mortally 
wounding Pike, and making sad 
havoc among his men. After 
a moment's pause, the Ameri- 
cans continued to advance, and 
were soon in possession of the 
town. 

XV III. The capture of York 
havinsr been attained, Dearborn 




GENERAL PIKE. 



* Zebiilon Montgomerv Pike was born in New Jersey, in 1779. He made two important expeditions, 
one in 1805 and 6, to explore the sources of the Mississippi, and the other about a year after, to examine 
the region west of the Red River. 



XV. Questions. — 55. Where did the battle of Tohopeka take place ? (See map, 
p. 223.) 56. Give an account of the battle. 

XVI. 57. What movement was made on Lake Ontario towards the latter part of 
April ? 

XVII. 53. When did the battle of York take place? 59. Give an account of it 
60. Bj what name is York now known? Ans. — Toronto. 61. How is Toronto sit- 
iiated? (See map, p. 215.) 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



225 



after several days' delay, during which he received re-enforce- 
ments, proceeded to attack Fort George, situated on the Ni- 
agara River, near its mouth. The British made but a short 
defense, and then retreated to Burlington Heights, at the 
western extremity of Lake Ontario, pursued by a large force, 
under Generals Chandler and AVinder. On the night of the 
6th of June, nine days after the capture of the fort, the Brit- 
ish suddenly fell upon the camp of the pursuing Americans, 
and, though they were repulsed, in the darkness and confusion 
both Chandler and Winder were made prisoners. 

XIX. The British in Canada, on being informed that Chaun- 
cey's fleet, carrying a large body of troops, had sailed from 
Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake in Yeo's 
fleet, to attack the place. Sir George Prevost, the British 
commander, effected a landing on 
the 29th of May. The militia 
fired a couple of volleys upon the 
invaders, and then, panic-struck, 
broke and fled. A small body of 
regulars acted with more firmness. 
While the advance" of the British 
w^as held in check by a galling fire 
from the regulars. General Brown,* 
the American commander, rallied 
the militia, and led them by a cir- 
cuitous route, as if he designed to genekal brown. 
seize the enemy's boats and cut oft* their retreat. The strata- 
gem succeeded completely, and the British made a rush for 
their boats, leaving their dead and wounded behind. 

XX. Dearborn remained at Ft George more than a fortnight 




* Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1775. He died In Washington, In 1828. 

XVIII. Questions. — 62. Against what place did Dearborn next proceed? 63. 
Was Fort George above or below Quecnstown ? (See maj). p. 215.) 64. What suC; 
vess did Dearborn meet Avith against Fort George? 65. What took place afterward? 

XIX. 66. How is Sackett's Harbor situated? (See map, p. 62.) 67. What in. 
duced the British to attack the place ? 68. When did they attack it ? 69. Give an 
account of the battle. 

10* 



226 Madison's administration. 

after the misfortune to Chandler and Winder, without 
doing any thing. Not so the British. They busied 
themselves in taking possession of the mountain passes there, 
thus narrowing the Hmits of Dearborn's position, and cutting 
off his communications with the country. At length, a detach- 
ment of six hundred men was sent to break up a post which the 
British had established seventeen miles from the fort. After pro- 
ceeding fifteen miles, the Americans were suddenly surround- 
ed by a body of British and Indians, and compelled to surrender 
themselves prisoners of war. Dearboi-n,* not long after, resign- 
ed his command, and was succeeded by General Wilkinson. 

XXL General Armstrong, upon whom President Madison 
had i-ecently conferred the appointment of Secretary of War, 
devised a plan for the invasion of Canada, by which the two 
armies — that of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and that of the 
North, under Hampton — were to form a junction on the St. 
Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. 

XXIL Li passing down the St. Lawrence, the fleet of boats 
employed in conveying Wilkinson's array, was harassed by the 
British whenever an opportunity occurred. Near AVilliams- 
burg, a strong detachment was landed to make an advance, 
disperse a body of the enemy, and cover the descent of the 
fleet. At Chrysler's {kris'-lers) Field, a severe battle ensued 
on the 11th of November, in which the Americans, thongh 
losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, maintained 
their position. 

* Henrv Dearborn was born in New Hampshire, in 1751. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, was 
with Arnold in the exptdiiion through the wilderness of Maine, and participated in the battle of Quebec, 
where he was taken prisoner. Being exchanjred. he served under Gates in the Northern campaign, and 
did good service at the battle of Monmouth, in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians, and in the suc- 
cessful operations before Yorktown. He died in Massachusetts, in l{i29. 



XX. Questions.— 70. What is said of Dearborn's inactivity at Fort Erie? 71. 
What, of the activity of the Britisli? 72. Give an account of the mishap to the 
American detachment. 73. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command ? 

XXI. 74. What office did Armstrong hold? 75. What plan of action did he 
devise? 

XXII. 76. What annoyance did Wilkinson experience while sailing down the 8L 
Lawrence? 77. What did he do when near Williamsburg ? 78. How is Williams- 
burg situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 79. When did a battle take place near Williams- 
burg ? 80. By what name is that battle known 1 81. Give an account of it. 



Madison's administration. 227 

XXIII. Hampton,* in the mean time, had entered Canada, 
encountered tlie British near St. John's, and been defeated. 
In consequence of a hostile feeling which existed between him 
and Wilkinson, he declined to co-operate with that com- 
mander, but made his way back to Lake Champlain, and left 
his army in winter quarters at Plattsburg, under the com- 
mand of General Izard. Wilkinson went into winter quarters 
at French Mills, about nine miles east of St. Regis. 

XXIV. During 1813, there were many severe battles on 
the ocean ; and though the American seamen were not so uni- 
formly successful as in the preceding year, their gallantry 
continued to be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of 
February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, when 
off the mouth of the Demerara River, fell in with a British 
brig, which, after an action of only fifteen minutes, struck her 
colors and raised a signal of distress. She proved to be the 
brig Peacock, Captain Peake, and was so riddled that she sunk 
in a few minutes after the surrender, carrying down with her 
nine of her own crew and three of the Hornet's. 

XXV. On Ills return to the United States, Lawrence was 
promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then 
lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st, the 
British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off the 
harbor for the express purpose of meeting the Chesapeake. 
Though the American frigate had imperfect equipments and an 
ill-assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew and 

* Wade Hampton was bom in South Carolina, in 1755. He took an active part in the Revolutionary 
War, serving; under Marion and Sumter. After he retired from the army, in 1814, he engag;ed in agricul- 
tural pursuits, and was considered the wealthiest farmer in the United States, owning extensive planta- 
tions, and about three thousand slaves. He died in South Carolina, in 1835. 



XXIII. Questions. — 82. "What misfortune had befallen Hampton in the mean 
time? 83. How is St. John's situated ? (Sec map, p. 231.) 84. What did he neglect 
to do? 85. Why? 86. Where and in whose charge did he leave his command ? 87. 
How is Pkittsburg situated? (Sec map, p. 149.) 88. Where did Wilkinson go into 
winter quarters? 89. Where is St. Regis? Ans. — On the south side of the St. Lawrence. 

XXIV. 90. What is said of the naval successes of the Americans during the year 
1S13? 91. Give an account of the action between the Hornet and Pelican. 

XXV. 92. How was Lawrence rewarded for his victory over the Peacock? 93. 
What movement was made by the Shannon ? 94. In what condition were the two 
ships for action? 



228 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 




LAWRENCE. 



was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still felt impelled 
to go out and engage her. 

XXYI. At about six o'clock in 
the afternoon the two vessels met, 
and a terrific contest of fifteen 
minutes ensued. Lawrence* was 
mortally wounded in the early part 
of the action, and his last injunc- 
tion as he was borne below was, 
"Don't give up the ship." The 
Chesapeake, after having all her 
superior officers either killed or 
wounded, was boarded by the en- 
emy and her flag hauled down. 
XXVIL The second disaster to the American navy that oc- 
curred during the year was tlie loss of the brig Argus, Captain 
W. H. Alien,! on the 14th of August. After Allen had con- 
veyed the American minister, Mr. Crawford, to France, he 
proceeded to cruise in the waters about England, and was suc- 
cessful in taking a large number of prizes and capturing prop- 
erty to the amount of two millions of dollars. While in the 
English Channel he fell in with the sloop-of-war Pelican, and 
in the action which ensued, and which resulted in the capture 
of the Argus, he was mortally wounded. He was taken to 
Plymouth, England, where he died on the day after the action. 
XXVIIL Fortune next favored the Americans. On the 
5th of September, Lieutenant Burrows, while in command of 



* James Lawrence wa3 born in Burlington, N. J., in 17S1. He was one of Decatur's party that board- 
ed and destroyed tlie frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. 

t William Henry Allen waa born in Rhode Island, in 17S4. He was the first lieateuant of the frigate 
United States when that vessel captured the Macedonian. 



XXVI. Questions.— 95. Give an account of the action. 

"XXVII. 96. What vessel did Lieutenant Allen command in the summer of 1813 ? 
97. What duty did he perform before making a cruise? 9S. What were his suc- 
cesses? 99. When did the Argus and Pelican meet? 100. Give an account of the 
action between them. 

XXVIII. 101. Where did a naval action take place on the 5th of September? 
102. Give an account of it 103. What honors were paid to the dead commanders? 
104. Where is Portland ? (See map of Maine.j) 



MADISON G ADMINISTRATION. 229 

the brig Enterprise, fell in with the British brig* Boxer, CapT 
tain BJ ythe, off the coast of Maine. An action of forty min- 
utes ensued, resulting in the capture of the Boxer. Both 
commanders were killed in the engagement, and their bodies 
were buried side by side at Portland, with the honors of war. 

XXIX. In 1812, Captain Por- 
ter,* commanding the American 
frigate Essex, in a short cruise 
captured a number of British 
merchantmen, and, after an action 
of only eight minutes, took the 
sloop-of-war Alert. In 1812 and 
'13, Porter, in command of i\ic 
same vessel, made a long and i(^- 
markable cruise of more than .. 
year, in the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans. Besides capturing a great 
many ships, and making prisoners commodore portee. 
of more than four hundred men, 

he did immense service to the American shipping by the pro- 
tection which he atforded. 

XXX. At length, on the 28th of March, 1814, he was a,U 
tacked in the harbor of Valparaiso {yal-pa-r~i'-s6), by two 
British war vessels that had been expressly dispatched in 
quest of him, and, after one of the most desperate conflicts of 
the war, was forced to surrender. 

* David Porter was born in Boston, Mass., in 178(>. When the frigate Philadelphia was captured by 
the Tripolitans, in 1803, Porter was made captive and held nineteen months. In 1824 he commanded an 
expedition against the pirates of the West Indies. He subsequently entered the service of Mexico, as com- 
mander-in-chief of her naval forces ; but, in 1829, returned to the United States. At the time of his death, 
which occurred at Constantinople, in 1843, he was resident minister of the United States there. 




XXIX. Questions.— 105. What were Porter's successes in 1812 ? 106. What, in 
1813? 

XXX. 107, Where was he attacked by two British war vessels? 103. Where ia 
Valparaiso ? (See map of South America.) 100. Give an account of the action. 



230 REVIEW QUESTIONS, 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1809 ? 210 

2. Give an account of the naval action which occurred in 1811?. 211 

3. What hostile movement among the Indians was begun in 1804? 211 

4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 211, 212 

5. What were the causes of the War of 1812 ? 212 

6. When did President Madison issue his war proclamation?. ... 212 

7. On what expedition was Gen. Hull engaged at the time ? 213 

8. What movement agamst the British did he first make ? 213 

9. What can you say of the loss of a fort further north? 213 

10. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown 213, 214 

11. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 214 

12. Give an account of Brock's operations and Hull's surrender. . . 214 

13. What further account can you give of Hull himself? 215 

14. Give an account of the battle of Queens town 215, 216 

15. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere. . . .216, 217 

16. Of the action between the Wasp and the Frohc. . 217 

17. Of the action between the United States and Macedonia 217 

18. Of the action between the Constitution and the Java 217, 218 

19. State the events preliminary to the battle of Frenchtown. 218, 219 

20. Give an account of that battle, with the massacre 219 

21. Under what circumstances was Fort Meigs constructed? 219 

22. What can you say of Clay's operatipns and success? 219, 220 

23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 220 

24. Whatliostile preparations were made on the northern lakes ? 220, 221 

25. Give an account of the battle of Lake Erie 221 

26. What effects did the result of the battle have ? 221, 222 

27. State the events preliminary to the battle of the Thames.. 222 

28. Give an account of it, with the efi'ects of the victory 222, 223 

29. State the events preliminary to the battle of Tohopeka 223 

30. Give an account of the battle of Tohopeka 223, 224 

31. Of the expedition from Sackett's Harbor against York 224 

32. Of the expedition from the same place against Fort George 225 

33. Of the British expedition against Sackett's Harbor 225 

34. Of the operations of Wilkinson and Hampton 226, 227 

35. Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock 227 

36. Of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon 227, 228 

37. Of Lieutenant Allen's operations and sad fate 228 

38. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 228, 229 

39. Of Porter's operations and final defeat 229 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



231 



EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

I. In the early part of 1813, a proposition from the Rus- 
sian Emperor was received, in which he offered to mediate be- 
tween the belligerent powers, England and the United States. 
It was accepted on the part of the American government, and 
President Madison appointed three commissioners to proceed 
to St. Petersburg to negotiate a treaty. It was not, however, 
accepted on the part of the other belligerents ; but towards the 
close of the year the American government was informed that 
Great Britain was ready to make a treaty of peace. Accord- 
ingly, two persons were added to the commission previously 
appointed, and, in January, 1814, they sailed for Europe, 
where they joined their three associates. The belligerent 
governments however continued to prosecute war measures, 
and even with more vigor than before. 

IL Towards the close of February, 
1814, Wilkinson broke up his winter 
quarters at French Mills and removed 
to Plattsburg, and Brown marched to 
Sackett's Harbor, taking two thousand 
men, mainly for the protection of the 
fleet there. 

III. Late in the following month, 
Wilkinson* advanced as far as Rouse's 
Point, where he determined to erect a 
battery, but the British penetrating his 




PAKT OF THK SOEEL EIVEK. 



♦». ^T®? ^'1'"°?°" T^ ^'■".'" Maryland, in 1757. He served in Canada under Arnold, in 1776, and on 
thestattot Gates in 1777. During Washington's administration he was engaged on the Northwestern 
frontier agaiiist the Indians, and commanded one of the divisi.^ns of Wayne's army in the battle of the 
Maumee He subsequently was governor of the Louisiana territory, and an active agent in exposing the 
plans of Burr, in 1806. He died in Mexico, in 1825. r & 

EVKNT9 OF 1814, AND Close OF THE War.— QUESTIONS.— I. 1. When did a pro- 
position come from the Emperor of Russia ? 2. What was it ? 3. What action was 
taken in relation thereto by the American government? 4. What by the British 
government? 5. Of what was the American government afterward informed? 6. 
In accordance therewith, what action was taken by the American government ? 

II. 7. What movement did Wilkinson make toward Ihe close of the winter? 8. 
To what place did General Brown march? 



232 Madison's administration. 

design, concentrated a force of two thousand men at 
La Colic Mill, three miles below the point. An at- 
tack which he made upon the Britisli, on the last day of the 
month, was unsuccessful, and he returned to Plattsburg. In 
consequence of this defeat, he threw up his command and 
asked to be tried by a court-martial. Gen. Izard was appointed 
to succeed him. 

IV. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor ; but, 
having been appointed to the command of the army destined 
to act on the Niagara frontier against Canada, he made haste 
to carry out the views of the Secretary of War for another 
invasion of the enemy's territory. Preparations being com- 
pleted, on the 3d of July a large force, the advance of Brown's 
command, crossed the Niagara River, and took Fort Erie 
without a struggle. Pushing forward next day along the 
bank of the river, the American army reached a plain on the 
south side of the Chippewa River, in view of the enemy's 
camp on the other side of that stream. 

V. General Brown determined to attack the British in 
their position ; and, apparently, the British commander in- 
tended a similar operation against the Americans, for the 
morning of the 5th beheld both armies deploying into the 
plain. The battle that ensued was severe, resulting in the 
defeat of the British, who made good their retreat across the 
Chippewa. This brilliant victory was owing to the admirable 
discipline of the American army, no less than to the skill and 
bravery of General Scott. 

VI. The British commander. General Riall, made no at- 

IIL QcESTiONS.— 9. What movement did Wilkinson make from Plattsbnrg ? 10. 
How did the British anticipate him ? 11. IIow are Kouse's Point and La CoUe situ- 
ated ? (See map, p. 124.) 12. When did the battle of La Colle Mill take place? 
13. Give an account of it. 14. What was the consequence to Wilkinson? 

IV. 15. To what command had Brown been assigned while at Sackett's Harbor? 
16. Give an account of the taking of Fort Erie. 17. IIow was Fort Erie situated? 
(See map, p. 233.) 18. What movement was made on the 4th of July ? 

V. 19. What is said of the intention of the two commanders? 20. Give an ac- 
count of the battle of Chippewa. 21. IIow is Chippewa situated ? (See map, p. 283.) 
22. To what was the success of the Americans at Chippewa owing ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



233 



tempt to dispute the passage of the Chippewa, but, hurriedly 
burning the bridge after he had effected a crossing, continued 
his retreat to BurHngton Heights, near tlie head of Lake On- 
tario. The American 
army rested but two 




days after the battle, 
then advanced across 
the Chippewa and took 
post at Queenstown, in- 
tending to make a fur- 
ther advance towards 
Fort George, which the 
British then held. Not 
having the necessary 
cannon with which to 
attack the fort, they fell 
back, after a few days, 
to the Chippewa. 

VII. Here, on the 
25th of July, Brown was informed that General Drum m on d, 
who had reached Fort George with re-enforcements, had 
crossed the Niagara to attack Fort Schlosser {sldos'-ser), 
where supplies for the American army were deposited. Be- 
lieving that a demonstration against the forts at the mouth 
of the river would induce the British to return. Brown ordered 
Scott to advance with twelve hundred men. 

VIII. A march of but two miles had been accomplished when, 
about sunset, Scott unexpectedly came upon a British force of 
two thousand men advantageously posted at Lundy'sLane, in the 
immediate vicinity of Niagara Falls. The most obstinate bat- 



YI. Questions.— 23. What was Eiall's moTement after the battle? 24. What 
Brown's ? 

VII. 25. "Where was Brown on the 25th of July? 26. What information did he 
get there ? 27. Where is Fort Schlosser situated ? 28. What order did Brown give 
to Scott ? 29. What was his object ? 

VIII. 30. Where is Lund y's Lane? (See map, p. 233.) 31. Give an account of 
the battle fought there while Scott was in command. 



234 Madison's administration. 

tie of the war ensued. Scott took the offensive; and 
though the enemy outnumbered him, he sustained the 
unequal contest for an hour, when General Brown, with the 
main body of the army, arrived upon the field. In the 
mean time, the British force had been largely augmented by 
re-enforcements under Drummond, who took the command. 

IX. It became evident to Brown that a battery, which the 
British had placed on a commanding hight, and which swept 
all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be 
defeated. Upon asking Colonel Miller* if he could take it, 
the fearless soldier replied, " Til try, sir." At the head of his 
regiment. Miller steadily advanced up the hight, while, at 
every step, his ranks were thinned by the enemy's fire ; but 
his troops pressed forward, and, in one determined charge, 
gained possession of the battery, and drove the enemy in con- 
fusion down the hill. 

X. Three times did the British rally and attempt to regain 
their lost battery, but without success : they were repulsed 
with fearful loss at every assault. Finally, at midnight, they 
withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet possession of the 
field, each party losing about eight hundred men in killed and 
wounded. Brown and Scott having both been severely 
wounded, the command devolved upon General Ripley, who 
retired with his forces to Fort Erie, where General Gaines 
arrived soon afterward, and, being a senior officer, assumed 
the command. 

XL In a few days. General Drummond advanced against 
Fort Erie, and with a force of five thousand men, commenced 
a siege. On the 15th of August, eleven days after, the enemy 

• Jatnes Miller was born in New Hampshire, in 1776. He took part in the capture of Fort Erie and in 
the battle of Cbippevv-a. He died in New Hampshire, in 1851. 



IX. Questions.— 32. What, during the battle, became evident to Brown? 33. 
"What question was asked and reply given? 34. Give an account of Miller s heroic 
achievement. 

X. 35. Give a further account of the battle. 36. What officers were wounclcd in 
the battle ? 87. Who, after the battle, took the command ? 38. Whither did Eipley 
retire? 89. By whom was he succeeded ? 



Madison's administration. 235 

undertook to carry the fort by assault, but were repulsed with 
the loss of more than a thousand men. Though the wounds 
which Brown had received at Lundy's Lane were yet un- 
healed, he repaired to the fort and took the command. 

XII. Having ascertained that formidable preparations were 
being made for pressing the siege, he resolved not to await 
their completion. Accordingh', at noon, on the iVtli of Sep- 
tember, a sortie was made with nearly the whole of his dis- 
posable force. In the space of an hour, the advanced works 
of the besiegers, which had cost nearly fifty days' labor to 
erect, were destroyed, and about seven hundred of their num- 
ber either fell or were taken prisoners. Drummond, upon 
being informed soon afterward that Izard was approaching 
with re-enforcements, retired to Fort George. The Ameri- 
cans, in November, abandoned and destroyed Fort Erie, and, 
crossing the Niagara, went into winter quarters. 

XIII. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his march 
for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb* {ma-koom') in 
command of only fifteen hundred men ; but, as the enemy 
began to threaten Plattsburg, this force was augmented by 
volunteers from Vermont. Sir George Prevost, at the head 
of fourteen thousand men, a large number of whom were vet- 
erans who had served under Wellington, in Europe, marched 
against Macomb ; and the British fleet on Lake Champlain, 
commanded by Commodore Downie [doivn'-e), sailed to 
attack the American fleet, under Commodore MacDonough 
(mac-don' -o). 

* Alexander Macomb was bom in Michigan, in 1782. He died at Washington, in 1841. 



XL Questions. — 40. How was Fort Erie threatened by Drummond ? 41. What 
took place on the 15th of August? 42. Who afterward took command at Fort 
Erie? 

XII. 43. When did Brown make a sortie from the fort? 44. What induced him 
to make it? 45. What was his success? 46. Why did Drummond afterward retire 
to Fort George? 47. What did the Americans do in November? 

XIII. 4S. In what state for defense did Izard leave Plattsburg? 49. Tlowwas 
Macomb's force augmented ? 50. What southward movement did Prevost make? 
51. What movement was made by Downie ? 



230 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



1814. 



XIV. Macomb withdrew his forces to the south 
side of the Saranac River, and prepared to dispute any 
attempt which the enemy might make to cross, while Prevost 
took a position on the north side, where he erected batteries. 
For four days the two armies were on the opposite banks of 
the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force a passage 
were successfully resisted. 

XV. On the 11th of Septem- 
ber, the battle of Plattsburg 
and of Lake Champlain took 
place. The British commenced 
the one on the land by opening 
a heavy cannonade upon the 
American works, while at the 
same time their fleet bore down 
and cnoraored MacDonoujrh's* 
vessels, which were at anchor 
in the bay .of Plattsburg. Af- 
ter an action of two hours and 
a quarter between the two fleets, flag after flag of the British 
struck, and the victory of MacDonough was complete. 

XVI. The contest on the land continued throughout the 
day. The British undertook to cross the Saranac, making the 
attempt in three columns, but without success. After the de- 
feat of Downic, the fire from their batteries slackened, and at 
nightfall ceased entirely. They then commenced a hasty retreat, 
leaving behind their sick and wounded, and a large quantity of 
military stores. Of the army of fourteen thousand men which 
Prevost led against Macomb, two hundred and fifty were 

• Thomas MacDonoufrli was born in New Castle Co., Delaware, in 1783. He was one of Decatur'a 
party which boarded and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. He died at 
«ea,"iu 1815. 




COMMODOUE MACDONOUGH. 



XIY. Questions.— 52. IIow did Macomb prepare to meet Prevost ? 53. Where 
did Prevost take a position ? 54. "What is said of his attempts to cross the Saranac ? 
55. Into what body of water does the Saranac How? (Sec map, p. 149.) 

XV. 5G. Give an account of the battle of Lake Champlain. 

XYI. 57. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg. 53. What losses wero sus- 
tained by each party ? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



237 



killed or wounded, and more than two thousand deserted. 
The loss of the Americans was one hundred and twenty. 

XVII. During the greater part of 1814 the whole Atlantic 
seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which de- 
scents were often made upon small towns. About the middle 
of August, a squadron of the enemy arrived in Chesapeake 
Bay, bringing a large body of troops, commanded by General 
Ross. This force, it was evident, was intended to strike a 
heavy blow at some of the important cities. 

XVIII. Ross, with five 
thousand men, landed at 
Benedict, situated on the 
Patuxent River, twenty-five 
miles from its mouth. His 
first object was the destruc- 
tion of an American flotilla, 
commanded by Commodore 
Barney, which had h:.rassed 
and injured the lighter vessels 
of the enemy's fleet, but which 
was then lying in the Patux- 
ent. As the British approach- 
ed, Barney, rather than have 
his boats fall into their hands, 
burnt them. 

XIX. Ross's next object 
was the capture of Washing- 
ton; but, instead of making a 
direct march, he proceeded 
by the way of Bladensburg, 
where he met with some op- 
position from the militia under General Winder, but the only 

XVII. Questions. — 59. What is said of the operations of British cruisers during 
the most of 1S14? 60. What arrival took place in August? CI. What ^yas the evi- 
dent intention of the force ? 

XVIII. 62. Where did Eoss land? 63. On which side of the Patuxent is Bene- 
dict? (See raap, p. 237.) 64. What was Boss's first object ? 65. Did he succeed ? 




PAET OF VIEGINIA AND MAEYLAND. 



238 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATIOl'^. 



check that he received was from a body of seamen 
and marines, commanded by Barney.* He reached 
"Washington on the 24th of August, burned the capitol, presi- 



1814. 



dent's house, and other buildings, and, after effecting this 
wanton destruction, made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a 
division of which was still in the Patuxent. 

XX. In the mean 



time, a division of 
the fleet had ascend- 
ed the Potomac as 
far as Alexandria, the 
people of which, to 
save their city from 
bombardment, sur- 
rendered their mer- 
chandise and ship- 
ping to the enemy. 
The two divisions of 
the fleet then uni- 
ting, it was determin- 
ed to make an attack 
on Baltimore. 

XXL On the 12th 
of September, Ross landed his troops at North Point, fourteen 

* Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, in 1759. Though he was but a youth at the beginning of the 
Revolution, lie was appointed master's mate in a sloop-of-'war, in which vessel he aided in capturing the 
town of New Providence, on one of the Bahama Islands. He was engaged in several naval enterprises, 
and was three times made prisoner. His death occurred at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1813. 




BALT 



"VXCUJJ-Til 



XIX. Questions.— C6. What was hia second object ? 67. What route did ho take 
to Washington? 68. On which side of the Potomac is Washington? (See map, p. 
237.) 69. In which direction from Bladensburg is Washington ? (See same map.) 
70. What opposition and check did Eoss meet with on his march ? 71. When did he 
reach Washington ? 72. What did he effect tlicre ? 73. What did he then do ? 

XX. 74. What had another division of the fleet been doing in the mean time? 
75. What did the British then determine upon. 

XXI. 76. When did Ross land at North Point; 77. What is the name of the 
other point at the mouth of the Patapsco ? (See map, p. 238.) 73. How far is North 
Point from Baltimore? 79. What was done by the enemy's vessels on the 12th? 
80. How far is Fort McHenry from Baltimore? SI. What befell Eoss himseif? 



Madison's administration. 



239 



miles from Baltimore, while sixteen of the enemy's ships moved 
up the Patapsco River, to bombard Fort McHenry, com- 
manding the channel, at the distance of about two miles below 
the city. On his march Ross was met by an advance corps 
of Americans, and, in a slight skirmish, killed. 

XXII. General Brooke, Ross's successor, gave the order to 
continue the advance, but the progress of the British at one 
point was disputed, for more than an hour, by a body of militia, 
commanded by General Strieker. The Americans then fell 
back in good order, and took a position near the defenses of 
the city. Brooke resumed the march, but the resolute front 
which the Americans presented, deterred him from making an 
attack until he could hear from the fleet. 

XXIII. In the mean time, Fort McHenry had been sub- 
jected to a heavy bombardment. The firing commenced on 
the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the follow- 
ing morning, but without making any serious impression. 
Brooke, therefore, seeing no prospect of success against the 
city, embarked his troops, and the 
whole force of the enemy withdrew. 

XXIV. During the summer, the 
authorities of Pensacola, then a Span- 
ish port, allowed the British to take 
possession of their forts, and fit out an 
expedition against Fort Bowyer [ho'- 
yer), now Fort Morgan, situated at the 

7/\ T-> MOBILE AND VICINITY. 

entrance to Mobile {jno-beel') Bay. 

On the 15th of September;, the fort was assailed by a British 




XXII. QcESTioNS. — S2. Who succeeded Eoss? 83. Give an account of the battle 
that took place. 84. Why did not Strieker attack the Americans at their position 
near the defenses of Baltimore ? 

XXIII. So. Give an account of the attack upon Fort McHenry. 86. What did 
Brooke then do ? 

XXIY. 87. How is Pensacola situated ? (Sec map, p. 223.) 88. Did Pensacola 
belong to Spain or the United States in 1814? S9. Which of the belligerent povrers 
did the authorities of Pensacola favor during the war? 90. How did that appear? 
91. In what direction from Mobile la F.ort Morgan? (See map, p. 223.) 92. Give an 
account of the attack upon Fort Morgan. 



240 Madison's administration. 

fleet, aided by a combined force of Indians and ma- 
rines; but the enemy were repulsed, losing one of 

their ships and many men. The other ships effected their 

escape, returning to Peusacola. 

XXV. Florida was then a Spanish province, but it was 
used by the English, who made Pensacola the rendezvous of 
their forces, and from that port fitted out expeditions against 
the United States. The Spaniards made not the least attempt 
to prevent this abuse of neutral territory ; indeed, it is certain 
they had no disposition to interfere with the operations of the 
English. Jaclcson, who, in 1814, was in command at Mobile, 
placed himself at the head of three thousand men, and marched 
upon Pensacola. Negotiations failing, he seized the town by 
force, and compelled the British to leave. 

XXVI. Returning to Mobile, he made preparations to meet 
an anticipated attack upon that place ; but learning that the Brit- 
ish were about to invade Louisiana for the special purpose of se- 
curing possession of New Orleans, he sent the mass of his troops 
to that city, and reached it himself at the beginning of Decem- 
ber. He found the city in no condition for defense, and at once 
adopted the most energetic measures to oppose the enemy. 

XXVII. Towards the middle of December, a British squad- 
ron entered Lake Borgne [born), the shortest avenue of ap- 
proach from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans, cai-rying a 
land force of over twelve thousand men, many of whom M'ere 
veterans who had served under Wellington. This army was 
commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, one of their most dis- 
tinguished military leaders. On the 14th, Lieutenant Jones, 
commanding a flotilla of iVmcrican gunboats, was attacked by 

XXV. Questions.— 93. What is said of tbe use made by the English of Pensa- 
cola, and of Ihe disposition of the authorities there towards the United States? 94. 
State what was done by Jackson. 

XXVI. 95. Where did Jackson go after leaving Pensacola ? 9G. What did he do 
there? 97. What information did he receive while there ? 9S. What course did ho 
then pursue ? 

XXVII. 99. With what force did the British advance against New Orleans? 100- 
"What avenue of approach did they take to that city? lOL Give an account of tht 
action of the 14th of December. 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 241 

a portion of the British squadron, and, after a sanguinary en- 
gagement, was compelled to surrender, thus giving the enemy 
the control of the route to New Orleans. 

XXVIII. The vanguard of the British army landed on the 
16th, and marched to a place on the Mississippi, about nine miles 
from New Orleans, where an encampment was formed on the 
morning of the 23d. Here the British were attacked by Jack- 
son on the following night. The contest was spirited, and the 
result advantageous to the Americans, as the enemy's advance 
was thereby checked, giving Jackson more time to prepare his 
line of defenses, four miles from the city. On the 28th of De- 
cember, and again on the first day of the new year, the British 
attacked the American works, but without success. 

XXIX. Pakenham at length determined to make a general 
assault. Accordingly, on the 8th of January, 1815, the battle 
of New Orleans, which was the final contest of the Avar, was 
fop.ght. The British advanced in the face of a destructive 
fire from the American batteries : when they were within reach 
of the muskets and rifles from behind the intrenchments, vol- 
ley after volley was poured upon them with such terrible effect, 
that they were thrown into confusion. Pakenham was slain, 
and his troops fled in dismay, leaving two thousand of their 
number killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans lost 
only thirteen, seven killed and six wounded. 

XXX. A large number of citizens of the United vStates, be- 
longing to the Federal party,'* had been opposed to the war 
from its very commencement, and they continued to oppose 
its prosecution till the close. These persons were mostly resi- 



* The people of the United States were, at that time, divided into two gjeat political parties, calling 
themselves Democrats and Federalists. The former were in favor of prosecuting tne war, while the latter 
were opposed. 



XXVIII. Questions,— 102. Of tlie landing of the British, their march and en- 
campment. 103. Of the battle on the 23d of December, 104. Of the two following 
attacks. 

XXIX. 105. When did the battle of New Orleans take place? 106. Give an ac- 
count of it. lOT. What losses were sustained by both parties ? 103. In what direc- 
tion from Mobile is New Orleans ? (See map, p. 223.) 

11 



242 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



1814. 



dents of New England. They regarded the war as un- 
necessary and impolitic ; the losses, too, which they 
were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not with- 
out influence upon them. 

XXXI. For the purpose of considering their grievances, 
and devising means of redress, a convention was held at Hart- 
ford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. The friends of Presi- 
dent Madison and of the war looked upon this assemblage of 
delegates, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as 
a treasonable body ; but their doings were, to say the least, 
harmless, their principal act being the adoption of a document 
which presented a statement of grievances, and recommended 
several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks 
of secret session, the convention adjourned. 

XXXIL The joyful tidings of 
peace at length reached the 
United States. In February, 
1815, an English sloop-of-war 
arrived from Europe, bearing a 
treaty of peace which had been 
agreed upon by British and 
x\merican commissioners who 
had assembled at Ghent, a city 
of Belgium. The document was 
signed on the 24th of December, 
fifteen days before the battle of 
New Orleans. The commissioners 
on the part of the United States, who had negotiated it, were 




HENRY CLAY.* 



• Henry Clay was born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1777. He died at Washington, in 1852, and it was 
gaid of him, in a eulogj- pronounced by John C. Breckinridge, a political adversary, that . " As a leader in 
a deliberative body, Mr. Clay had no equal in America." 



XXX. Questions. — 109. What is said of the course pursued bv certain persons 
who were opposed to the war? 110. State what is said of their residence, opinions. 
Ac. 

XXXI. 111. Give an account of the "Hartford Convention," and its doings. 

XXXII. 112. What news reached the United States in February, 1S15? 113. 
At what place did the commissioners meet who negotiated tlie treaty ? 114. Who 
were the American commissioners? 115. When was the treaty signed at Ghent? 



MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



243 



Henrj Clay, John Quincy Adams, Jonathan Eu.a«»<v'll, James 
A. Bayard, and Albert Gallatin.* 

XXXIII. The two great points of dispute— the encroach- 
ments upon American commerce, and the impressment of 
American seamen — which were the main causes of the war, 
were left untouched by the treaty. The omission, however, 
was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the 
European war, all encroachments upon American commerce 
ceased, and, by the great success of the American navy and 
privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. 

* Albert Gallatin was born in Gene%-a, Switzerland, in 1761. In 1780, he arrived in th* Un'ipd States, 
and at once aided the Americans, with his hands and money, in their military operations ij M^jiue. He 
was, at one time, a teacher of French in Harvard College was several times ele,:;6d to the House of 
Representatives from Pennsylvania, and he was Secretary "oi the Treasury under Jeli'erson and Madison. 
His death occurred at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., in 1849. 



XXXIII. Questions.— 116. In what respects was the treaty incomplete and un- 
satisfactory? IIT. By what events were these omissions rendered unimportant? 



PEINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAPw WITH ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDEKS. 


MEN ENGAGED. 


American. British. 


Amer. 


Briti^. 


1812. 
Aug. 5, 

Aug. 9, ] 

Oct. 13, 

1813. 
Jan. 22, 
April 27, 
May 5, 
May 29, 
Aug. 2, 
Oct. 5, 
Nov. 11, 

1814. 
March 30, 
July 5, 
July 25, 
Aug. 15, 
Aug. 24, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13, 
Sep. 15. 
Sept, IT, 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 


Brownstown 

Maguaga, or 2d of 

Brownstown . . . 

Queen stown 


Yan Horn .... 

j-Miller* 

Yan Eensselacr 


Tecumseh* . . . 
Tecumseh .... 
Brock* 


200 

600 

1,200 


600 

900 

2,500 


Frenchtown 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor... 
Fort Stephenson... 


Winchester... 

Pike* 

Clay* 

Brown* 

Croghan* 

Harrison* 

Boyd 


Proctor* .... 

Sheaflfe 

Proctor 

Prevost 

Proctor 

Proctor 

Morrison 


800 
1,700 
1,200 
1,000 

100 
2,500 
1,200 


1,500 
1,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2,000 
2,000 


Chrysler's Field . . . 


La Colle Mill 

Chippewa 

Lundy's Lane 

Fort Erie (assault). . 

Bladensburg 

Plattsburg 


Wilkinson ... 

Brown* 

Brown* 

Gaines* 

Winder 

Macomb* 

Strieker 

Armistead*. .. 
Lawrence* . . . 

Brown* 

Jackson 


Hancock* 

Eiall 

Drummond .. 
Drummond... 

PvOSS* 

Prevost 

Brooke*.- 

Cochrane 

Nicholls 

Drummond... 
Keane 


4,000 
1,900 
3,500 
2,500 
3.500 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2,500 
2,000 


2.000 
2,100 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
14.000 
5,000 

16 ships. 

Mi.xed 
3,500 
2,500 


North Point 

FortMcHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
9 miles from N.O.. 


New Orleans 


Jackson* { Pakenham 


6,000 


12,000 



244 



Madison's administration. 



PKINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAPv WITH ENGLAND. 

« The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



DATES. 


WHEKE FOUGHT. 


VESSELS. 


COMMANDERS. 


1812. 

Aug. 13, 
Aug. 19, 
Oct. 18, 
Oct. 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1813. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 
1814. 

March 28, 

April 29, 

June 23, 

Sept. 1, 

Sept. 11, 

Dec. 14, 

1815. 
Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

March 23, 


Off Newfoundland .... 

Off Massachusetts 

Off North Carolina. .. 
Near Canary Islands. . 
Off San Salvador 


-1 

J 


Am. Frig. Essex 


Porter.* i 

Lauffharne. 

Hull.* i 

Dacres. j 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Cardon. 

Bainbridge.* 

Lambert. 


Br. Sloop Alert 


Am. Frig. Constitution. . . 
Br. Frig. Guerriere 


Br Bri" Frolic . . ... 


Am. Frig. United States.. 

Br. Frig" M.icedonian 

Am. Frig. Constitution. . . 
Br. Frig.\Tava 


Off Demarara 

Massachusetts Bay . . 
British Channel .... 

Off coast of Maine 

Lake Erie 


■] 


Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Peacock 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake 

Br. Frisr. Shannon 

Am. Brig Arjrus 

Br. Sloop Pelican 

Am. Briic Enterprise 


Lawrence.* 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows.* 

Blythe. 

Perry.* 

Barclay. 


Am. 9 ves. 54 guns 

Br. 6 ves. 63 gilns 




Harbor of Valparaiso 

Off coast of Florida . 
Near British Channel , 

Near Africa 

Lake Champlain 

Lake Borgne 


;{ 


Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Brig Phoebe 

Br. Sloop Cherub 

Am. Sloop Peacock 

Br. Brig Epcrvier 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Beiiideer 

Am. Sloop Wasp 


Porter. 

Hillyar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrington.* 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbuthnot. 

McDonough.* 

Downie, 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 


Br. Sloop Avon 

Am. 14 vessels, 86 iruns.. . 
Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns . . . 
Am. 5 gunboats 


Br. 40 barges 


Off New Jersey 




Am. Friir. President . 

Br. (Squadron) 

Am. Fri<r. Constitution.. . 

Br. Ship Cyane 

Br Ship Levant 


Decatur. 

Hayes.* 

Stewart* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Biddle.* 

Dickenson. 


Off Island of Madeira . 
Off Brazil 




Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Penguin 





WAR WITH ALGIERS. 

XXXIV. Durino: " The War of 1812," the Algerines, be- 
lieving- that the United States were unable to protect their 
interests in the Mediterranean, resumed their old practice of 

XXXIV. Questions.— lis. What is said of the Algerinea during " The War of 
1912 ?" 119. Who was sent against them? 



Madison's administration. 



245 



piraey, seized several American vessels, and insulted and 
plundered the consul of the United States. In May, 1815, a 
naval force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Medi- 
terranean. 

XXXV. On the 1*7 th of June, Decatur encountered the 
largest vessel in the Algerioc navy, and captured her, after a 
running fight of twenty-five minutes. Two days after this 
success he captured another frigate, with more than five hun- 
dred men. He then ap- 
peared before x\lgiers, 
^nd compelled the Dey 
to liberate the American 
prisoners in his hands, 
and relinquish all future 
claims to the annual 
tribute which the United 
States had paid to Al- 
giers since 1795, for the 
purpose of securing the 
American commerce from 
molestation in the Medi- 
terranean. 

XXXVI. Decatur 
next proceeded to Tunis 
(too'-nis) and Tripoli, 
and from both powers 
exacted payment for 
American vessels which 
the English had been allowed to capture in their harbors during 
the war. They Averc likewise compelled to make indemnity 
for other losses which American citizens had sustained at theii 




XXXV. Questions.— 120. Give the account of Decatur's two successes against 
the Algerine vessels. 121. "What did he further accomplish against Algiers? 

XXX YL 122. To what two places did Decaturnext proceed? 123. What did be 
(,ompel the two powers to do ? 



246 Madison's administration. 

hands, and to agree to abstain from further depredations npon 
the commerce of the United States. 

XXXVII. During Madison's administration, two States 
were added to the Union : Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, 
previously a portion of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. 
Madison, having served two presidential terms, like Jefferson, 
followed the example of Washington, and declined a second 
re-election. He was succeeded by James Monroe, also of 
Virginia. 

XXXVII. Questions.— 124. When were Louisiana and Indiana admitted into 
the Union? 125. Why was not Madison elected President for a third term? 126. 
By whom was he succeeded ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What peace proposition was made in 1813 ? 231 

2. What further can you say of the proposition? 231 

3. How came five U. S. commissioners to be chosen? 231 

4. What movement did Wilkinson make in Feb., 1814 ? 231 

5. What movement, at the same time, was made by BrowTi? 231 

6. Give an account of the battle of La Colle Mill 231, 232 

1. What was the consequence to Wilkinson of his defeat ? 232 

8. What was Brown's object after leaving Sackett's Harbor?. . . . 232 

9. When and how did the Americans capture Fort Erie ? 232 

10. What battle was fought July 5, 1814? Ans. Battle of Chippewa. 

11. What were the preliminary movements of the battle? 232 

12. Give an account of the battle, Avith its results 232 

13. What was Riall's first movement after the battle ? 232, 233 

14. What movements were made by the American army ? 233 

15. What information did Brown receive on the 25th of July? 233 

16. State the preliminaries of the battle of Lundy's Lane 233 

17. Which battle was the most obstinate of the war? 233, 234 

18. When did the battle of Lundy's Lane take place ? 234 

19. Who commanded the Americans there before Brown arrived?. 234 

20. Who beside Scott distinguished himself in the battle ?. 234 

21. State how Miller distinguished himself. 234 

22. What efforts were made by the British to regain the battery? . 234 

23. At what time and how did the battle end ? 234 

24. Give an account of Drummond's assault upon Fort Erie. . .234, 235 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 247 

FAGK 

25. "Who commanded the Americans on that occasion? 234 

26. "Who took the command again after the battle ? 235 

27. When did Brown make a sortie from Fort Erie ? 235 

28. Why did he make it then instead of at a later day? 235 

29. Grive an account of it, with its result 235 

30. What movements were afterwards made by both armies? 235 

31. Who commanded at Plattsburg after Izard left? 235 

32. Who commanded the army that advanced against Plattsburg?. 235 

33. Of how many men did Prevost's army consist? 235 

34. Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain? .... 235 

35. Who commanded the fleet that sailed against MacDonough ?. . 235 

36. What positions did the two armies occupy before the battle ? . . 236 
3T. Give an account of the action between MacDonough and Downie 236 

38. Give an account of the battle between Macomb andPrevost. . 236 

39. With how many men did Prevost effect his retreat? 236, 23*7 

40. What loss did the Americans sustain in the battle ? 237 

41. What did the British cruisers eff"ect during 1814? 237 

42. Wliat naval accessions did the British have in Aug. of that year? 237 

43. How did General Ross commence operations ? 237 

44. Why did Commodore Barney destroy his flotilla ? 237 

45. What was Ross's object after the flotilla was destroyed? 237 

46. Give an account of what took place at Bladensburg 237, 238 

47. Give an account of Ross's operations at Washington 238 

48. How was Alexandria threatened and finally saved ? 238 

49. What city did the British next determine to attack ? 238 

50. What operations, under Ross, took place on the 12 of Sept. ? 238, 239 

51. Whom did General Brooke succeed in command? 239 

52. What operations took place under the command of Brooke ?. . . 239 

53. How many of the British ships proceeded against Baltimore ?. 239 

54. Give an account of the efforts made to reduce the fort 239 

55. What aid did the people of Pensacola extend to the British ?. . 239 

56. Give an account of tlie expedition against Mobile 239, 240 

57. Give an account of Jackson's expedition against Pensacola . . . 240 

58. Why did Jackson afterwards leave Mobile for New Orleans ?. . 240 

59. How did the British commence operations against New Orleans ? 240 

60. Give an account of the naval battle in Lake Borgne 240, 241 

61 . Give an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans. . 241 

62. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans . . .' 241 

63. Give an account of the FederaUsts and their convention. . .241, 242 

64. When, where, and by whom was the treaty of peace nego- 

tiated ? : 242, 243 

65. Give an account of Decatur^s success against Algiers, &c., 244, 245, 246 



SE CTION A7-II. 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROe's ADMINISTRATION, IN 1817, 
TO THE CLOSE OF TYLER's, IN 1845. 

MONEOE'S ADMIKISTKATION. 




I. James Monroe, the 
fifth President of the 
United States, -was in- 
augurated at Washing- 
ton, on the 4th of March, 
1817 ; and his adminis- 
tration commenced un- 
der very favorable cir- 
cumstances.'^' We were 
at peace with all foreign 
powers, our commerce 
rode every sea unmo- 
lested, and the strife at 
home, between the two 
great political parties, 
Democrats and Federal- 
ists, had entirely ceased. 

IL Towards the close 
of 1817, the Seminole 
Indians, joined by some 
Creeks, commenced de- 
predations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Ala- 

• President Monroe's cabinet consisted of John Quincy Adams. Secretary of State ; William H. Craw- 
ford, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Calhoun. Secretary of War; Benjamin W. Crowninshield. Secre- 
tary of theKavy; and William Wirt, Attornev-General. 



Monroe's Admimstuation. I. Ql-kstions.— 1. "When and where was Monroe 
Inaugurated? 2. How did his administration commence? 3. State the three cir- 
cumbtancea. 



Monroe's administration. 



249 



bama. General Gaines 
was sent against them, 
but his force being in- 
sufficient, General Jack- 
son was ordered into 
service. Jackson soon 
overran the Indian 
country, and being con- 
vinced that the Semi- 
noles had been instigated 
to hostilities by persona 
in Florida, he seized 
the Spanish forts, both 
at St. Mark's and Pensa- 
cola. 

III. Two British sub- 
jects, Arbuthnot and Am- 
brister, having fallen into 
his hands, were tried by 
a court-martial, on a 
charge of having incited the Indians to hostilities, found guilty, 
and executed. Jackson's invasion of Florida, a territory be- 
longing to a nation at peace with the United States, and his 
summary proceedings in the prosecution of the war, were 
condemned by many persons ; but they were approved by the 
President and Congress. 

IV. A treaty was made in 1819, by which Florida was 
ceded to the United States ; but it was not till towards the 
close of 1820 that the King of Spain ratified the treaty, nor till 
July, 1821, that the government of Spain surrendered posses- 
sion of the province. iVlthough the Seminoles, a tierce and 




II. Questions.— 4. What troubles commenced towards the close of 1817? 5. 
Who was first sent against the Seminoles? G. Who was next sent? 7. Of what was 
Jackson soon convinced? S. What did he accordingly do ? 9. How arc St. Mark's 
and Pensacola situated? (See map, p. 223, also of Florida.) 

III. 10. State the cases of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 11. What acts of Jackson 
were much condemned? 

11* 



250 



MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 



warlike Indian race, occu- 
pied the best lands in the 
territory, immigration set 
in, and a considerable 
population soon estab- 
lished themselves in the 
country. 

V. The Mississippi 
Territory, which em- 
braced the present States 
of Alabama and Missis- 
sippi, was divided in 
1817, and the western 
portion admitted into the 
Union as the State of 
Mississippi. Illinois (^7- 
lin-o'i), which up to 1800 
had been a part of the 
Northwest Territory, and 
from that time to 1809, 
had formed, with Indiana, 
the Indiana Territory, and subsequently by itself the Illinois 
Territory, was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818. 
Alabama was admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine, which had, 
up to that time, been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
as a State, and admitted into the Union. 

VI. The most important event of Monroe's administration, 
was the controversy preceding the admission of Missouri 
(mis-soo'-re) into the Union, by which, for the first time, the 




IV. Questions.— 12. State the facts connected with the acquisition of Florida. 
J8. What is said of the Seminoles and their possessions ? 14 Of immigration to 
Florida? 

V. 15. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union? 16. What can you state 
of the previous history of Mississippi? 17. When was Illinois admitted into the 
Union? 18. What can you state of the previous history of Illinois? 19. When was 
Maine admitted ? 20. What can you state of the previous history of Maine ? 

YI. 21. What was the most important event of Monroe's administration ? 22. 
How were the States arrayed on the slavery question? 



Monroe's administration. 



251 



country was divided upon 
the slavery question ; the 
States of the North op- 
posing the admission of 
Missouri as a slave State, 
while those of the South 
favored such admission. 

YII. In Congress, the 
debate was long and acri- 
monious. At length a 
bill, known as the " Mis- 
souri Compromise," was 
passed, by which it was 
declared that slavery was 
prohibited forever in all 
territory north of thirty - 
six degrees and thirty 
minutes north latitude, 
and west of the Missis- 
sippi, Missouri excepted. 
Under this compromise, Missouri was admitted into the Union 
as a slave State, in 1821. 

YIIL Another important event of Monroe's administration 
was the recognition of the Spanish American republics, Avhich 
had declared and maintained their independence for several 
years. In 1823, the year following the recognition, President 
Monroe declared in his annual message, that, " as a principle, 
the American continents, by the free and independent position 




* The territory now known as Alabama was originally apart of Georgia. In 1798, all the region com- 
prising the present States of Alabama and Mississippi was organized as the territory of Mississippi. In 
1817, its western nortion became the State of Mississippi, while the other part continued to be the territory 
of Alabama until its admission as a State. 



YII. Questions.— 23. What is said of the debate in Consress? 24. What bill 
was passed ? 25. What was the iraportant declaration of the bill ? 26. What is said 
of the admission of Missouri ? 

YIII. 27. What other important event took place during the administration of 
Monroe? 28. Eecite the whole of the "Monroe Doctrine." 29. When and under 
■what circumstances was that " doctrine" put forth ? 



252 



Monroe's administration. 




BrAL OF MAINE.* 



which they have assumed and 
maintained, are henceforth not to 
be considered as subject for future 
colonization by any European 
power ;" a declaration which has 
since been fjmious as the " Monroe 
Doctrine." 

IX. During Monroe's adminis- 
tration, two events occurred which 
are worthy of notice. The first 

was the President's tour, in 1817, through the eastern and 
other States, for the purpose of making a personal examina- 
tion of military posts. The second was the visit of La- 
fayette to this country. The distinguished visitor arrived in 
the summer of 1824; and his tour, which was extended 
through all of the twenty -fou** States, was everywhere signal- 
ized by tokens of respect from a 
grateful people. 

X. Monroe, having served two 
presidential terms, declined, in 
imitation of his predecessors, 
Washington, Jefferson, and Madi- 
son, being a candidate for a third 
term, and was succeeded by 
John Quincy Adams, of Massa- 

. chusetts. 

SEAL OF MISSOURI.T 




* Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name given to this State. The prevailing 
opinion is that Maine was so called in compliment to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, %vho, 
it was supposed, owned the province of Maine, in France. The Coat of Arms of the State of Maine is de- 
iineated on the seal (given above), and contains the motto of the State, Diripo, signifying I direct. 

t This State takes its name from the great river which passes through it. The word Missouri, signifying 
Mud River, was applied to the river by the Imlians, because of the turbid character of that stream. The 
motto of Missouri (shown on the seal'of the State above) is : Salus popnli mprema /ex— The welfare of 
the people is the first great law. 



IX. QuESTTONS. — 30. What account can j-ou give of Monroe's tour in 1S17? 31, 
What of Lafayette's visit to the United States in 1S24? 

X. 32. Wliy -vvas not Monroe elected President for a third term? 33. By whom 
was he succeeded ? 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 



253 



JOH]Sr QUINCY ADAMS. 



I. Four candidates 
were put in nomination 
to succeed President 
Monroe, and the con- 
sequence was that none 
of them had a majority 
of the electoral votes. 
The election then went 
to the House of Rep- 
resentatives, for the 
second time, Jefferson 
having been thus elect- 
ed, in 1801 ; and John 
Quincy Adams was 
chosen the sixth Presi- 
dent of the United 
States. His inaugura- 
tion took place at 
Washington, on the 
4th of March, 1825.* 

II. On the fiftieth 
anniversary of American Independence, July the 4th, 1826, 
occurred the death of the two venerable ex- presidents, John 
Adams and Thomas Jefferson. As this remarkable coinci- 




♦ The cabinet of President John Quincy Adams was constituted as follows: Henry Clay, Secretary of 
State ; Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury ; James Barbour, Secretary of War; Samuel L. South- 
ard, Secretary of the Navy ; and William Wirt, Attorney-General. 



Adams's Administkation. — I. Questions. — 1. How many candidates were put 
in nomination to succeed Monroe? 2. What was the consequence? 3. Where did 
the election then go? 4. Who was elected? 5. When did his inauguration take 
place ? 

II. 6. What remarkable coincidence occurred during the administration of Joh\ 
Quincy Adams? 7. When did it occur ? 8. State the parallels in their lives. 



254 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 

dence took place more than a year after the commencement 
of the tenth presidential term, John Adams lived to see his 
son PresidcDt. When it is recollected that Adams and Jeffer- 
son were members of the committee that framed the Declara- 
tion of Independence; that both signed the important document; 
that both had been foreign ministers, vice-presidents, and presi- 
dents of the United States ; and that each had lived to a vener- 
able age, the coincidence of their deaths is indeed remarkable. 
Ill, The administration of John Quincy Adams was one of 
wisdom and peace ; and under it the nation made rapid in- 
crease in population and wealth. Towards its close the presi- 
dential contest for the succession was carried on with great 
animation and virulence, and resulted in the election of 
Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 



JACKSON'S ADMmiSTEATlOIT. 

I. The inauguration of Jackson took place at Washington, 
on the 4th of March, 1829,* and the new president at once 
commenced a series of vigorous measures which he carried 
out for eight years. The practice of removing office-holders, 
and appointing the political friends of the President, was 
begun by him. 

II. In his first annual message to Congress, President Jackson 
took strong ground against the renewal of the charter of the 
United States Bank, arguing that " such an institution is not au- 
thorized by the constitution." Notwithstanding this opposition, 

* President Jackson's cabinet consisted of Martin Van Biiren, Secretary of State ; Samuel T>. Inghnm, 
Secretary of the Treas\iry ; John H. Eaton, Secretary of War; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy ; John 
McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General ; and William T. Barry, Postmaster-General. The Postmaster- 
General was, for the first lime, made a member of the cabinet. In 1831, in consequence of a personal 
quarrel, changes were m.ide in the cabinet. Edward Livingston was Secretary of State; Louis McLanc, 
Secretary of the Treasury ; Lewis Cass, Secretary of War ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy ; and 
Roger B.Taney, Attorney-General. Other changes afterward took place. 



III. Questions.— 9. What is saivi of the administration of John Quincy Adams? 
10. Of the contest for the presidential succession? 11. What was the result of the 
contest ? 

Jackson's Administeation.— I. 1. When was Jackson inaugurated? 2. How did 
he commence and continue to govern ? 3. What practice did he begin ? 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



255 



Congress, in 1832, 
passed a bill to re- 
charter the bank, but 
Jackson vetoed it ; and 
as it subsequently 
failed to receive suffi- 
cient votes to secure its 
passage over the veto, 
the original charter ex- 
pired by limitation in 
1836, and the bank 
then ceased to be a 
national institution. 

III. In 1832, the 
Northwest frontier suf- 
fered from Indian hos- 
tilities ; but after sev- 
eral skirmishes, most 
of the savao;es were 
driven west of the Mis- 
sissippi River. Black 
Hawk, their most 
noted leader, and from whom the contest became generally 
known as The Black Hawk War^ was taken prisoner. 
After a detention of some months, during which he was 
conducted through Washington and other cities, for the pur- 
pose of convincing him that resistance against the power of 
the whites was useless, he was allowed to rejoin his people. 

IV. A tariff bill, which had been passed by Congress 
during the administration of John Quincy Adams, had been 

II. QuKSTiONS.— 4. What stand did Jackson take with reference to the United 
8tates Bank? 5. What was his main objection ? 6. What action did Congress take? 
7. How came it that the bank ceased to be a national institution ? 

III. 8. Give au account of The Black Hawk, War. 9. How was Black Hawk 
treated after the war ? 

IV. 10. What is said of a tariff bill, passed before Jackson was President? 11. 
How was the dissatisfaction increased ? 




256 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 




BLACK UAWK. 



exceedingly distasteful to the cotton- 
growing States; and when, in 1832, 
an act \vas passed imposing addi- 
tional duties on foreign goods, the 
dissatisfaction was greatly increased, 
especially in South Carolina. 

V. A convention, held in that 
State, declared the tariff acts uncon- 
stitutional, and, therefore, null and 
void. It also declared that duties 
should not be paid, and proclaimed 
that any attempts on the partof the 
general government to enforce the 
collection of duties would produce the 
withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union. One of the chief 
leaders of the nullifiers, as those persons in South Carolina who 
sustained the declarations of the 
convention w^ere called, was John 
C. Calhoun,* who had recently re- 
signed the vice-presidency of the 
United States. Another leader, of 
not much less distinction, was 
Robert Y. Hayne, who, when a 
United States Senator, in 1830, 
was the first to declare and defend 
in Congress the doctrine of nullifi- 
cation, and to v/hom Daniel Web- 
ster, of Massachusetts, then replied 
in one of the most remarkable 




JOHN C. CALHOTTN. 



* John C. Calhoun was horn in the district of Abbeville, S. C, in 1782. He was for six vears a repre- 
sentative in Congress; for a number of vears was a United States Senator; was Secretary o/ War in >lon- 
roes cabinet; and was twice elected Vice-President of the United States. In 1S45, while Secretary of 
State in Tyler'e cabinet, he was " the author of the annexation of Texas." He died at Washington, in 



V. Questions.— 12. What was declared by a South Carolina Convention ? 13. 
"What else did it. declare? U. Who Mas the preat leader of the nullifiers? 15 
What high position had Calhoun resigned ? 16. W'ho was another leader of the nul- 
lifiers? 17. What did Hayne do in 1830? 18. Who replied to him ? 19. What is 
•aid of that reply ? 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



25^ 



speeches ever delivered in Con- 
gress. Although Hayne was the 
first to declare this doctrine in 
Congress, Calhoun, in a paper 
known as the " South Carolina 
Exposition," was its author. 

VI. In this crisis. President 
Jackson acted with that prompt- 
ness and energy which were so 
characteristic of the man. By his 
direction an army, under General 
Scott, was ordered to Charleston ; 
and he issued a proclamation 
against the nullifiers and their doctrine, which met with a 
cordial response from every friend of the Union. A " com- 
promise bill," offered by Mr. Clay and passed by Congress, 
was accepted by Calhoun and his friends, and thus the danger 
which threatened the Union was averted. 




DANIEL WEBSTER* 



THE SEMINOLE WAR. 



VII. Towards the close of 
1835, the Seminole Indians, 
inflaenced by Micanopy, their 
head sachem, and by Osceola 
(^os-e-o'-Ia), the most noted of 
their chiefs, and a man of 
great cunning and courage, 
commenced hostilities against 
the settlements of the whites 
in Florida. This outbreak of 
the Seminoles had its origin 



yf itiJ 



'^Ft.Jermtmjs 
^Et.Ciinch 



[ %l OCK HOUSE Ft.UlLSScU. /© 

PAWCS LANDS /p 

/I 

^lvUlC0j> [3 CA IN ESS S? 

l\CHS BATTLEf'H -Vv^ M 



Ft. Cross * \A7assAc/?E^ 



PART OF FLORIDA. 




* Daniel Webster was born at Salisbury, N. 11., in 17S2. A larqre portion of liis lifo was passeil at 
Washington, either as a member of Congress or the cabinet. In lS4l', while Secretary of State in Tyler's 
cabinet, he negotiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty settling the ditferences between the United States 
and Great Britain in relation to the northeastern bo"undary, differences which had disturbed the relations 
of the two countries for more than sixty years. Webster diedat Marshfield, Mass., in 1852. 



VI. Questions.— 20. How did Jackson act in this crisis? 21. What was done by 
his direction ? 22. What proclamation did he issue '? 23. How was the danger to 
the Union averted? 



S58 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



in an attempt to remove them from Florida to lands west of 
the Mississippi, in accordance with the terms of a treaty 
which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which a 
majority of the tribe did not consider binding. 

yill. In consequence of the offensive conduct of Osceola 
in opposition to the fulfilment of the treaty, the government 
agent, General Thompson, put him in irons, and kept him a 
prisoner for six days at Fort King. By feigning penitence 
and making promises, Osceola obtained his liberty ; but, in- 
stead of doing as he had agreed, he placed himself at the 
head of a war party of Indians and fugitive slaves, and com- 
menced the work of slaughter and devastation. 

IX. On the 28th of Decem- 
ber, 1835, he approached a 
house in which Thompson 
and some friends were dining, 
and, making a sudden attack, 
killed five of the number, in- 
chiding Thompson, and car- 
ried off their scalps, in re- 
\cnge for the imprisonment 
which he had suffered. On 
the very day of Thompson's 
'"'"''"''^- death, "Dade's massacre" oc- 

curred. Major Dade, with a 
detachment of one hundred and ten soldiers, while marching 
from Tampa Bay to join General Clinch, at Fort Drane, was 
suddenly attacked ; and that young commander and the whole 
of his detachment, except four men, were massacred. 




YII. QuESTioxs.— 24. What troubles broke out in 1885? 25. Why did the Sem- 
inolcs so act ? 26. What was the character of Osceola ? 

YIII. 27. Why was Osceola put in irons and imprisoned? 2S. In what direction 
was Fort King from Fort Dade ? i^See map, p. 257.) 29. How long was Osceola kept 
at Fort King ? 30. How did he obtain his liberty ? 31. What did he do instead of 
performing his promises? 

IX. 32. How did he have revenge for his treatment at Fort King? 33. Give an 
account of Dade's massacre. 34. -In what direction was Dade marching when he 
was attacked? (Sec map, p. 257.) 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



259 



X. On the 30tli of December, two days after, Osceola en- 
countered an American force of six hundred men under Gen- 
eral Clinch, at the crossing of the Withlacoochee River, but, 
after a hard-fought action of upward of an hour, was com- 
pelled to retreat. In February and March, 1836, at the head 
of a force of more than a thousand Indians, he fought several 
actions against the troops under General Gaines, in the most 
important of which, occurring on the 29th of February, near 
the scene of Clinch's battle-ground, one American was killed, 
and more than thirty, including Gaines, were wounded. 
- XI. In May, '1836, a 
large number of the 
Creeks joined the Semi- 
noles, and in Georgia and 
Alabama, as well as Flor- 
ida, committed great de- 
vastations, compelling 
thousands of whites to 
flee for their lives. Gen- 
eral Scott, who had been 
appointed to the com- 
mand in the South, pro 
secuted the war with 
vigor, but he was soon su- 
perseded by General Jes- 
sup. The Creeks were 
speedily reduced, and 
transported- beyond the 
Mississippi. 

XII. In October, 1836, 
Governor Call, of Georgia, took command of the forces in 
Florida. A detachment of more than five hundred of his men 

X. Questions. ^35. Give an account of the battle of Withlacoochee. 36. Of the 
battles in February and March of 1S36. 

XI. 87. What took place in May, 1S36? 8S. Who was then sent against the In- 
dians? 39. Who was next sent? 40. How was the war ended as respects the 
Creeks ? 




260 



JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



encountered the Indians at a place a short distance from the 
scene of Dade's massacre ; and although the enemy dispersed 
after the action, yet neither in this nor in other battles could 
the Americans claim a decided victory. 

XIII. For upwards of a year did Osceola"^'' conduct the 
struggle against superior forces, with energy and skill ; but, in 

October, 1837, he ap- 
peared in Jessup's camp, 
near St. Augustine, with 
a flag of truce, for the 
purpose of holding a 
conference. Suspecting 
a repetition of treachery, 
and desiring to prevent 
further bloodshed, Jes- 
sup disregarded the flag 
and seized the chief, who 
was taken to Fort Moul- 
trie, and there kept in 
confinement till his 
death, which occurred 
on the last day of Jan- 
uary, 1838. 

XIV. The capture of 
Osceola did not end the 
war with the Seminoles. 
They amused Jessup for 



TUEBORi 



jcyp 



MICHIGAN. 

Michigan was so called from the lake! 

,,. I of the same name. The word Michi-| 

^[Jgan appears to be derived from the| 

~' I Chippewa language, and signities| 

.Great Lake. The motto, Si ifuurist 

llpeninaulam amanam, circtini-ipicej 

g If thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, 

1 behold it here, is found on the State' 

Seal. The word Tnt^hor means, I will| 

defend it. E yluribua unum signifiesj 

One composed of many. 



a while with overtures, but he, finding the Indians not sincere, 
directed Colonel Taylor (afterward General Taylor, and Pres- 

* Osceola was bom in Florida. His father was an Indian trader, an Englishman named Powi'.l, nu.. 
his mother was the daughter of an Indian chiet^ 



XII. QcESTiONS. — tl. Who took coramand of the forces in Florida towaid.-^ t! 
latter part of 1S36 ? 42. What is Raid of the battles fought by Call's forco.s ? 

XIII. 43. How long did Osceola conduct tlie struggle? 44. In what maiir.ir i.\ 
he conduct it? 45. What mistake did he make? 46. Why did Jessup seizcOseeoui 
47. What further can you state of Osceola ? 



VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 



261 



ideiit of the United States) to proceed against them. With 
about a thousand men Taylor accordingly marched, and on 
the 25th of December, 1S37, encountered the Indians in 
strong force on the northern side of Lake Okeechobee, and 
defeated them in one of the most desperate and hotly con- 
tested battles in the annals of our warfare with the red men. 

XV. Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities 
through the administration of Jackson, as well as that of his 
immediate successor, they never again rallied in large force. 
A treaty was made with them in 1839, but it was not till 
1842 that peace was finally secured. 



YAK BUREJNI'S ADMINISTKATIOJST. 

I. Jackson was 
succeeded in the 
presidency by 
Martin Van Bu- 
ren, of New York. 
Yan Buren's ad- 
ministration was 
continued during 
one term, or four 
years, extending 

from the 4th of March, 1837,f the day of inauguration, to the 
4th of March, r841. 




OCEAN STEAMEE.=* 



• The first regular passages across the Atlantic by steamships were made in 1838, by the Sirim and 
Great Western. 

t President Van Buren's cabinet was constituted as follows : John Forsyth, Secretary of State ; Levi 
Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury ; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War ; Mahlon Dickerson. Secretary 
of the Navy ; Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General ; and Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. All oif 
these, except Poinsett, had held their respective offices in Jackson's cabinet at the close of his last term. 
In 1838, Dickerson and Butler resigned, and James K. Paulding was appointed in the place of the former, 
and Felix Grundy in that of the latter. Grundy was succeeded in 1840, by Henry D. Gilpin, and Kendall 
by John M. Niles. 



XIY. Questions. — iS. Did the capture of Osceola end the war or not? 49. 
"Whom did Jcssup order to go against the Seminoles? 50. Give an accoimt of tho 
battle of Okeechobee. 

XV. 51. What is said of the subsequent part of the Seminole war? 

Van Buken's Administration. — I. 1. Who was Jackson's successor in the presi' 
dency? 2. When was Van Buren inaugurated? 



262 



VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 



II. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in monetary 
affairs took place, producing great distress in all branches of 
business throughout the country. Commerce and manufac- 
tures were prostrated, and the crash was finally consummated 
by the suspension of specie payments by all the banks. In 
this crisis, the President called an extraordinary session of 

Congress, but little 
was accomplished by 
it for the general re- 
lief. 

III. In the latter 
part of 1837 an in- 
surrectionary move- 
ment commenced in 
Canada, having for its 
object the overthrow 
of the British rule 
there, and the estab- 
lishment of an inde- 
pendent government. 
The movement enlist- 
ed the sympathy of 
Americans, particu- 
larly of those living 
along the borders in 
New York, and it 
engaged their active 
co-operation. A pro- 
clamation, issued by the l^resident, forbidding interference in 
the affairs of Canada, together with tlie decided measures taken 




II. Questions.— 3. "What took place soon after his inauguration ? 4. How were 
commerce, manufactures, and the banks affected ? 5. What did the President do in 
the crisis? 

III. 6. What insurrection at the North, beyond the limits of the United States, 
broke out in 1837? 7. What was its object? S. What proclamation did the Pres- 
ident issue ? 9. Why did he find it necessary to issue it ? 



HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION. 



263 



by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the 
attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 

HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



^f^ 



rf#"1^^ 



I. Van Buren's suc- 
cessor in office was 
William Henry Harri- 
son, of Ohio, the hero 
of Tippecanoe and the 
Thames. The inaugu- 
ration took place on the 
4th of March, 1841. His 
cabinet was judiciously 
composed,* and the 
people anticipated for 
him a successful admin- 
istration ; but within a 
month, and after a brief 
illness of only eight 
days, he died : the sad 
event occurring on the 
4th of April. 

II. By virtue of a 
provision of the Con- 
stitution, John Tyler, 
of Virginia, then Vice-President, became President ; his in- 
auguration taking place on the 6th of April, 1841. Thus, for 
the first time in the history of the United States, the admin- 
istration devolved on the Vice-President. 

* President Harrison's cabinet was constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State ; Thomas 
Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George E. Badgrer, Secretary of the 
Navy ; Francis Granger, Postmaster-General ; and J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 




Ha.rri80n''8 Admikistkation. — I. Questions. — 1. "Who succep.dcd Van Buren in 
the presidency ? 2. "When was Harrison inaugurated? 3. "What is said of his cab- 
inet ? 4. Of the anticipations of the people ? 5. "What was the length of his admin- 
istration ? 6. How was it brought to a close ? 

II. 7. "Who was his successor? 8. By what right did Tyler become President? 
9. "What is noted as peculiar in the accession of Tyler to the presidency? 



>64 



TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 



TYLEE^S ADMIOTSTEATION.* 



4> 



>^^(\ 



I. In 1842 serious 
difficulties occurred in 
Rhode Island, growing 
out of a movement 
which w^as stigmatized 
by its opponents as the 
Dorr Rebellion. The 
government of Ilhode 
Island, at that time, was 
based upon the charter 
granted by Charles IL, 
in 1663, and conse- 
,\ quently no change had 
^-^ taken place in her fun- 
damental law daring a 
period of almost one 
hundred and eighty 
years. The movement 
in 1842 had its origin 
in a determination 
among the citizens to 
substitute a liberal constitution in place of the old charter. 

IL Tho people soon became divided into two parties, those 
who favored the movement being called the suftrage party, 
and those who were opposed, the charter party ; and so vio- 




* President Tyler retained the cabinet officers (>f his predecessor until September, 1841, when all but 
Webster resigned. His cabinet wns then constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; 
Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Spencer, Secretary of War ; Abel P. Upshur, Sec- 
retary of the Navy; Charles A. Wickliff'e.'Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Lepar<^, Attorney-General. 
In May, 1S4.3, Webster resigned, and Lepard was appointed acting secretary in his place. In the following 
month Lepare died, and thereupon Upshur wns transferred to the State Department, and Thomas W. Gil- 
m^sr was anpointed Secretary of the N'avy. On the 0.*ith of February, 1844, both Upshur and Gilmer were 
killed by the burstinjr of a pun on board the United States war steamer Princeton, while on an excursion 
on the Potomac A large party, including the President and many ladies, were on board at the tinJA 
John C. Calhoun was then made Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Secretary of the Navy. 



Ttlke's Administration-.— I. Qckstions. — 1. 'Whpn did the '' Do> 
occur? 2. What was the object on the part of those engaged in it* 



ReheUioity 



TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 



265 



^<a. 



lent did the controversy grow that both parties at length ap- 
pealed to arms. The Governor of the State, at the head of a 
large military force, marched against a body of the suffrage 
party, who had appeared in arms at Providence. Upon his 
approach they dispersed. They again assembled at another 
place, but, upon being approached, again, dispersed without 
resistance ; and this ended the affair. A constitution, the one 
now in force, was soon afterward adopted. 

III. Thomas W. Dorr, 
the leader of the suffrage 
party in the insurrection, 
was afterward arrested, 
tried, convicted of high 
treason, and sentenced to 
imprisonment for life. 
He was, however, par- 
doned in 1847 ; and, at a 
later period, his civil 
rights were restored to 
him, and the record of 
his sentence was ex- 
punged. 

ANNEXATION OF 
TEXAS. 

ly. A proposition for 
the admission of Texas 
into the Union caus- 
ed excited discussion 
throughout the whole country during the closing months 
of Tyler's administration. Texas had been a province of 
Mexico, but in consequence of the arbitrary policy pur- 




II. Questions. — 3. What division of parties soon took place ? 4. What is stated 
as evidence of the violence of the controversy? 5. Give an account of the "Rebel- 



Ill. 6. What account can you give of Thomas W. Dorr ? 

12 



266 



TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 



sued by that government 
towards her inhabitants, 
the most of whom were 
from the United States, 
they declared their in- 
dependence, and by 
force of arms sustained 
the declaration. 

V. A bill for the ad- 
mission of Texas, under 
certain conditions, was 
passed by Congress three 
days before the expira- 
tion of Tyler's term of 
office, and at once was 
signed by him. Tylers 
last important official act 
was the signing of the 
bill admitting Florida 
and Iowa into the 

Union, lie was succeeded in the presidency by James K. 

Polk, of Tennessee. 




IV. Qttkstions. — 7. Whatiinportant proposition was made in relation to Texas ? 
8. What did the proposition cause ? 9. What can you state of the previous history 
of Texas? 

V. 10. What progress did the proposition for the admission of Texas make during 
Tyler's administration? 11. When were Florida and Iowa admitted into the Union? 
12. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency ? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. In what condition were the United States, in 1817 ? 248 

2. What Indian troubles commenced in 1817 ? 248 

3. What did Jaclcson accomphsh against the Indians ? 249 

4. When was Missouri admitted into the Union? 251 

5. What controversy preceded the admission of Missouri?. . .250, 251 

6. When and by whom was the " Monroe Doctrine " enunciated?.. 251 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 267 

PAGK 

7/ What interesting events occurred in 1817 and 1824 ? 252 

8. How was John Quincy Adams elected to the Presidency? 253 

9. When did the ex-Presidents, Adams and Jefferson, die? 253 

10. Give an account of Jackson's Bank controversy 254, 255 

11. Give an account of the Indian war which broke out in 1832. . . 255 

12. How did the " nullification troubles " in S. C. commence ? 255, 256 

13. What action was taken by a convention in that State? 256 

14. What can you state of J. C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne ? 256, 257 

15. What anti-nullification measures did Jackson adopt? 257 

16. What can you state of " Clay's Compromise Bill?" 257 

17. What Indian troubles commenced in the year 1835 ? 257 

18. What was the cause of the Seminole War? 257, 258 

19. What was done to Osceola because of his offensive conduct?. . 258 

20. By what means did he obtain his liberty? 258 

21. State the circumstances of Thompson's massacre 258 

22. Give an account of the other event happening the same day. . . 258 

23. Give an account of the battle which happened Dec. 30 259 

24. What events took place in February and March, 1836 ? 259 

25. State what was done by the Indians in May of the same year. . 259 

26. State what you can of Scott's and Jessup's part in the war. . . 259 

27. Who afterward took command against the Indians? 259 

28. What can you say of a battle fought by a body of his men ? 259, 260 

29. Under- what circumstances was Osceola at last captured? 260 

30. Wliat can you state of his subsequent history ? 260 

31. What was the last great battle of the war? 261 

32. When and where did it occur ? 261 

33. What can you say of the battle and its result? 26t 

34. What further account can you give of the war? 261 

35. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1837 ?. 261 

36. What can you say of the revolution in monetary affairs ? 262 

37. Give an account of the Canadian insurrection 262, 263 

38. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1841 ? 263 

39. Give an account of Harrison subsequent to his inauguration. . . 263 

40. Who succeede'^^arrison in the Presidency ? 263 

41. What troubles SjjJ|imRhode Island in 1842 ? 264 

42. How did the troubleSfUfeie ? 264 

43. Give an account of the trouble 264, 265 

44. What proceedings were afterward taken against Dorr ? 265 

45. What was afterward done in relation to the proceedings ? 265 

d6. What can you state of the early history of Texas? 265, 266 

47,, What can you say of the bill for the admission of Texas ? 263 



^ 



268 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 




^MEXICO, 

CAL IFOR NIA, 

TE XAS &:c. 



H 



iQuestionx to he omncered fvcm the above map.) 
HowisSan Antonio (le Bexar situated? Vera Cruz? Alvarado? Matamoras? 
•Jalapa? Puebla? Saltillo? Leavenworth? San Francisco? Into ^hat body of 
water does the Rio Grande flow ? In what direction is Santa Fe from Leavenworth ? 
Saltillo from Matamoras ? Victoria from Saltillo ? City of Mexico from Jalapa ? 



J 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



269 



SECTION VIII. 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF POLk's ADMINISTRATION, IN 1845, 
TO THE CLOSE OF BUCHANAn's, IN 1861. 

POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



I. Polk's inaugura- 
tion took place on the 
4tli of March, 1845.* 
HisadministratioD con- 
tinued during only 
one term, or four 
years, ending on the 
4th of March, 1849 ; 
but it was an eventful 
one. At the beginning 
of it, he found the 
country involved in dis- 
putes with Mexico, in /^ 
consequence of the pas- 
sage of the bill for the 
admission of Texas. 
On the 4th of July, 
1845, the legislature of 
Texas approved this 
bill, and, by the act of 
approval, Texas was ad- 




* President Polk's cabinet was constituted as follows: James Buchanan, Secretary of State; Robert J. 
AValker, Secretary of the Treasury, William L. Marcy, Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Secretary o( 
the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General, and John Y. Mason, Attorney-General 



Polk's Administration. — I. Questions. 1. When was Polk inaugurated? 2. 
When did his term of office begin and end ? 3. In what disputes were the United 
States a party at the beginning of his administration? 4. "When and by what act 
was the annexation of Texas consummated ? 



270 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



mitted into the Union, 
making the whole num- 
ber of States twcnty- 
eiffht. 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 

II. The annexation of 
Texas led to a war with 
Mexico ; for, notwith- 
standing the independ- 
ence of Texas had been 
acknowledged by the 
United States, England, 
France, and other gov- 
ernments, Mexico still 
claimed it as a part of 
her own territory, and 
considered the act of 
annexation as sufficient 
cause of war. 

III. The Mexican minister at Washington having protested 
against the measure of annexation, and returned home, and his 
government having assumed a belligerent attitude, General Tay- 
lor, who was then in command of a camp in the western part of 
Louisiana, was directed to hold his army in readiness to protect 
the Texan territory. By the advice of the Texan authorities, 
he was induced to concentrate his troops at Corpus Christi* 




» Corpus Christi is a Latin term, signifying the body of Christ. 



t Texas has no motto. 



II. Questions.— 5. What did the annexation of Texas lead to? 6. By what 
/ovornments had the independence of Texas been acknowledged ? 7. What claim 

lid Mexico still maintain ? 8. What then was the cause of the war between Mexico 
«nd the United States? 

III. 9. What course did the Mexican minister pursue ? 10. What, his govern- 
ment? 11. Where was Taylor at the time? 12. What direction did he receive? 
13. Where did he afterwards concentrate his troops? 14. Into what body of water 
does the Nueces flow? (See map. p. 271.) 15. Why did Taylor go to Corpus 
Christi ? 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



271 



(kor'-pus Jcris'-te), situated on the western bank of the 
Nueces [noo-a'-thes) River, near its mouth, where, in November, 
his forces amounted to about four thousand men. 



EVENTS OF 1846. 

IV. The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claim- 
ed the Rio Grande [re'-o grahn'-da) as their boundary, while 
the Mexicans maintained that the western limits of Texas 
never extended beyond 
the Nueces. In conse- 
quence of these con- 
flicting claims, the 
country between the 
two rivers, in time, ac- 
quired the appellation 
of the " disputed terri- 
tory ;" and when, early 
in 1846, President 
Polk ordered Taylor 
to proceed with his 
forces to the Rio 
Grande, across this 
territory, the advance 
was treated by the 
Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. 

V. On his route from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, 
Taylor established a depot at Point Isabel {iz-a-heV^, about 
twenty-one miles northeast of Matamoras (^mat-a-mo'-ras). On 
reaching the Rio Grande he took a position opposite Matamo- 
ras, and erected a fortress, which was afterward named Fort 




TATX OIL'S 
CAMPAI OH 

Scale 



IV. Questions. — 16. "What two boundary claims were maintained? 17. What 
region was known as the " dispiited territory?" IS. What movement did Polk order 
Taylor to make ? 19. How did the Mexicans regard the movement? 

Y, 20. Where is Point Isabel ? (See map, p. 2T1.) 21. What use did Taylor make 
of the place ? 22. Where was Fort Brown erected ? 23. By whom was it erected ? 
24. Why was it called Fort Brown? 25. Give an account of the disaster to Thorn- 
ton. 



272 folk's administratioi 

Brown, in honor of its brave defender. Learning 
that the Mexicans were assembling troops at a point 
higher up the river, Taylor sent Captain Thornton, with a 
party of sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoiter. On the 26th 
of April, this little band was attacked, and, after a loss of six- 
teen men, was compelled to surrender. 
\y VI. Thus was shed the first blood in the war. The news 

of this affair produced the wildest excitement throughout the 
United States ; and a war-spirit, unknown before to exist, was 
at once aroused. The President sent a message to Congress, 
announcing that Mexico had " invaded our territory, and shed 
the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil ;" and Con- 
gress, adopting the spirit of the message, declared that " war 
existed by the act of Mexico." 

VII. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio 
Grande for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against 
Point Isabel, he marched to the relief of that place, leaving a 
small garrison for the defense of Fort Brown. Having placed 
the depot in a better condition to resist an attack, he set out 
on his return to the fort. 

VIII. On the 8th of May, the Mexican army, numbering 
full six thousand men, commanded by General Arista {ah- 
rees'-tah), was discovered upon a beautiful prairie, called Palo 
Alto* [pah'-lo ahl'-to), drawn up in battle array, prepared to 
dispute his progress. Although the Americans numbered not 
more than two thousand three hundred men, they pressed for- 
ward to the attack ; and from noon till twilight, a hot contest 
was maintained. The enemy then were driven from their 
position, and the victorious Americans encamped upon the 

• Palo Alto, a Spanish tenn, signifying " tall timber." 



VI. Questions. — 26. What effect did the news of it have in the United States ? 
2T. "What is said of the President's message? 2S. Of the action of Congress? 

VII. 29. Why did Taylor march to the relief of Point Isabel? 30. Did hcremain 
at the Point or not? 31. In what direction did he then march? 

VIII. 32. When did the battle of Palo Alto take ^lace ? 33. Give an account of 
it. 34. What loss was sustained by each party? 



folk's ADMINISTRATION. 2*73 

battle-field. The loss of the Mexicans was about six hundred ; 
that of the victors, was only nine killed and forty-four 
wounded, but among the mortally wounded was the brave 
Major Ringgold, who died four days after. 

IX. On the following day, May the 9th, Taylor resumed his 
march, and, towards evening, encountered the enemy under 
Arista, within three miles of Fort Brown, posted in and near 
a ravine called Resaca de la Palma* [rd-sah'-kah da lah pahV- 
mah). The action was commenced on both sides by the artil- 
lery, but the Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly discharged, 
were holding the Americans in check, when Captain May was 
ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons, May 
rushed forward with great fury, killed or dispersed the gun- 
ners, and captured General La Vega {lah va'-gah). The charge 
being supported by the infantry, a general engagement en- 
sued ; and, after a most obstinate resistance, the Mexicans gave 
way, their retreat becoming a perfect rout. Their loss, in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners, was at least one thousand, 
while the killed and wounded of the victors did not much 
exceed a hundred. 

X. During the greater part of Taylor's absence from Fort 
Brown, a period of nearly eight days, it had been subjected to a 
bombardment from the Mexican batteries in Matamoras. The gar- 
rison made a successful defense, though their heroic commander, 
Major Brown, was mortally wounded by the bursting of a 
shell. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande 
and took possession of Matamoras without opposition ; but, 
owing to the difficulties experienced in getting re-enforce- 
ments and supplies, it was not till the end of more than three 

* Resaca de la Palma, a Spanish term, signifying " a ravine of palm-trees." 



IX. Questions.— 35. When did Taylor next meet the enemy ? 36. What battle 
ensued? 37. Give an account of it. 3S. What loss was sustained by each party ? 

X. 39. How long had Taylor been absent from Fort Brown ? 40. What had 
occurred there during his absence? 41. What is said of the defense made? 42. 
What is said of the taking of Matamoras ? 43. How is Matamoras situated ? (See 
map, p. 271.) 44. How long did Taylor remain at Matamoras? 45. Why did ho 
not advance sooner? 

12* 



274 folk's administration. 

months that he found himself stronor enousrh to make a 

further advance. 
XL He then directed his march against Monterey (mon-td- 
rd'), an inland city of Mexico, strong in its natural defenses, 
and, besides, well garrisoned by about ten thousand regular 
troops, under General Ampudia (am-poo' -de-ah). After gar- 
risoning several towns on his route, he reached Monterey on 
the 9th of September, with a force of less than seven thoU' 
sand men. On the 19th he commenced operations; and, after 
a series of assaults, continued through three days, in which 
Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Am- 
pudia capitulated on the 24th. An armistice of eight weeks 
was agreed upon, or the truce was to continue till the ex- 
piration of that period, unless instructions to renew hostilities 
should be received in the mean time from either of the respec- 
tive governments. 

XII. Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received 
orders from Washington, directing him to renew offensive 
operations. Accordingly, one division of his army, under 
General Worth, occupied Saltillo [sahl-teel'-yo), while, at a lit- 
tle later period, another division, under General Patterson, 
took possession of Victoria, with the intention of going 
against Tampico [tam-pe'-co), but ascertained, before proceed- 
ing, that the place had already surrendered to Commodore 
Conner, commanding the " Home Squadron" in the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

XIII. In the mean time, General Wool, with an army of 
about three thousand men, had set out from San Antonio de 



XL QtTESTioNS. — 46. Against what place did be next proceed? 4T. In what di- 
rection from Matamoras is Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 4S. What is said of its 
defenses and the garrison then there? 49. When did he capture Monterey? 50. 
Give an account of the efforts which resulted in the capture. 51. What is said of 
the armistice? 

XII. 52. Why did Taylor renew offensive operations? 53. What was done by 
Gesneral Worth ? 54. What, by General Patterson ? 55. What, by Commodore Con- 
ner? 56. In what direction is Saltillo from Monterey ? (See map, p. 2T1.) 57. Vic 
toria from Monterey ? (See map, p. 268.) 58. Tampico from Monterey ? (See sam» 
map.) 



II 



275 

Bexar (san an-to'-ne-o da bd-har'), a town in Texas, with the 
design of penetrating the province of Chihuahua {che-wali- 
wah). After crossing the Rio Grande, and learning that Mon- 
terey was in the possession of the Americans, influenced by 
the advice of Taylor, he abandoned the design against Chihua- 
hua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. 

XIV. In June, 1846, an expedition under General Kearny 
set out from Leavenworth (lev'-en-wurth), on the Missouri 
River, to conquer New Mexico and California. Kearny ac- 
complished the march of nine hundred miles to Santa Fe 
(san'-takfd), the capital of New Mexico, and took possession 
of the country without opposition. After organizing a new 
government for the place, he proceeded westward, but soon 
met a messenger who informed him that California was already 
in possession of the Americans. All the troops with him, 
except a hundred, then returned to Santa Fe ; and, with the 
small force remaining, he completed his journey across the 
continent. 

XY. With less than a thousand men, being the main body 
of Kearny's invading army. Colonel Doniphan, starting from 
Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand miles through Mex- 
ico, and arrived at Saltillo. During this brilliant achievement 
he fought and was victorious in two battles, one, that of Bra- 
cito* {hrah-the'-to), on the 25th of December, 1846, and the 
other, of Sacramento {sah-crah-mane'-to), on the 28th of Feb- 



* Bracito, a Spanish word, signifying " Little Arm." It was so called because of the little arm or bend 
in the river where the battle was fought. 



XIIL Questions.— 59. How is San Antonio de Bexar situated? (See map, p. 
268.) 60. By what name is the place often called? ^ns.— San Antonio. 61. Where 
is Chihuahua? (See same map.) 62. What march did General Wool make? 63. 
Why did he not continue to Chihuahua? 64. What did he do instead? 

XIV. 65. What expedition set out in June? 66. In what direction is New Mex- 
ico from Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 268.) 67. What was Leavenworth then called? 
Ans.—YoTt Leavenworth. 68. What did Kearny accomplish? 69. How is Santa 
Fe situated? (See map, p. 268.) 70. Give an account of Kearny's subsequent 
movements. 

XV. 71. What march did Doniphan make? 72. What two successes did he 
achieve? 73. How are Bracito and Sacramento situated ? (See map, p. 268.) 



276 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



rnary, 184*7. While these events — the successes of 



1846. 



Taylor, Doniphan, and others — were transpirino- in 
Texas and the eastern part of Mexico, the Pacific coast had 
also become the scene of important occurrences. 

XVI. Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fre' 
mont,* who had been brevetted captain for valuable services 
rendered the Government in western explorations, was sent to 
make a survey of the then unknown regions lying between 
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, as well as to dis- 
cover, if possible, a new and shorter route than the one al- 
ready known from the western base of the mountains to tb^^ 
mouth of the Columbia River. After a series of perilous ad- 
ventures among the mountains, and encounters with hostile 
Indians, he made his way into California, then a department 
of Mexico, to recruit his men, secure supplies, and obtain from 
the Mexican authorities permission to winter in the country. 

XVII. The permission was grant- 
od, but in a few days it was revoked, 
the order of revocation requiring him 
to leave the country at once, accom- 
panied by a threat of destruction in 
case of non-compliance. His men 
being in an exhausted condition and 
not yet furnished with supplies, and 
consequently in no condition to re- 
pass the mountains at that time, he 
refused to go. Learning that Gen- 
oknkkal Fremont. eral Cfistro, the govemor of the 

province, w-as mustering a force to come against him, he took 




• Fremont was born in Savannah Oeorpia, in 1813. He conducted fiv 
to the Rocky Mountains, and the others as far as California. 



exploring expeditions, the first 



XVI. Questions.— 74. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? 75. "What 
trials did he meet with ? 76. Why did he enter Calilbrnia? 

XVII. 77. "Was the permission granted or not? 78. What fickleness did the au- 
thorities of California betray ? 79. Why did Fremont refuse to go ? SO. Of what 
movement did he soon hear? 81. What defensive course did he then adopt? 82. 
What did Castro do instead of attacking Fremont? 



folk's administration. 277 

a position on a mountain peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, 
where, in March, 1846, he built a rude fort, hoisted the Uni- 
ted States flag, and determined to defend himself. Castro 
gathered a force of not less than five hundred men in the 
vicinity of the Americans, but spent several days in doing 
little more than making idle threats. 

XVIII. At length Fremont, tired of inaction, and convinced 
that he could not obtain the needed supplies, withdrew with his 
party, and, taking a northern route, passed through the valley of 
the Sacramento, and slowly pursued his journey into Oregon. 
Here, on the 9th of Mav, he was overtaken bv a messencrer 
with dispatches from Washington, directing him to protect 
the interests of the United States in California. Retracing 
his steps, he found Castro already marching against the Amer- 
ican settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers flocked to 
Fremont's standard with such alacrity and in such large num- 
bers that he soon found himself able to confront the Mexican 
general. Several skirmishes took place, in which the enemy 
were defeated, and finally compelled to retreat towards the 
southern part of the province. 

XIX. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared to 
be independent, and free from all Mexican rule. A few days 
later. Commodore Sloate, who commanded the United States 
squadron on the Pacific coast, having previously received in- 
formation that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, 
took possession of Monterey. Towards the latter part of the 
month, Commodore Stockton arrived at Monterey, took com- 
mand of the squadron, and, with Fremont's co-operation, soon 
gained possession of the whole of California. 

XVIII. Questions. — 83. What did Fremont do in consequence of the inaction of 
Castro ? 84 Why did he retrace his steps from Oregon ? 85. What did he find as 
regards a movement of Castro ? 86. How did the settlers act? 87. What successes 
did Fremont have ? 

XIX. 88. What took place on the 5th of July ? S9. What was done by Commo- 
dore Sloate? 90. Is the Monterey on the Facific north or south of San Francisco ? 
(See map, p, 268.) 91. What did Commodore Stockton accomplish ? 



2Y8 



EYENTS OF 1847. 

I. In the mean time, it had been decided by the authorities 
at Washington that, in order to " conquer a peace," the central 
part of the Mexican Repubhc would have to be penetrated, 
and the capital itself menaced- Accordingly, a plan of inva- 
sion was arranged by which Vera Cruz, the most important 
Mexican city on the Gulf of Mexico, was to be captured ; and 
then an army, under General Scott, was to march through Mex- 
ico against the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor 
of a large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
chief command of the American forces in Mexico, he being 
the senior officer. 

II. Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of Bue- 
na Yista [hwa'-nah vees'-tah)^ fought on the 23d of February, 
1847, nearly five months after his preceding one, that of Mon- 
terey. Learning, towards the latter part of February, that 
Santa Anna [san-tah an'-nah), the ablest of the Mexican gen- 
erals, with an army of not less than twenty thousand men, 
was moving to attack his little force of less than five thousand, 
he took a position at Buena Vista, a mountain pass nine miles 
in advance of Saltillo, and awaited the approach of the ene- 
my. On the morning of the 23d, the Mexicans appeared, and 
beo-an the attack. The battle continued until sunset ; and, 
although the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than 
once seemed on the eve of victory, their immense superiority 
in numbers and heroic fighting were of no avail ; they were 
signally defeated, losing, in killed and wounded, about two 
thousand. The loss of the Americans was between seven and 
eight hundred. Santa Anna made good his retreat with his 

Events ok 1847. — I. Questions. — 1. "What, in the mean time, had been decided 
at Washington ? 2. "What phan of invasion was accordingly arranged? 3. How did 
this operate as reg.irds Taylor's troops and command ? 

II. 4. Which was Taylor's l.ist battle in Mexico? 5. When did it occur? 6. Give 
an account of it, T. What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? 8. What, the Americans ? 
9. What was the effect of the victory along the Rio Grande frontier? 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



279 



disheartened followers, and, during the rest of the war, the 
Americans were left in quiet possession of the frontier of the 
Rio Grande and the valley of that river. 



SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 




III. Scott's campaigu 
was commenced by an 
attack on Yera Cruz, 
which was defended by 
the strong fortvQss of 
San Juan de Ulloa [san 
ivhahri da ool-yo'-ah), 
standing upon the island 
of the same name, about 
half a mile from the 
shore. On the 9th of 
March, 1847, he effect- 
ed the landing of his 
entire army, consisting 
of twelve thousand 
troops, without the 
least casualty ; and the city was at once invested from shore 
to shore. After a delay of several days, for the purpose of 
completing preparations, and also to induce, if possible, the 
Mexican commander to surrender, the Americans opened a 
tremendous fire from their land batteries, as well as from their 
fleet, under Commodore Conner. The bombardment was 
continued for five days ; and so destructive to life and prop- 
erty was it, that, on the 27th, the city and fortress were com- 
pelled to surrender. 

lY. The march towards the interior was commenced on 
the 8th of April, the army taking the national road by the 
way of Jalapa {hal-lah'-pah). At Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro gor'-do)^ 

III. Questions.— 10. How did Scott begin his campaign ? 11. How is Yera Cruz 
situated? (See map, p. 279.) 12. How was it defended? 13. When did Scott 
eflfect a landing? 14 Give an account of the operations that followed. 



280 folk's administration. 

a mountain pass, about fifty miles from Vera Cruz, 
Santa iVnna was strongly fortified, prepared to resist 
the advance of the Americans. Scott had with him only 
about eight thousand men — those who were not sick and 
wounded having been left to garrison Vera Cruz and its 
fort — while Santa Anna had an army of U'carly double the 
numerical strength of Scott's. 

V. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made 
upon the works of the enemy ; and, before noon, the whole 
were in the possession of the Americans. Besides losing the 
most of their artillery and munitions of war, the Mexicans 
had one thousand of their number killed or wounded, and 
three thousand made prisoners. On the following day, April 
19th, the Americans entered Jalapa: farther on in their 
march they took without opposition the strong castle of Pe- 
rote (pa-ro'-fd), and, on the loth of May, they entered the 
ancient and populous city of Puebla [poo-d'-hlah). 

VI. The American army had been so reduced by sickness, 
death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it advisable to 
rest at Puebla for re- enforcements. After a halt of nearly 
three months, during which Santa Anna had time to create a 
new army and to fortify the capital, he resumed his march, 
passing through a beautiful region without the least resist- 
ance, and reaching the town of Ayotla {ah-yot'-lnh), fifteen 
miles from the city of Mexico. 

VII. Finding that the direct route by the national road 
was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the lives of 

lY. Questions. — 15. When did Scott march from Ycra Cruz? 16. "What road 
did he take? 17. How is Jalapa situated? (See map, p. 279.) 18. Where were 
the Mexicans posted to dispute Scott's advance ? 19. What is said of the strength of 
the respective armies? 

Y. 20. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 21. Give an account of the 
further advance of the Americans, and their three captures. 22. In what direction 
from Yera Cruz isPerote? (See map, p. 279.) 23. In what direction from Yera 
Cruz is Puebla ? (See same map.) 

VI. 24. At what place did Scott make along rest? 25. Why did he remain there 
BO long? 26. What advantage did this give to the Mexicans? 27. What is said of 
his fiu'ther march ? 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



281 



his men, Scott* turned southward, and, passing around Lake 
Chalco, encamped at San Augustin (scm aw-rjus-teen')^ about 
ten miles from the capital. Thence the approaches to the 
city were guarded by batteries at Contreras (con-trd'-ras) and 
San xVntonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo- 
roo-hoos' -co) and Chapultepec (chah-pool-ta-pk'). 

YIII. In a night march, the 
Americans advanced upon Con- 
treras. At s^mrise, on the 20th 
of August, they commenced the 
attack, and, in less than twenty 
minutes, the Mexican batteries 
were carried and the victory was 
complete. The garrison of San 
Antonio, being somewhat unsup- 
ported by the loss of Contreras, 
made but a slight resistance, and 
f/nen retreated before the pursuing Americans, commanded by 
General Worth. On the same day, the 20th, a grand move- 
ment upon Churubusco was next directed, to which the vic- 
tory already achieved opened the way. After an obstinate 
and bloody conflict, the Mexicans, who were commanded by 
Santa Anna, though numbering at least twenty-five thousand, 
were driven from the fort and from every part of the battle- 
field. Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest the 
capital, and others fled to the city itself. 

IX. On the day after these two battles, and while Scott 
was at an adv^anced position within three miles of the city, 
Santa Anna asked for an armistice, for the purpose, it was 
stated, of negotiating a peace. The request was granted, and 




GENKRAL SCOTT. 



Wiufiehl StoU was born in Pelersbuf'T, Vlrgini 



VII. QxTESTioNS.— 28. Why did Scott turn southward from Ayotla? 29. TV'C-o 
did he encamp? 30. In what direction is San Augustiji from the city of Mexico'? 
(See map, p. 2T9.) 31. How were the approaches from San Augustin to the city of 
Mexico guarded ? 

VIII. 32. Give an account of the battle of Contreras. 33. Of Churubusco. 



282 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



for several days efforts were made to bring the war 
to a close, but without success. The Mexican com- 
mander not only refused to agree to the terms proposed by 
the Americans ; but, while offering others, more becoming a 
conqueror, he actually violated the armistice by strengthening 
his defenses. 

X. Scott, losing all confidence 
in the integrity of his foe, declared 
the truce at an end,. and ordered 
General Worth to storm the Moli- 
no del Rey (nio-le'-no dale 7'd), an 
outer defense of Chapultepec. Ac- 
cordingly, on the 8th of September, 
the attack was made ; and, after a 
hard-fought battle, in which Worth* 
lost nearly a fourth of his men, the 
Mexicans were driven from their 
position. Chapultepec itself, a 
strongly fortified castle, situated on 
a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital could be 
reached. 

XL Several batteries were erected to bear upon the place, 
and, on the 12th of September, a heavy fire was commenced, 
which made several breaches through the stone wall defenses. 
On the next day, the 13th, the battle of Chapultepec was 
fought. The Americans, in two columns, the one headed by 




SANTA ANNA. 



« William Jenkins Wortli was born in Hudson, Columbia Co., X. V., in 1794. In the war of 1812 he 
performeil an honorable )iart , beinjr twice promoted, once for gallant conduct in the battle of Chippewa, 
and ajrain for important service in the battle of Lundy's Lane. His distinguished services, in 1842, 
against the Florida Indians, were also rewarded by promotion. He was with Taylor in Mexico, and for 
his achievements in the battle of Monterey he was brevetted a major-general. Afterward he joined 
Scott's army. His death occurred in Tezas^ in 1S49. 



IX. Questions.— 34. What roqnost did Santa Anna make? 35. Where was Scott 
at the time? 36. How did Scott treat the request? 37. What followed for several 
days? 88. What perfidy was Santa Anna guilty of? 

X. 39. What order did Scott give to Worth ? 40. When was the battle of Moliuo 
del Eey fought? 41. Give an account of it. 42. What yet remained to be done? 

XI. 43. How was Chapultepecmenaced on the 12th of September? 44. Give an 
account of the next day's battle. 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



283 



General Pillow, and tbe other by General Quitman, advanced 
to the assault, and in the most gallant style carried the out- 
works and then the castle, though at the expense of many 
lives. 

XII. Quitman pur- 
sued the flying Mexi- 
cans ; and at night his 
division rested within 
the gates of the city, 
while Worth's division, 
which had advanced by 
a circuitous route, halt- 
ed in the suburbs. Du- 
ring the night, Santa 
Anna, with most of his 
army and the princi- 
pal officers of govern- 
ment, fled from the city. 
On the following morn- 
ing, September 14th, the 
American army passed 
into the city, and run- 
ning up the United 
States flag on the na- 
tional palace, took for- 
mal possession of the Mexican capital amid the greatest enthu- 
siasm. 

XIII. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness of 
the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege to the 
place; and, after Santa Anna's* flight from the capital, he 

» Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, Mexico, in 1798. 




XII. Questions. — ia What is said of Quitman's and "Worth's advance? 46. State 
what took place on the following morning. 

XIII. 47. To what place in the mean time had the Mexicans laid siege ? 48. What 
circumstance had induced them to commence the siege ? 49. By whom were they 
joined during the siege ? 50. "Why did S.inta Anna afterward leave the besiegers? 
51. Give an account of the battle that followed. 



284 



POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 



joined the besiegers with sorae thousands of his fugitive 
troops. Learning that General Lane, ^vith a body of re- 
cruits, was on his march from Vera Cruz to re-enforcc Scott, 
Santa Anna left Piiebla to intercept him. At Il.uamantla 
{whah-mant' -lull) the encounter took place, and though the 
Mexicans were vastly superior in numbers to the Americans, 
the result was, as usual, a total defeat to them. 

XIY. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was 
signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo [ciivah-clah-loo'-pdhc-dahl'-^io), 
a small town about four miles from the capital, and Mexico 
was soon after evacuated by the American armies. By the 
treaty, all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together 
with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquish- 
ed to the United States. On the part of the L^nited States, 
it was agreed that $15,000,000 i-hould be paid for the territory, 
and that debts due from Mexico to Ameiicau citizens, to the 
amount of $3,000,000, should be assumed. After tlie treaty 
liad been ratified by both governments, peace was proclaimed 
by Tresident Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. 

XIY. Questions.— 52. When was a treaty of peace signed? 53. At what place? 
54. What territory did the United States acquire by the treaty? 55. What amount 
of money was paid by the United States ? 5G. When did President Polk issue a pro- 
clamation of peace? 

PFJXCIPAL BATTLES OF TnE"lVAR WITH MEXICO. 
(The Americans were successful in every battle.) 



DATES. 


IJATTLKS. 


COMMANDEKS. FORCES ENGAGED. 


A.VEKICAN. 1 MEXICAN. AMKR. 1 WEX. 


1846. 

Mays, 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1S47. 
Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28. 
March 27, 
April IS, 

Aug.20,-j 

Sept. 8, 
Sept, 13, 
Oct. 9, 


P'llo Alto Tnvlnr 




2.300 

2.200 

C,600 

500 


6,000 

5.000 

10.000 

1,200 


liesaca de la Palma. 


Taylor.... 
Taylor.... 
Doniphan. 


Arista 

Ampudia 

Ponce de Leon . 


Bracito 




Bnena Vista 

Sacramento 

Vera Cruz 

Cerro Gordo 


Taylor.... 
Doniphan. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Worth. . . . 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna 

Trias 


4.700 

900 

12.000 

8.500 

4.000 

8.000 

3.500 

7.200 

500 


17.000 

4.000 

6.000 

12.000 

7.000 

25.000 

14.000 

25.000 

1.000 


Santa Anna 

Valencia 

Santa Anna 

Ah-arez 

Bravo 

Santa Anna 


Churubur-co 

Molino del Bey.... 

Cliapultepec 

Iliiamantla 





P*rogressive Maps, No. 8. 


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CO 

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last of the JI 


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15 ioni from lo ^\^as"hgtn. O^'^^ ^ " (\. 


J 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 2S5 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1845 ? 269 

2. By what process did Texas become a State of the Union ? 26G. 2G9 

3. What was the consequence of the annexation of Texas ? .... 270 

4. Why did Mexico consider the annexation a cause of war ? 270 

5. What powers had acknowledged the independence of Texas?. 270 

6. Why did Taylor take his army from Louisiana to Texas ? 270, 271 

7. What conflicting boundary claims grew out of the annexation ? 271 

8. Why did Taylor advance to the Rio Grande ? 271 

9. How was the advance of Taylor treated by the Mexicans ? 271 

1 0. Where did Taylor estabhsh a depot ? 271 

11. Where did he take a position and erect a fortress? 271 

12. What misfortune occurred on the 26th of April. 1846 ? 272 

13. How did the news of the affair affect the people of the U.S. ?.. 2 72 

14. What effect did it have upon the President and Congress ? 27 2 

15. What movements led to the battle of Palo Alto ? 272 

16. Give an account of the battle, with its results 272, 273 

IT. Give the prehminaries of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 273 

18. Give an account of the battle, with its results , 273 

19. What took place at Fort Brown during Taylor's absence ?.. . . 273 
20t When did Taylor enter and leave Matamoras ? 273, 274 

21. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Monterey 274 

22. Give an account of the battle, with its result 274 

23. By whom were Saltillo, Victoria, and Tampico taken? 274 

24. What can you state of Gen. Wool's march? 274, 275 

25. Give an account of Gen. Kearny's expedition 275 

26. Of Doniphan's expedition gnd two battles : 275, 276 

27. Of Fremont and his expedition to California 276 

28. What was done by Fremont in March, 1846 ? 276, 277 

29. Give an account of Fremont's further operations 277 

30. What was done in July, 1846, and by Com. Stockton? 277 

31. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista, with its results.. 278 

32. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz 279 

33. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 279. 280 

34. Of Scott's progress from Cerro Gordo to San Augustin. . . .280, 281 

35. Of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco 281 

36. What efforts were made to negotiate a peace ? 281, 282 

37. Give an account of the battle of the MoUno del Rey 282 

38. Of Santa Anna's flight and the taking of the city of Mexico 283 

39. Of the siege of Puebla and battle of Huamantla 283, 284 

40. Of the treaty of peace, with its principal provisions 284 



286 



TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 



TAYLOE'S ADMIOTSTKATION. 

I. Polk's successor 
in the presidency "svas 
General Zachary Tay- 
lor, the hero who had 
achieved such bril- 
liant victories in the 
-war with Mexico. 
Ilis inauguration took 
place at Washington, 
on the 5th of March, 
1849,* the 4th being 
Sunday. One of the 
earliest and most difh- 

\ cult of the questions 
''^ which commanded 
the attention of his 
administration, grew 
out of the acquisition 
of California and New 
Mexico. 

II. In February, 
1848, gold began to 

be found in California in large quantities. When the news of 
the discovery reached the Atlantic States, and spread through- 
out the other States, a wonderful excitement was at once cre- 
ated, and in a very short time thousands of emigrants were 




* rresident Tnvlor's cabinet consisted of John M. Clayton, Secretary of State : William M. Meredith, 
Secretary of the ^Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Secretary of War; William B. Preston, .Secretary of 
the Navy; Thomas Ewiiig, Secretary of the Interior; Jacob Collamer, Postmaster-General ; and Reverdy 
Johnson", Attorney -General. The department of the Interior had been created by Congress on the M of 
March, two days before Taylor's inauguration. 



Taylor's Administkation.— I. Questions.— 1. "Who succeeded Polk in the Presi- 
dency ? 2. "Whon -was Taylor inaugurated? 

IL 3. When was an important discovery niade in California? 4. What was It? 
5. What was tho consequence? 



TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 



287 



on their way to the land of gold. The rush thither was truly 
marvelous ; not only did people go from the United States, 
but they likewise flocked from Europe, Asia, South America, 
and even the isles of the sea. 

III. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that in 
September, 1849, there was a suflBcient number of settlers 
there to constitute a State; and a constitution was then adopted, 
preparatory to petition- 
ing Congress for ad- 
mission into the Union. 
An article of the Con- 
stitution, by which sla- 
very was excluded from 
California, became a 
cause for a violent dis- 
pute, not only in Con- 
gress, but in the legis- 
latures of the several 
States, and among the 
people throughout the 
Union. While Con- 
gress was in session, 
engaged in angry de- 
bate, President Taylor, 
after an administration 
of only one year, four 
months, and four days, 
died on the 9th of July, 
1850, at the presidential mansion 




III. QtJKSTiONS. — 6. What did the people of California do in September, 1S49^ 
7. What became a cause for a violent dispute in Conarress and elsewhere? 8. Whai 
calamity befell the nation while Congress was in session? 



288 



FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. 



FILLMORE'S ADMIMSTRATIOlSr. 

I. By the death of Taylor, the Yice-Pi-esident of the Uni- 
ted States, Millard Fillmore, became President, taking the 
oath of office on the 10th of July, 1850.* 

11. The question in 
relation to the admis- 
sion of California had 
been greatly compli- 
cated in Congress, by 
t he application of New 
Mexico for admission 
into the Union, and by 
:i claim on the part of 
Texas to a large por- 
tion of New Mexico. 
For the purpose of 
making " an amicable 
arrangement of all 
questions in contro- 
versy between the Free 
and the Slave States 
growing out of the 
subject of slavery," 
Henry Clay made a 
proposition, known as 
the "Omnibus Bill," 
or the "Compromise Act of 1850." 




■■'■ President Fillmore's rahinet wns constituted ns follows- Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas 
Corwiii, Secretary "f the Treasury ; Charles M. Conrad, Secretary <<f War; Alexander H. H. Stuart, Sec- 
retary of the Interior; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy; Nathan K. Hall, Postmaster-Gen- 
eral ;'auJ Joh'n J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 



Fillmokk's Admixistratiox. — I. QrESTioxs. — 1. Who succeeded Tajlor? 

II. 2. How had the question of California's admission been complicated? 3. 
"What was the object of the " Omnibus Bill ?"' 4. Who offered that bill ? 5. By what 
other name is it also known ? 



Pierce's administration. 289 

III. Although Mr. Clay's proposition did not pass Con- 
gress in the shape offered, the result aimed at was attained, 
after Taylor's death, by separate bills. These provided for 
the admission of California as a free State ; territorial govern- 
ments for New Mexico and Utah, leaving the admission or ex- 
clusion of slavery to be decided by the people of the respec- 
tive territories ; the settlement of the claim made by Texas ; 
the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; 
and the surrender of fugitives from labor, this last bill being 
known as the " Fugitive Slave Law." 

lY. Fillmore remained President during the unexpired part 
of the term for which Taylor was elected, a period of nearly 
two years and eight months, when he was succeeded by Frank- 
lin Pierce, of New Hampshire. 



PIEKCE'S ADMINISTKATION. 

I. Pierce was President for only one term, or four years, 
extending from the 4th of March, 1853,* the day of his inau- 
guration, to the 4th of March, 1857. 

II. His administration had scarcely commenced when 
the controversy was renewed between the slaveholding and 
non-slaveholding sections of the Union, the one being in 
favor of, and the other opposed to, the extension of slavery 
into the Territories of the United States. This fresh outbreak 

* President Pierce's cabinet was as follows: William L. Marcy, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, 
Secretary of the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy; 
Robert jtlcClelland, Secretary of the Interior ; James Campbell, Postmaster-General ; and "Caleb Gushing, 
Attorney-General. 



III. Questions. — 6. In what shape did Mr. Clay's bill afterward appear ? 7. What 
did the separate bills provide for? 8. What was the object of the "Fugitive Slave 
Law?" 

IV. 9. For how long a time was Fillmore President ? 10. By whom was he suc- 
ceeded? 

Pierce's Administration. — I. 1. When was Pierce inaugurated? 2. How long 
was he President ? 

II. 3. What controversy was renewed at the beginning of his administration ' 
4, What were the slaveholding States in favor of ? 5. What the non-slaveholding? 
6. How did this fresh outbreak begin ? 
13 



290 



PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 



had its origin mainly 
with Congress, in the 
introd notion tliere of 
^vhat is known as the 
"Kansas - Nebraska 
Bill." 

III. By the " Mis- 
souri Compromise 
Bill," passed in 1820, 
it was provided that, 
in consideration of the 
admission of Missouri 
as a Slave State, slavery 
should forever be pro- 
hibited in all the re- 
maining territories of 
the United States 
north of latitude thirty- 
six degrees and thirty 
minutes, the southern 
boiindary of that 
State. By the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill," which Congress 
passed in 1854, this prohibition was repealed, and the two 
territories of Kansas and Nebraska were duly organized. 

IV. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from 
both sections of the Union began to pour into Kansas, those 
from the North being determined to make it a free State, 
while those from the South were equally resolved the other 
way;, and .with such undue zeal was the strife carried on, 
that frequent collisions took place, in which blood was some- 
times shed. 




III. QtTESTiONS. — 7. When was the "Missouri Compromise Bill" passed? 8. 
"What was its important provision ? 9. When was the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 
passed? 10. What was its important provision? 

IV. 11. What began to be done as soon as the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" was 
passed? 12. What were the people of the North determined upon ? 13. What those 
of the South ? 



Buchanan's administration, 291 



V. As the time for the next presidential election ap- 
proached, three candidates were pnt in nomination. James 
Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party ; Millard 
Fillmore, of the American; and John C. Fremont, of the 
organization opposed to the extension of slavery, known as 
the Republican party. After an exciting canvass, during 
which the repeal of the " Compromise of 1820," the troubles 
in Kansas, and the "Fugitive Slave Law," entered largely 
into the subjects of discussion, Buchanan was elected. 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. Buchanan's inauguration took place on the 4th of 
March, 1857 ; * and during his administration of four years, 
three free States — Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas — were 
added to the Union. The controversy in relation to Kansas, in 
and out of Congress, was marked by much bitterness of speech, 
and only subsided upon the admission of the State, which 
occurred about a month before Buchanan retired from office. 

II. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred in the fall 
of 1859, and which created intense excitement throughout 
the country, not only gave increased impulse to the discus- 
sion, but greatly aggravated the feeling then prevailing at the 
South against the North. This was " John Brown's Raid." 
Brown's object was the liberation of slaves. With that in 
view, he and twenty -one associates seized the arsenal at Harp- 
er's Ferry, for the purpose of making it a rendezvous ; but 
the movement was a total ftiilure. Those engaged in it were 
overpowered by state and national troops, thirteen of their 
number were killed, tw^o escaped, and the rest, including 
Brown, were tried and executed. 

* President Buchanan's cabinet was constitutecJ as follows : Lewis Cass, Secretary of State ; Howell Colib, Fe> 
retary of the Treasury ; John U. Floyd, Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the Navy ; Jacob Thompson, 
Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster-General ; and Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General. 



V. Questions. — 14. What is stated of the presidential election of 185G? 
Buchanan's Administration. — I. 1. When was Buchanan inaugurated' 
2. States admitted during his admini.'stration? 3. What, of the Kansas controrersy' 
II. 4. Give an account of " John Brown's Raid." What effect did It have ? 



^ 



292 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



III. The Democratic 
party was divided be- 
tween Stephen A. 
Douglas, of Illinois, 
and John C. Breckin- 
ridge, of Kentucky. 
The Republican party, 
opposed to the further 
extension of slavery, 
nominated Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois ; 
while the American 
party presented for its 
candidate John Bell, 
of Tennessee, After 
an exciting canvass, in 
which the slavery ques- 
tion Avas the all-ab- 
sorbing one, the elec- 
tion resulted in the 
success of the Repub- 
lican nominee. 
IV. When it became known that Lincoln would be the 
next President, public meetings were held in Charleston and 
elsewhere in South Carolina, at which resolutions were 
adopted in favor of the secession of the State from the L^nion. 
In pursuance of a special act of the South Carolina legisla- 
ture, delegates were elected to assemble in convention at 
Columbia on the 17th of December, 1860. They accordingly 
met, but, in consequence of the prevalence of small-pox in 
that city, an adjournment to Charleston took place, where, on 




W I Ij.niin 1 ruil 1iti( Pi, in , April 

i I'"*l ^\ i-> I ri present 111 ve iii 

< i^Tf^s, e^^n^ to Sr IVlersb 

I I ^ Senat i , Secrelarv <>t«;iate 




III. QiTESTioNS. — 6. IIow was the Democratic party divided? 7. Who were the 
other candidates? S. To what was the llepublican party opposed? 9. What was 
the result of tlie election ? 

IV. 10. When Lincoln's success became known, how did the peo])le of South 
Carolina act? 11. What convention was held in the State? 12. What was done by 
the convention ? 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



293 



the 20th of December, an ordinance of secession was unani- 
mously passed. 

Y. In the mean time a great deal of interest was felt re- 
specting the forts in 
Charleston harbor, only 
one of which — Fort 
Moultrie — was garri- 
soned. Threats had 
been uttered and demon- 
strations made which 
rendered it probable 
that they would be 
seized by the South 
Carolinians. Towards 
the close of December, 
as the danger of an at- 
tack upon Fort Moultrie 
became more imminent, 
the commander, Major 
Anderson,* convinced 
that his position there 
would not be tenable if 
attacked by well-organ- 
ized and disciplined troops, on the 2Gth of December, 1860, 
withdrew the garrison, which consisted of only about eighty 
men, and established himself at Fort Sumter. 

VI. The excitement in Charleston, produced by this act of 
removal, was intense ; and it spread with lightning speed over 
the whole State. The authorities of South Carolina at once 

* Major Robert Anderson was1)0rn near Louisville, Ky., in 1805. In 1825, he w.-is srraduated at West Point. 
He was in the Seminole War, and with Scott's army in the Mexican War. At the battle of the Molino 
del Rey he was severely wounded. In May, ISlil, he was made brigadier-general in the U. S. army. 




Y. Questions. — 13. "What interest was felt in the meantime? 14. "What was 
the ground of concern respecting the forts? 15. Who commanded. Fort Moultrie? 
16. How many men did Anderson have with him? IT. What moyemeut did he 
make ? 18. Whj^ did he make the movement? 

YI. 19. IIow did Anderson's remoA'al influence the people of Charleston and the 
other parts of the State? 20. "What buildings did the State authorities seize ? 21. 
"What disposition did they make of troops? 22. W^hat was done with a view to a 
Southern Confederacy? 



294 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 





MAJOR ANDEESON. 



seized the United States 
custom - house, post- 
office, and arsenal, at 
Charleston, and sent 
ti'oops to occupy Castle 
rinckney and Fort 
Moultrie, in the harbor 
of that city ; and, at the 
close of the month, the 
State sent Commission- 
ers to the other Slave 
States, with a view to the 
formation of a Southern 
Confederacy. 

YII. On the 10th of 
January, 1861, the 
steamer Star of the 
West, which had been 
dispatched from New 
York with supplies and 
re-enforcements for Fort 
Sumter, arrived off Charleston, and 
was fired upon and driven back to 
sea by batteries erected to command 
the entrance of the harbor. The 
Star of the WcvSt thereupon re- 
turned to Xew York. During this 
month, January, five States, viz. : 
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
Georgia, and Louisiana, following 
the lead of South Carolina, passed 
secession ordinances, and, on the 1st 



VII. Questions.— 2.3. Give the account connected with the Star of the West 
24. ilow many States, in January, 1861, followed the lead of South Carolina? 25. 
■When did Texas secede? 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



295 



of February, Texas did 
the same. 

VIII. Nearly all the 
forts, arsenals, navy- 
yards, and custom-houses 
within these States, and 
which belonged to the 
United States, were 
seized by the secession- 
ists. Fort Sumter, still 
held by Ma;] or Anderson, 
and Fort Pickens, near 
Pensacola, which had 
been saved by the de- 
cided action of its com- 
mander, Lieutenant 
Slemmer, were the only 
important forts which 
remained in the posses- 
sion of the general gov- 
ernment on the 1st of 
February. The posts at the southern 
extremity of Florida also remained 
in the hands of the government. 

IX. In the mean time, upon the 
recommendation of the legislature 
of Virginia, delegates had been ap- 
pointed by twenty-one States to a 
so-called " Peace Conference," to 
decide upon a plan " for a settle- 
ment of all difficulties and the 
preservation of the Union." The 
convention assembled at Washing- 





PENSACOLA. AND VICINITY. 



VIII. Questions.— 26. What is said of the seizure of forts, arsenals, &c. ? 27. Of 
Forts Sumter and Pickens? 28. How is Fort Sumter situated ? (See map, p. 129.) 
29. How is Fort Pickens situated ? (See map, p. 295.) 30. What southern posts 
renjained In the hands of the government ? 



296 



BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 



ton, on the 4tli of February, and was organized by the unani- 
mous election of ex-President Tyler as chairman. After a 
session of three weeks it adjourned ; and the result of its 
labors, a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution, 
was laid before Congress, but without meeting the approval 
of that body. 




FORT SUMTEE. 



X. On the very day upon which the "Peace Congress" 
assembled, February 4th, a congress, composed of delegates 
from six of the Southern States, met at Montgomery, Ala. ; 
and, four days after, organized a Confederacy, by the adop- 
tion of a " Provisional Constitution," calling it the " Confed- 
erate States of America." This constitution was superseded, 
in little more than a month, by one intended to be permanent. 
On the 9th of February, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
elected President of the Confederacy by the Montgomery 
Conoress, and, on the 18th, he was duly inaugurated. 

XL In this distracted and sad condition were the affairs of 
the country upon the retirement of Buchanan from the presi- 
dency, and the assumption of the office by Lincoln. 

IX. Questions.— 31. When and where did the "Peace Convention" meet? 32. 
How many States were represented there? 33. Upon whose recommendation had 
the delegates been chosen? 34. Who was chosen president of the convention? 35 
Give a further account of the convention and its doings. 

X. 36. Where did a second convention meet on the 4th of February? 87. What. 
States were represented in that convention ? 3S. What was done by the conven- 
tion ? 39. What was done on the 9tb and 18th of February ? 



SECTIOISr IX. 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF LINCOLn's ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 

LIlSrCOLl^'S ADMINISTRATION 

I. On the 11 til of 
February, 1861, Lincoln 
left Ills home at Spring- 
lield, Illinois, for Wash- 
ington. On his way 
he made brief stops at 
various cities, and was 
everywhere received 
with great enthusiasm. 
It had been arranged 
that his route from 
Harrisburgh should be 
through Baltimore, 
but, in consequence of 
the excited state of 
feeling existing be- 
tween the political 
clubs of the last-named 
city, and desiring to 
prevent an anticipated 
outrage, he made a 
night journey, arriving 
in Washington at an early hour on the morning of the 22d 
of February. His inauguration took place on the 4th of 
March, " amid a greater display of military force than had 
ever before been witnessed on such an occasion. '"^^ 




» PresiiJent Lincoln's cabinet was constituted as follows: William H. Sewanl, Secretary of State; 
Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasnrv ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War : Gideon Welles, Secretary 
of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith. Secretary cf the Interior; Edward Bates, Attorney -General ; and Mont- 
gomerj' Blair, Postmaster-General. 



V 



298 Lincoln's administration. 

II. In his inaugural address, Lincoln announced that he 
had " no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the 
institution of slavery in the States where it exists ; " further 
stating that, in his opinion, he had " no right to do so." This 
assurance, however, did not satisfy the people of the South ; 
for they believed that the ultimate result of Lincoln's rule 
would be adverse to their interests in reference to slavery ; 
and, in the course they took, they were sustained by the 
conviction that their obligations to the general government 
were secondary to that which they owed to their respective 
States. 

THK GKEAT CIVIL WAR. — EVENTS OF 1861. 

I. The Confederates soon organized an army, and General 
Beauregard (bo'-re-gard), who had been a major in the service 
of the United States, was placed in command of the forces 
intended to drive Anderson from Fort Sumter. On the morn- 
ing of the 12th of April, 1861, the first shot was fired upon 
the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the de- 
fense being but feeble, in consequence of the smallness of the 
garrison and a poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was com- 
pelled to capitulate. On the 14th he departed with his com- 
mand, and sailed for New York. 

II. The news of this event, as it was flashed along the 
wires, produced an almost uncontrollable excitement through- 
out the country ; and the President's proclamation, issued on 
the following day, April 15th, calling for seventy -five thousand 

. Lincoln's Administration.— I. Questions. — 1. Where did T.incoln live at 
the time of his election to the Presidency ? 2. What can you state of his journey to 
Washington ? 3. When was he inaugurated ? 4. What can you state of the occasion ? 

II. 5. What did Lincoln proclaim in reference "lo the Slavery question ? 6. With 
what effect? 7. What conviction sustained the Southern leaders in their course? 

Events op 18G1. — I. 1. What command was given to Beauregard ? 2. When did 
hostilities actually commence? 3. By whom were they commenced? 4. Why did 
not Anderson make a better defense ? 5. What was the result of the attack? 

II. 6. What effect did the news have ? 7. News of what ? 8. What action did 
President Lincoln take? 9. What can you state of the response? 10. What took 
place in Baltimore? 11. Where were the troops going? 12. What meetings of the 
people were held ^ 



Lincoln's administration. 299 



troops, was responded to at once by all the Free States. The 
national capital being menaced, troops were hurried off for 
its defense. A Massachusetts regiment, while thus on its way 
to Washington, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of 
Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers, and two of the 
soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. This and other 
acts of the Secessionists aroused the people of the North : a 
great mass meeting was held in New York city, and similar 
gatherings took place in other cities, in favor of the Union. 

III. Nor were the Confederates inactive. They seized the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Thefalso made preparations to 
get possession of the navy-yard near Norfolk: the Union offi- 
cers there, despairing of a defense, set fire to the government 
buildings, and scuttled and sunk most of the vessels in the 
harbor. Immense quantities of ordnance, shot, and shell 
thus fell into the hands of the Confederates, and they also 
acquired by seizure, arsenals and strongholds in other direc- 
tions, as well as ships, steamboats, and government property 
wherever they could find it. In consequence of these acts. 
President Lincoln issued a proclamation, April 19th, declar- 
ing certain Southern ports closed ; and, eight days after, he 
issued an additional proclamation, extending the blockade to 
all ports in the Slave States south of Maryland. 

lY. It can hardly be said that the National Government 
made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then 
troops were sent into Yirginia by order of General Scott, who 
commanded the army of the United States. Alexandria and 

III. Questions.— 18. What activity did the Confederates manifest? 14. How is 
Harper's Ferry situated ? (See map, p. 237.) 15. Norfolk? (Same map.) 16. Why 
did not the Union officers defend Norfolk ? IT. What did they do? IS. What then 
fell into the hands of the Confederates? 19. What else did they acquire ? 20. What 
proclamation did Lincoln issue? 21. Why did he do so? 22. When did he do it? 
23. What additional proclamation did he issue ? 

IV. 24. When did the Government begin in earnest to move against the insur- 
gents? 25. Who, at the time, M-as in command of the Federal armies? 26. What 
places did the Government troops occupy ? 27. Where are those places ? (See map, 
p. 320.) 23. What took place at Philippi ? 29. At Big Bethel? 30. WHiere is Phi- 
llppi? (See map, p. 320.) 31. Big Bethel ? (Map, p. 312.) 32. Give dates of the battles. 



800 



Lincoln's administration. 



/ ^^ A R /«; 




^ V^^^nFT ST PHILIP' 



{Queiitions to he ansicered from the above map.) 

"Where is Port Hudson? Baton Eouge? Natchez j" Vicksburg? Memphis? 

Fort Pillow? Island No. 10? Padueah ? Bowlinj; Green ? Fort Donolson ? Fort 

Henry? Arkansas Post? Shreveport? Pea Pvidge? Lawrence? Springfiekl? 

Corinth? New Orleans? Ship Island ? Port Gibson? lluntsville? Little Rock ? 



LIN<30LN8 ADMINISTRATION. 301 

Arlington Heights were occupied, and a camp at Philippi was 
surprised, June 3d, the Confederates being completely routed ; 
but seven days after, a Union force, sent from Fortress Monroe, 
was severely repulsed at Big Bethel. 

Y. Ill the mean time efforts had been made by the Seces- 
sionists to take Missouri out of the Union : in this, however, 
they failed, mainly through the prompt action of General 
Lyon,* who captured a Confederate camp, defeated the enemy 
at Booneville, on the IVtli of June, and frustrated the desisfus 
of the disloyal governor. On the 5th of July, a division of 
his troops, under Colonel Sigel {see-gel) defeated a body of the 
enemy at Carthage ; and, on the 2d of August, at Dug Spring, 
the loyal forces were again victorious; but on the 10th, having 
been confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing a retro- 
grade movement would be fatal to 
the cause, Lyon made an unsuc- 
cessful attack upon the enemy at 
Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, 
and was killed. 

VI. The Confederate army, to 
-the number of about one hun- 
dred thousand men, occupied a 
line through Virginia from Har- 
per's Ferry to Norfolk, their 
strongest position being on the jEnru'-oN davis 

direct road from Washington to Richmond, at a place called 




* Nathaniel Lyon was born in Connecticut, July 14th, 1819. He served under Taylor and Scott in the 
Mexican War, and was promoted for meritorious conduct. 

V. Questions.— 33. What efforts had been made ineanwhile in Missouri? 34. 
"Why were not the efforts successful? 85. AVhat did General Lyon accomplish? 
36. "Where is Booneville ? (See map, p. 300.) 37. What account can yon give of the 
battle of Cailhase ? 3S. Dug Spring ? 39. Wilson's Creek ? 40. Where is Carthage ? 
(.See map. p. 300.) 41. Dug Spring? 42. Wilson's Creek ? 

YI. 43. Where is Manassas Junction? (See map, p. 330.) 44. How large an army 
did the Confederates have in Jul}', 1S61 ? 45. How was the army stationed ? 4G. 
What place was then the capital of the Southern Confederacy? 47. What place had 
been the previous capital? 4S. How is Richmond situated? (See map, p. 320.) 49 
Montgomery ? (See map, p. 223.) 



302 Lincoln's administration. 

Manassas Junction. Richmond was then the capital of 
the Southern Confederacy, the transfer from Montgom- 
ery, their first capital, having been effected in July, and Jef- 
ferson Davis had been chosen the President of the so-called 
"Confederate States of America." 

VII. About the middle of July a large army, commanded 
by General McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates at 
Manassas Junction. On the 18th, a division of this army, under 
General Tyler, encountered the enemy, under General Beau- 
regard, near Bull Run, and after a contest of three hours, fell 
back to Centre ville. On the 21st occurred the battle of Bull 
Run. In this conflict, which was exceedingly desperate, and 
lasted ten hours, more than forty thousand men were engaged. 
At length the Confederates, largely re-enforced, prevailed, 
and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
Washington. The Union loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners 
numbered nearly three thousand men: the loss of the enemy 
in killed and wounded did not much exceed half that number. 
YIII. On the following day, July 
2 2d, General McClellan succeeded 
McDowell in the command of the 
Potomac Army. McClellan had just 
closed with credit a brief campaign 
in West Virginia, where a division 
of his army, under General Rosecrans 
{roz' -krauts), had defeated the enemy 
at Rich Mountain. This, with other 
victories, had given him the entire 

General McClellan. i /. i • r^ 

control of that region. Congress, 

YII. Questions. — 50. Who commanded the army opposed to this large one of 
the Confederates? 51. Give an account of General Tyler's operations. 52. Of the 
battle of Bull Kun. 53. Where is Bull Pain ? (Map, p. 330.) 54. Centreville ? (Same.) 

YIII. 55. W^as McDowell continued in the command of the army ? 56. By whom 
was he superseded ? 57. When did the change take place ? 5S. Where had McClellan 
previously done good service ? 59. W'hat did llosecrans accomplish? CO. Where is 
Rich Mountain? (See map, p. 320.) 61. What action did Congress take? 62. The 
President ? 




LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 303 

which had met in extra session on the 4th of July, promptly 
voted to raise 500,000 men, to serve three years or during 
the war ; and in August, the President issued a proclamation 
forbidding all intercourse with the states in Confederation. 

IX. A naval expedition, commanded by Commodore String- 
ham, was successful in taking, August 29th, Hatteras and 
Clark, two forts at Hatteras Inlet. A more important expedi- 
tion, consisting of about fifty vessels, and carrying fifteen 
thousand men, sailed from Hampton Roads, and on the Vth 
of November, after a fight of three hours, captured Forts 
Walker and Beauregard, at the entrance of Port Royal harbor. 
Commodore Dupont commanded the naval forces on the 
occasion, and General Sherman* those of the land. This vic- 
tory secured a fine rendezvous for the blockading squadron, 
and also a base for subsequent operations during the war. In 
the mean time, Scott having resigned the command of the 
Union armies, McClellan was appointed in his place. 

X. Affairs in Missouri meanwhile kept growing worse in- 
stead of better. Colonel Mulligan, commanding two thousand 
five hundred men at Lexington, was attacked by a Confederate 
force of about ten thousand, under General Price, and, after 
four days' struggle, was compelled to surrender, September 
20. General Fremont, who two months before had been 
placed in command of the Western Department, thereupon 
marched from St. Louis against Price, who, instead of moving 
farther northward, retreated in an opposite direction, followed 
by Fremont. The pursuit was brought to a close at Spring- 

* Brig. -Gen. T. W. Sherman. 

IX. Questions.— 63. "What success did Commodore Stringham meet with ? 64. 
How large a fleet sailed from Hampton Eoads ? 65. Who commanded it ? 66. Who 
commanded the land forces on board ? 67. What success did they have ? 6S. What 
made the victory particularly important? 69. Where is Hatteras Inlet? (See map, 
p. 820.) 70. Port Koyal harbor? (Same map.) 71. To what position did McClellan 
succeed ? 

X. 72. Give an account of the battle of Lexington, Missouri. 73. Of Fremont's 
operations. 74. By whom was Fremont succeeded in the command? 75. By whom 
was Hunter succeeded ? 76. Where is Lexington ? (See map, p. 800.) 77. St. Louis? 
(Same map.) 78. Springfield ? (Same map.) 



304 Lincoln's administration. 

field, where Fi'emont, on the 2d of November, received 

1 Qg-j ' ' ' 

an order removing- him from the command. He was 
succeeded by General Hunter, who retained the position until 
the appointment of General Halleck. 

XI. In the early part of October, the Confederate army 
which had threatened Washington began to fall back and the 
Union army to push forward. A division of General vStone's 
command, having crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry or 
Ball's Bluff, to make a reconnoissance, was disastrously de- 
feated, October 21, and its commander. Colonel Baker,* killed. 
In the mean time a number of battles and skirmishes had 
taken place in Kentucky and in other States. In one at Bel- 
mont, Missouri, on the 7th of November, General Grant, 
who commanded the Union troops, gained credit, though his 
men finally retired to their boats, the enemy having been 
largely re-enforced. 

XII. On the sea an event had occurred in the mean time ' 
which produced great excitement both in the United States 
and Great Britain, and a war between the two countries seemed 
for a time imminent. Captain Wilkes, in command of the 
frigate San Jacinto, intercepted the English steamer Trent in 
the Bahama Channel, and took from her Messrs. Mason and 
Slidell, Confederate commissioners to Europe. The two pris- 
oners were then brought to the United States, and placed in 
Fort AVarren, near Boston. As the act committed by Wilkes 
was contrary to the doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral ves- 
sel, a doctrine which had long been avowed by the American 
Government, and as the British authorities resented the act 



*Edward D. Baker was born in England. He was a nnember of Consress from Illinois, and an officer 
in the Mexican War. At the time of his death he was a United States Senator from Oregon. 

XI. Questions.— 79. Give an account of the battle of Bull's Bluff. SO. By what 
other name is it also known? 81. 'Whove is Ball's Bluff? (See map, p. 3'20.) 82. 
Give an account of the battle of Belmont. S3. "Where i.s Belmont? (See map, p. 300.) 

XII. 84. On what mission were Mason and Slidell sent? 85. Give an account of 
tneir captur by Captain Wilkes. 86. What war did the act of Wilkes nearly lead 
to? 87. What disposition was finally made of the two commissioners? 88. Why 
were they given up by the United States Government ? 



Lincoln's administration. 305 

as an insult to their flag, the two captured commissioners were 
put on board an English vessel bound for Europe. 

XIII. Since the beginning of the war the United States 
Government had increased its navy to about two hundred 
vessels. This had been done by completing those on the 
stocks, and by purchasing and chartering such steamers and 
other vessels as were found suitable for the public service. 
This whole force was required in blockading the ports of the 
South; and as it was increased in the three succeeding years, 
the blockade became more effective. Meanwhile the relations 
of the United States with England and France were by no 
means amicable ; for, before the last of the States that passed 
Secession ordinances had joined the Confederacy, Queen 
Victoria issued a proclamation. May 13th, acknowledging the 
South as a belligerent power.; and France soon after did the 
same. The course thus pursued by the two powers was not 
considered friendly by the Government of the United States. 

XIV. During this year the Confederates fitted out a num- 
ber of privateers to prey upon the commerce of the North. 
On the 1st of June, the Savannah, a little schooner thus fitted 
out, captured a vessel ; but on the 3d, she fell in with the 
United States brig Perry, which she mistook for a merchant- 
man, and was easily made captive. Some of the Savannah's 
crew were afterward tried as pirates, but not convicted. Two 
months later the Petrel, formerly a revenue-cutter, which had 
been surrendered to the Confederates at the beginning of the 
war, ran the blockade of Charleston ; but, encountering the 
United States gunboat St. Lawrence, was sunk with five of 
her crew. 



XIIL QiTESTiONS.— S9. How many vessels weie in the United States navj- at the 
close of 1S61? 90. How had the increase in the navy been effected? 91. How 
was the navy employed ? 92. What caused unfriendly feelings between the United 
States on. the one side and England and France on the other ? 

XIV. 93. For what purpose was the schooner Savannah fitted out? 94. What 
became of her? 95. Of her crew? 96. What became of the Petrel? 97. Give the 
previous history of the Petrel. 



306 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

XV. One of the most successful of the privateers was 
the steamer Sumter, Captain Semmes, which ran the 
blockade of New Orleans, June 30th, 1861, and having in fifteen 
days captured as many vessels, ran into the British port of Nas- 
sau, where she was supplied with coal. The Sumter made other 
captures in her subsequent cruise, and then crossed the At- 
lantic, entering the British harbor of Gibraltar. Here she 
was found by an United States gunboat, and from a Spanish 
port opposite was watched. Finally she was sold, and her 
crew went to England, where a faster steamer, the Alabama, 
was being constructed for the Confederate government. 
Semmes soon resumed his career of destruction upon the seas, 
luring vessels by hoisting the British flag, and then consign- 
ing his prizes to the flames. 



EVENTS OF 1862. 

I. At Cairo the Union troops established a base of opera- 
tions, General Grant being in command. From a point on 
the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the whole river, to 
its mouth, was in possession of the Confederates, and great 
preparations were being made on both sides for the mastery 
of the river. The Confederates had also built a line of forts 
stretching irregularly from the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, 
the principal ones being at Columbus, Bowling Green, Mill 

XV. QrKSTioxs— OS. Wluvt vessel did Semmos cominand in ISGl ? 99. In what 
business was the Siiintor engaged ? 100. From what American port did the Sumter 
escape? 101. IIdw many vessels did she capture in fifteen days? 102. Where did 
she get a supply of coal ? 103. What further account can you give of the Sumter? 
104. What vcs.«el did Semmes next command? 105. Where was the Alabama built? 
106. By what means did Semmes get possession of his prize?? 107. What disposi- 
tion did he then make of them ? 

Events of 1862.-1. 1. Where is Cairo situated? (See map, p. 800.) 2. "What 
was established at Cairo ? 8. AVho was in command there? 4. How much of the 
Mississippi was in jiossession of the Confederates in the beginning of 1862 ? 5. What 
line of forts had the Confederates built? 6. Give an account of the battle of Mill 
Spring. 7. Where is Mill Spring? (See map, p. 320.) 8. Columbus? (Map. p. 800.) 
9. Bowling Green ? (Same.) 10. Fort Henry ? (Same.) 11. Fort Donelson ? (Same.) 




Lincoln's administration. 30*7 

Spring, and Forts Henry and Donelson. In January, 1862, 
a division of Union troops under the command of General 
Thomas, advanced against Mill Spring, and on the 19th 
a battle took place, resulting in the defeat of the Con- 
federates, and the death of Zollicoffer {tsol'-le-ko'-fer)^ one of 
their ablest generals. 

II. On the Gtli of February, Cap- 
tain, afterward Admiral Foote,* 
commanding a fleet of gunboats, 
reduced Fort Henry. Upon the 
approach of General Mitchell a few 
days later. Bowling Green was 
abandoned, the forces retiring to 
Fort Donelson. Simultaneously 
with Mitchell's movement, a land 
and naval expedition proceeded 
against Fort Donelson, which was ^'^'"''^^ "'^^''^• 

assaulted by General Grant on the 15th. The battle lasted 
the whole of that day with varying fortune, but during the 
night scvei-al thousand men of the Confederate force escaped 
up the Cumberland, and on the following morning the fort 
was surrendered, General Buckner and sixteen thousand men 
becoming prisoners. The evacuation of Nashville and Colum- 
bus followed as a necessary consequence. 

HI. While these events were ti-an spiring, a powerful land 

» Andrew Hull Foote was born In Connecticut, September 12th, 1806. He spent the most of his lifa 
in the naval service of his country. He was an active friend of religions and philanthropic enterprises, 
being particularly active in discouragring profanity and intemperance. He died in New York, June 26th, 
ISCS, v^hile maliing preparations to take char^je oi' the squadron olf Charleston. 

II. Questions.— 12. By whom was Fort Hcniy captured ? 13. When was the 
cai)ture made? 14. Why did the Confederates abandon Bowling Green? 15. Give 
an account of the movements against Fort Donelson. IC. What places did the Con- 
federates then abandon ? 17. Why did they leave ? 

III. 18. What expedition sailed from Hampton Roads? 19. When did the vessels 
reach Hatteras Inlet? 20. When did they commence an attack? 21. What place 
did they attack ? 22. What success did the troops have? 23. Who commanded the 
troops ? 24. What other success did the troops have ? 25. What were the successes 
of the fleet? 26. What expedition was successful? 27. Give an account of the 
capture of Fort Pulaski. 28. Where is the fort situated 1 



308 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

and naval expedition was fitted out and placed under the 

logo . 

*^* command of General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
borough. It sailed from Hampton Roads, and, though a destruc- 
tive storm sprang up soon after, most of the vessels reached 
Hatteras Inlet by the l7th of January, and entered Pamlico 
Sound. On the 7th of Feb., the fleet opened a fire upon Roan- 
oke Isl., Avhile the troops landed, and, storming the enemy's in- 
trenchments on the 8th, captured twenty-five hundred prisoners. 
This success was followed by the destruction of the Confed- 
erate flotilla at Elizabeth City, by the seizure of that and other 
places, and also by a victory gained by Burnside, at Newbern, 
on the 14th of March. An expedition, fitted out at Port 
Royal, against certain seaports in Florida, was entirely success- 
ful, and, on the 11th of April, Fort Pulaski, at the mouth 
of the Savannah, was bombarded and captured. 

IV. No events of the war produced more interest than 
those which occurred at Hampton Roads, on the 8th and 9th 
of March. When Norfolk was abandoned, at the beginning 
of the war, the steamship Merrimac was sunk. She was, how- 
ever, soon raised by the Confederates, cut down almost to the 
water's edge, and covered with a plating of iron. On the 8th 
of March, she made her appearance in Hampton Roads, sunk 
the U. S. sloop Cumberland, and compelled the frigate Congress 
to surrender. Night set in, and it was anticipated, on the next 
day all the national vessels in the roads would be destroyed. 
During the night, however, a newly invented floating battery, 
the Monitor, commanded by Lieutenant Worden {wur'den), 
arrived from New York, and on the following day en- 
countered the Merrimac. After a contest of several hours, 
the latter, in a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 



IV. Questions.— 29. Wliat havoc was committed on the Sth of March, 1S62 ? 
80. Give the previous history of the Morriinac. 81. By what naine did the Confed- 
erates call her? Ans. The A'irdnia. 32. What was the prospect for tht 9th of 
March ? 33. What occurred during the niaht? 34. Wh.at then followed ? 85. Where 
is Hampton Roads? (See map, p. 312.) 8G. Norfolk? (Same map.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 309 

V. In Missouri and Arkansas, movements of importance 
had in the mean AvLile occurred. The Confederates in those 
States were commanded by General Van Dorn. A division 
oi their army having retreated from Missouri before General 
Curtis, their forces, to the number of about twenty-five thou- 
sand, concentrated at Pea Ridge, where one of the most deter- 
mined battles of the war was fought. It took place on the 
6th, 7th, and 8th of March, and resulted in the signal defeat 
of the Confederates. Curtis, in his official report, commended 
General Sigel and others of his officers for their gallant con- 
duct. 

VL Early in March, General McCIellan ordered an advance 
from Washington toward Richmond, the enemy fallino- back 
from the position at Centreville and Manassas, which he had 
occupied nearly a year, and taking up a new line of defense 
along the Rappahannock. On the 23d, General Shields, com- 
manding a Union detachment, gained a splendid victory "at 
Winchester. McCIellan having taken the field, an organiza- 
tion of military departments was eff"ected, Gen. Halleck being 
assigned to the West, Gen. Hunter to the South, Gen. Butler 
to the Gulf, Gen. Fremont to West Virginia and Eastern 
Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to 
the Rappahannock, and Gen. McCIellan to the Potomac. 

VII. After the Confederates had evacuated Columbus, they 
retreated down the Mississippi to Island No. 10, and to New 
Madrid, Missouri : they also took a strong position at Corinth. 



Y. QcESTioxs.— 37. "Where is Pea Eidge ? (See map, p. 300.) 38. Give an account 
of the battle that took place there. 39. What commendation did General Sigel 
receive ? 

YI. 40. What movement -was made early in March ? 41. What movement did the 
Confederates make in conseqiience ? 42. What success did General Shields have ? 
43. What department organizations were effected ? 44. Where is W'inchester ? (See 
map, p. 820.) 45. Into what river does the Eappahannock flow? (Same map.) 

YII. 46. To what places did the Confederates retreat from Columbus ? 47. What 
took place at New Madi'id ? 4S. Describe the process b}' which the Confederates 
■were compelled to evacuate Island No. 10. 49. Where is Columbus? (See map, p, 
SOO.y 50. New Madrid ? (Same map.) 51. Island No. 10 ? (Same map.) 



310 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

On the 1 4th of March, General Pope succeeded in taking 
"" New Madrid, and on the 16th the bombardment of the 
island was opened by the gunboat fleet of Commodore Foote. 
The plan of attack required the co-operation of Pope, but as that 
officer had no means of crossing the Mississippi, the difficulty- 
was overcome by cutting a canal twelve miles long, through 
the neck of land formed by a bend in the river opposite the 
island, by which the needed transports from Foote's fleet 
were enabled to reach him. As soon as his troops began to 
cross, April 7th, the enemy proceeded to evacuate the island; 
and on the following day the place, with about six thousand 
prisoners, was in the hands of the Unionists. 

VIII. In the mean time the main body of the Western 
army, under Grant, was advancing toward Corinth. On the 
6th of April, having reached Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on 
the Tennessee, here, early in the morning of that day, it was 
attacked by the enemy, commanded by Johnston and Beaure- 
gard. The battle raged till near nightfall, the Union troops 
being compelled to retreat to the river, where the gunboats 
aided them to make a stand. The arrival of re-enforcements 
under BucU enabled Grant to assume the oftensive on the 
following day, and the enemy were Anally driven back toward 
Corinth. The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, 
numbered more than a hundred thousand men, and the losses 
were very severe. Johnston (Albert S.) was killed. . 

IX. Ilalleck, having arrived from St. Louis, took command 
in person of Grant's victorious army. He at once commenced 
an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing every day for 
nearly two months, when. May 30th, the place was found to 

YIII. Questions.— 52. Where is Corinth ? (See uiap, p. 300.) 53. Shiloh ? (Saqje 
map.) 54. Into what river does the Tennessee flow? (Same map.) 55. Describe 
what took place on the 6th of April. 56. Give an account of subsequent operations. 

IX. 57. Who then took command of Grant's army? 5S. Give an account of his 
movements. 59. Of MitchelKs movements. 60. Of operations at and near Fort 
Pillow. CI. Of operations at and before Memphis. 62. Where is Nashville ? (See 
map, p. 800.) 63. Huntsville ? (Same map.) 64. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 65. Memphis f 
CSame.) 



311 

be evacuated. A small body of troops under Mitchell mean- 
while had marched from Nashville, occupied several towns in 
Tennessee, and seized Huntsville, in Alabama. The Confede- 
rates, after their loss of Island No. 10, made a stand at Fort 
Wright, or, as it is also called. Fort Pillow. The fleet on the 
Mississippi, commanded by Commodore Foote, descended the 
river, and was unsuccessfnlly attacked by the enemy's fleet 
near the fort — the fort itself being afterward abandoned. On 
the 6th, two days later, Commodore Davis, Foote's successor, 
gained a victory over the fleet defending Memphis, and the 
town, in consequence, fell into his hands. 

X. Lower down the Mississippi, the Union cause had met 
with a success of still more importance. This was the capture 
of New Orleans, on the 25th of April. Commodore Farragut's 
fleet of forty-five vessels, including a number of mortar-boats 
under the special command of Commodore Porter, ascended 
the Mississippi, and for six days bombarded Forts Jackson and 
St. Philip, on opposite sides of the river, about seventy-five 
miles below the city. Having broken the chain which had 
been stretched across the stream, Farragut ran past the forts, 
April 24th, and destroyed a squadron of the enemy's rams 
and gunboats. As he approached New Orleans, the Confede- 
rates set fire to the vast stores of cotton and sugar there. 
The two forts, Jackson and St. Philip, surrendered to Porter, 
and then General Butler moved up the river from Ship Island, 
and, taking formal possession of the city, placed it under 
martial law. 

XI. At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his army, to the 

X. Questions. — 66. When was New Orleans captured by the Union forces ? 07. 
When was the capture made? 68. By whom were the victors commanded? 09. 
Give an account of the achievement. TO. Who then took military possession of the 
city ? 71. Where is New Orleans? (See map, y». 300.) 

XI. 72. IIow large an army did General McClellan have at Alexandria? 73. What 
movement did he make from Alexandria ? 74. Give an account of o[»eration8 at 
Yorktown. 75. At Williamsburq:. 7G. At West Point. 77. Where is Alexandria? 
(See mnj). p. 237.) 78. Fortress Monroe ? (Map, p. 320.) 79. Yorktown ? (Same.) SO. 
Uichmond ? (Same.) 81. Williamsburg ? (Same.) 82. West Point ? 



312 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1862. 



number of eighty-five thousand men, for Fortress Mon- 
roe, whence he advanced upon Yorktown. A siege com- 
menced on the 5th of April, and continued, with much fighting, 
until the 4th of May, when the place was found to be evacuated. 
The Confederates retreated toward Richmond, pursued by the 
Union troops ; and at AVilliamsburg, where they were over- 
taken the following day, a severe action took place. The 
pursuers at first met with a serious check; but the timely 
arrival of General Kearny restored the battle, and the enemy 
fled. A division of the pursuing army proceeded up the 
York River, and, having landed near West Point, were unsuc- 
cessfully attacked on the Vth. 

XII. President Lincoln at this time 
visited Fortress Monroe, and having 
urged a movement upon Norfolk, an ex- 
pedition was accordingly dispatched 
under General Wool. Upon approaching 
the city, the Union commander was met 
by the civil authorities and informed that 
the place had been abandoned by the 




MAP OF NORFOLK AND 

yiciNixy. 



Confederate army. Besides so doin 



»' 



the Confederates had burned the navy-yard near Norfolk ; 
evacuated Craney Island, where they had erected formidable 
defenses ; and they also destroyed their iron-clad vessel, the 
Merrimac. They needed all their men to opjDose the march 
of McClellan's army against Richmond. 

XIII. This army, in the mean time, was steadily advancing. 
By the 20th of May, most of the troops had reached the 



XII. Questions.— S3. What visit did the President nakc? S4. What did lie 
urge? 85. What success did General Wool have? 86. What previous acts had the 
insurgents comaiitted? 87. Why did they do so? 88. Where is Norfolk ? (See 
map, p. 312.) 89. Craney Island ? (Same map.) 

XIII. 90. What advance did McClellan's army make by the 22dof May? 91. 
When was the battle of Hanover Court House fought? 92. Give an account of the 
battle of Fair Oaks. 93. What cnn you state of General McDowell's movements? 
J)4. Into what river does the Chickahominy flow? (See map, p. 29.) 95. Where is 
Fair Oaks? (See map, p. 313.) 96. Bowling Green? (See map, p. 237.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



313 



Chickahominy, a small river running through a swampy 
country; and, on the 22cl, the stream was crossed. Five days 
later, a detachment under General Porter defeated the enemy 
at Hanover Court House. At Fair Oaks, a position within 
about five miles of Richmond, a bloody battle took place 
on the last day of May and the first of June, the North losing 
five thousand men and the South eight thousand, without 
advantage to either side. McDowell, Avho had been ordered 
to co-operate in the movement against Richmond, reached 
Bowling Green, when he was directed by the President to 
march for the Shenandoah. 

XIV. Banks's division, at the time, was at Strasburg, and 
this force the enemy formed the plan of capturing; but the 
Confederates meeting with resistance at Front Royal, Banks 
became aware of their purpose, and made a masterly retreat 
to the Potomac. Jackson, the pursuing general, advanced to 
Harper's Ferry, but, meeting with a repulse, made a retrograde 

movement. At Strasburg, he was 
overtaken, June 1st, by Fremont, who 
had made a forced march across the 
mountains, and was driven from the 
place. Fremont continued the pursuit, 
fighting an undecisive battle at Cross 
Keys and another at Port Republic. 
Although Jackson had failed to capture 

Banks's army, he had succeeded in preventing re-enforcements 

being sent to McClellan. 

XV. McClellan, believing that the force at his disposal was 




XIV. Questions.— 97. Give an account of Banks's retreat from Strasburg. 9S. 
Where, on the Potomac, did Jackson meet with defeat? 99. What took place at 
Strasburg? 100. At Cross Keys ? 101. At Port Eepublic? 102. What was the result 
of Jackson's expedition ? 10-3. Where is Strasburg ? (See map, p. 320.) 104. Cross 
Keys ? (Same map.) 105. Port Eepublic? (Same.) 

XV. 106. What change of base did McClellan effect? 107. Why did he make the 
change? lOS. What took place while the change was in progress ? 109. How was 
the army protected at Harrison's Landing ? 110. Where is the White House ? (See 
map, p. 313.) 111. Harrison's Landing ? (Same map.) 112. Whatairay changes were 
made ? 

14 



314 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

not sufficient to protect his lines, which extended from 
"^ the White House, on the Pamunkey, where the army 
had its suppUes, transferred his base of operations to Harrison's 
Landing, on the James. While this movement was in progress, 
the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 2oth, and 
a series of destructive battles, lasting through seven days, 
took place. At this new position the Federal army remained 
until the 14th of August, protected by a fleet of gunboats. 
Prior to this, the corps of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell had 
been consolidated with the army of the Potomac, and the 
command given to General Pope, and, on the 1st of July, the 
President issued a call for three hundred thousand more 
volunteers. On the 11th, Halleck was appointed commander- 
in-chief. Grant succeeding him in the command of the army 
of the Mississippi. 

XVI. Other operations of importance had in the mean time 
taken place, both in the east and west. General Hunter had 
made an unsuccessful attempt upon James Island, and great 
damage had been done to the property of Union people 
in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, by guerrilla bands. A 
severe fight took place on the Yazoo River, July 1 5th, between 
the Confederate ram Arkansas and three Federal vessels, after 
which the ram ran through the fleets of Farragut and Davis 
to Vicksburg. Some days later she sailed down the Missis- 
sippi, to aid in an attack on Baton Rouge. In this movement, 
which proved unsuccessful, the ram was not able to take part, 
but on the following day, August 6th, after a brief action with 
the United States gunboat Essex, she took fire and was blown 
up. At luka (I-ii'-kah), on the 19th of the following month, 
Rosecrans fought and dispersed the Confederate force under 
Price, and on the 4th of October he gained another victory at 
Corinth. 

XVI. Questions.— 113. In what did General Hunter fail? 114. Where did 
guerrilla bands destroy propertj'? 115. Give an account of the doings of the ram 
Arkansas. 116. What took place at luka? 117. At Corinth ? 118. Where is luka? 
(Sec map, p. 300.) 119. Corinth ? (Same map.) 



Lincoln's administration. 315 

XVII. Freed from the necessity of defending their own 
capital, the enemy undertook to menace that of the Union. 
McClellan was ordered to withdraw from the James .and 
co-operate with Pope against this movement; but before 
he commenced the transfer of his troops a hotly contested 
battle was fought, August 9th, at Cedar Mountain, eight miles 
from Culpepper Court House, between a division of Pope's 
army, commanded by Banks, and a force under Jackson. 
The"^ Confederates, though superior in numbers, were unsuccess- 
ful. The main army of the enemy, commanded by General 
Lee, advanced, and, until the close of the month, the struggle 
between the two great armies was desperate. In a conflict, 
attended with great slaughter, occurring on the 29th and 30th, 
and known as the "second battle of Bull Run," Pope was 
defeated, and at night retreated to Centreville. At Chantilly, 
two days after, a body of Confederate troops was met and at 
last driven back, but not till they had killed two valuable 
Union officers, Generals Stevens* and Kearny.f 

XVIII. Pope's army fell back to the intrench ments before 
Washington, but Lee's, instead of following, turned northward 
and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan was then 
in command of all the troops concentrated near Washington 
for its defense. He pursued Lee, and, on the 14th of Sep- 

laarcTngalls Stevens was born in Massachusetts, in 1817. He graduated at West Point, ^aB an 



?ena was corn in iviaoortvunotn^, ... .v^.-. — r 

war, Governor of Washington Territory, and a delegate in Congress. 



officer in the Mexican war. Governor of VVasHington lerntory, aim a uc.cj;av. ■ ^ 

+ Philip Kearny was born in the city of New York, June 2d, 1815. He went to Europe by direction 
of the United States Government, to report upon the French cavalry tactics, and was pron.oted for gal- 
lant conduct in the Mexican war, losing his left arm. His merits as a disciplinarian were very supeno^r. 

XVII QUESTION8.-120. What permitted the Confederates to menace the city of 
Washington? 12L What order was given to McClellan ? 122. What took jdaoe be- 
fore McClellan's troops began to move ? 123. Give an account of the battle of Cedar 
Mountain 124 Of the other events of the month. 125. Of the battle of Chantilly 
126 Where is Culpepper Court House? (See map, p. 320.) 127. Cedar Mountain? 
12S Centreville ? (See map, p. 330.) 129. Chantilly ? (Same map.) 

XYIII. 130. To ^vhat position did Pope's army fall back ? 131. What did Lee s 
army do ? 132. What duty did McClellan have assigned U, him just then ? 133. Give 
an accomjt of the battle of South Mountain. 134. Of the surrender of Harper's 
Ferry. 135. Where is South Mountain? Ans. In Maryland, near Harper's Ferry. 
136. H/iTper's Ferry ? (See map, p. 320.) 



316 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1862. 



tember, overtook and successfully attacked him at South 
Mountain. At the same time a strong body of the Con- 
federate army was drawing around Harper's Ferry. These 
opened fire, and on the loth the place was surrendered, with 
eleven thousand men and vast munitions of war. 

XIX. The captors of Harper's 
Ferry entered Maryland, and, join- 
ing Lee at Antietam {an-te' -tani), 
were in time to aid him in the great 
battle fought there on the l7th. In 
this contest, which lasted from day- 
light to nightfall, and which resulted 
in favor of the Union cause, not 
less than eleven thousand Federal 
troops were killed or wounded, 
while the loss of the enemy was 
even greater. On the night of the 
18th, Lee withdrew his forces across the Potomac, having lost 
during his campaign in Maryland, in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners, more than twenty-five thousand men. 

XX. In Tennessee and Kentucky, the Confederates were 
very active during the summer. General Smith moved north- 
ward, and defeated a body of Union troops at Richmond, 
Kentucky, on the 30th of August. His march thence to 
Frankfort, during which he Avas joined by a guerrilla force 
under Morgan, caused great excitement in Cincinnati, and 
effectual measures were adopted by General Wallace to repel 
liis advance across the Ohio. With the main army, of which 




GEXEUAL LEE. 



XIX. Questions.— 137. Give an account of the battle of Antietam, 13S. What 
did Lee afterward do ? 139. How nnany men did Lee lose during his campaign? 
140. Where is Antietam ? (See map, p. 320.) 

XX. 141. Give an account of the battle of Richmond. 142. What was done by 
General Wallace ? 143. Through Avhat place did General Bragg march ? 144. What 
place did he intend to attack? 145. Why did he not do so? 14C. What took place 
at Munfordsville? 147. At Perry ville? 148. What plunder did Bragg escape with ? 
149, Who succeeded Buell in the command? 150. IIow is Itichmond, Kentucky, 
situated? A ns. Near Lexington. 151. Frankfort ? (See map, p. 320.) 152. Louis- 
'iDe? (See map, p. 192.) 153. Perryville? (Same.) 154. MunfordsTille ? (p. 800.) 



Lincoln's administration. 317 



Smith's was an advanced division, General Bragg marched 
through Chattanooga, his point of attack being Louisville. 
Munfordsville, after a day's contest, was surrendered to the 
Confederates ; but Buell, who had followed up Bragg from 
the South, finally outstripped him, and, arriving at Louisville, 
put an end to further invasion by the enemy. On his retreat 
BrajTg was successfully attacked at Perryville, October 8th, 
but he made good his escape, with nearly four thousand wagon 
loads of plunder. Buell was soon after superseded in the 
command by Rosecrans. 

XXL Although in the capture of New Orleans, and in 
other successes, the Federal Government had made progress 
toward regaining possession of the Mississippi, yet the enemy 
still held Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and consequently their 
communication with States on opposite sides of the river con- 
tinued. An attempt made by Sherman to capture Vicksburg 
failed, Grant, who had advanced to co-operate, having been 
compelled to fall back, his line of communication having been 
cut by the enemy. Sherman's repulse took place on the 29th 
of December. 

XXII. The Army of the Potomac, having made an advance, 
were in the vicinity of Front Royal on the Tth of November. 
On that day McClellan was superseded in the command by 
Burnside, and, later in the month, the troops, led by their new 
commander, reached the Rappahannock, the design being to 
march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. 
Owing to delay in the arrival of pontoons necessary for cross- 

XXI. Questions.— 154. To what end did the capture of New Orleans tend ? 155. 
What advantage did the holding of Vicksburg and Port Hudson give to the Confed- 
erates? 156. When and why did Sherman fail to take Vicksburg? 157. Wlicre Is 
Vicksburg? (See map, p. SOO.) 15S. What was done by the Confederate cavalry? 
Ans. Stuart made a raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, completely passing around 
the Union lines. 

XXII. 159. Who succeeded McClellan in the command of the army, November 
7th ? 160. Where was the army then ? 161. Where is Front Iloyal situated ? (See 
map p 320 ) 162. What plan did Burnside undertake to carry out? 1G3. AVhy did 
he not cross the Eappahannock without delay ? 164. Give an account of the further 
operations of Burnside ? 165. Where is Fredericksburg ? (See map, p. 320.) 



318 Lincoln's administration. 



J 



ing the river, the enemy had time to throw up strong 
intrcnchments on the hills in the rear of the city. The 
river was finally crossed on the 12th of December, and Fred- 
ericksburg taken possession of ; but all attempts to carry the 
enemy's position failed, and on the 15th the army recrossed 
the river, having sustained a loss, in killed, wounded, and 
missing, of over twelve thousand men. 

EYENTS OF 1863. 

I. On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued 
his memorable emancipation proclamation, declaring "forever 
free all the slaves in the States in rebellion," excepting in 
such portions as were occupied by the national troops. This 
step was taken in accordance with a notice given by the Presi- 
dent a hundred days before. By it more than three millions 
of slaves were declared free. On the same day the city of 
Galveston was taken by the Confederates, and the naval force 
before the place captured, destroyed, or dispersed. 

II. In the latter part of 1862, Rosecrans moved from the 
vicinity of Cincinnati, intending to penetrate Alabama, and 
at Murfreesboro' he encountered the enemy under Bragg. 
After a severe struggle, which lasted several days, victory, on 
the 2d of January, 1863, decided in favor of the national 
forces. Rosecrans remained at Murfreesboro' several months. 
In June his army was again put in motion, and by a flank 
movement he compelled Bragg to retreat into Geoig-ia. 



Events of 1863. — L Qttestions. — 1. "What rroclamation ditl President Lincoln 
issue? % When did he issue it? 3. Had he given notice of his intention to issue 
such .1 document ? 4. Wlien ? 5. What was the nature of the x>roclamation ? Ans. 
" It ■warned all the insurgents to lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, 
under the penalty that, in all the districts where the insurrection should be still 
maintained, with the support of the people, he would, on the first of January then 
next, proclaim, as a military measure, the freedom of the slaves.'" C. What took 
place at Galveston ? 7. Where is Galveston ? (See map, p. 26S.) 

II. 8. What movement did Kosecrans make? 9. Give an account of the battle at 
Murfreesboro', 10. Where is Murfreesboro' ? (Sec maj), p. 192.) 



Lincoln's administration. 319 




III. Burnside having, at his own 
request, been relieved of the com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, 
was succeeded by Hooker. Toward 
the latter part of April the army 
again crossed the Rappahannock, 
but being met by the ehcmy under 
Lee at Chancellorsville, a severe bat- ^- 
tie was fought on the 2d and 3d of 
May, to the disadvantage of the 
national troops. Hooker recrossed Jack',o> ^blo>,l.\\ALL). 
the river, and occupied his former camp opposite Fredericks- 
burg. In this attempt the army sustained a loss of about 
eleven thousand men ; that of the Confederates was less, but 
among their mortally wounded was "Stonewall Jackson,"* 
one of their ablest generals. 

ly. On the 9th of June, Lee's army, numbering nearly a 
hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker 
following. On the 15th President Lincoln issued a call for 
one hundred thousand men, to repel the invaders, who, cross- 
ing the Potomac, on the 27th were near Ilagcrstown. On the 
following day the command of the pursuing army was trans- 
ferred to General Meade. At Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, 
Lee concentrated his forces; and here, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d 
of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took 

» Thomas Jonathan Jaclvsoii was bnrn in Virginia, January 21st, 1824. He was a graduate of West 
Point, served under Taylor and Scott in the Mexican war, and was a professor of the Military InstiUit* 
•of his State. It was remarked by one of his associate officers that in the battle of Bull Run he " stood 
like a stone wall;" hence he was afterward jiopularly known as "Stonewall Jackson." 

III. Questions.— IL Who, after Burnside, commanded the Army of the Piito- 
■mac ? 12. Why was Burnside relieved of the command ? 13. What movement did 
the army soon after make ? 14. What account can you give of the battle that fol- 
lowed? 15. What did Hooker then do? 16. Where is Chancellorsville ? (Sec map, 
p. 330.) 

lY. 17. How large an army did Lee have on the 9th of June, 1SG3 ? IS. What 
TOovement did he then make ? 19. Who, after Hooker, commanded the Army of the 
Potomac? 20. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg-. 21. Where is Gettys- 
burg? (See map, p. 320.) 22. Hagerstown? (Same map.) 



320 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



f J \ 




Lincoln's administration. 321 

place. The invaders were finally defeated, and, with their 
army reduced one-third, they made a rapid retreat into Vir- 
ginia. 

y. In the beginning of the year a plan of attack against 
Arkansas Post was concerted by Sherman and Admiral Por- 
ter. General McClernand arriving and taking the command of 
the Army of the Mississippi, the place, with its garrison of 
five thousand men, was captured on the 11th of January. At 
this time General Banks was in command of the Department 
of the Gulf, he having superseded Butler. xVfter making vic- 
torious incursions over a large part of Louisiana, he proceeded 
to invest Port Hudson. 

VI. It was the chief object of Grant, then in command of 
the Army of the Mississippi, to open the great river. His 
first point of attack was Vicksburg, the strongest post held 
by the enemy on the Mississippi. Failing to get in the rear 
of the city, he moved his army down the west side of the 
river, while Porter's fleet ran by the batteries of Vicksburg. 
The army then recrossed the Mississippi below Vicksburg, 
and, near Port Gibson, May 1st, gained a decided victory. 
General Pemberton, who was the chief in command at Vicks- 
burg, had a force under him of at least thirty thousand men. 
He sallied forth to attack the rear of the investing army, 
when a series of battles took place, from the 12th to the iVth 
of the month, in which he met with defeat. The investment 
was then made more complete, and the city's defenses were 
twice assaulted. Pemberton, however, still held out, hoping 
for relief from General Johnston ; but in vain, and, with an 



Y. Questions.— 23. Give an account of the capture of Arkansas Post. 24. Who, 
after Butler, commanded the Department of the Gulf? 25. What did Banks accom- 
plish in Louisiana ? 

VI. 26. What great object did Grant have In view? 27. How did his army get 
from the east side of the Mississippi to the vicinity of Port Gibson ? 28. What took 
place near the fort? 29. How did Porter's fleet get below Vicksburg ? 80. What 
battles took place ? 81. Give an account of the surrender of Vicksburg. 82. Where 
is Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 300.) 83. Port Gibson ? (Same map.) 34. Port Hudson ? 
(Same.) 

14* 



32 2 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1863. 



army on the verge of starvation, he surrendered the 
city on the 4th of July. 
YII. Banks's operations against Port Hudson continued 
until its commander was informed of the fall of Vicksburg, 
when he too surrendered. Thus was the Mississippi opened. 
In the assaults which had been made upon the enemy's works 
before Port Hudson, the colored troops, of which there were 
several regiments in Banks's army, behaved with so much 
bravery as to call forth official commendation. While the 
Union forces were operating against Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson, as just related, Colonel Grierson made a cavalry raid 
of great boldness. Entering the State of Mississippi from the 
north, he broke the communications of the Confederates, 
destroyed stores, and effected captures, finally reaching Baton 
Kouge {hat'-07i-roozh) without serious loss. The news of the 
victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, caused 
great rejoicings among the loyal people of the country. 

YHL Almost simultaneously with 
Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, a 
bold raid was made into Indiana 
and Ohio by the partisan ranger, 
General Morgan. At first he met 
with considerable success, plunder- 
ing and destroying as he moved 
eastward ; but after having been 
pursued day and night for a dis- 
tance of nearly seven hundred miles, 
and baffled by the gunboats in an attempt to recross the Ohio, 




SEAL OF WEST VTBGINIA.* 



* West Virginia wns admitted into tlie Union in 1S63. It includes most of that portion of the old State 
lyinp west of the Allesrhany M"untaiiis— hence its name. The motto of the State, Montani Semper 
Liberi, signifies, Mountaineers are alwatjs free. 



YII. Questions.— 35. What success did General Hanks have ? 3G. What was the 
consequence ? 37. What is said of the conduct of the colored troops ? 3S. Give an 
account of Grierson's raid. 39. What effect did the news of victory have ? 

VIII. 40. Into what States did Morgan make a raid? 41. AVhat success did he 
have? 42. What pursuit was made? 43. Where was lie overtaken? Ans. Near 
Kygcr's Creek, Ohio. 44. What was the result? 45. What afterward took place? 



LINCOLN 3 ADMINISTRATION. 323 

lie was overtaken by General Hobson, July 21st, and a large 
part of his force captured. He and about five hundred men 
succeeding in escaping, and were not taken until five days 
after. 

IX. During the year, the principal operations in the Caro- 
linas took place in the vicinity of Charleston. The Confede- 
rates undertook to recover their lost possessions in North 
Carolina, but without success^ a demonstration which they 
made on Newbern failino-, as did also their desio-ns ao^ainst 
Washington, on the Tar River. On the 7th of April, Admiral 
Dupont, commanding a fleet of iron-clads, made an attack 
upon the fortifications of Charleston harbor, but his vessels 
were driven off". A vigorous attempt to capture Charleston 
was made on the 10th of July, by the Union land and naval 
forces, under General Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren [daV- 
gren). Though this also failed, Morris Island, with the 
exception of its northern portion, containing Fort Wagner, 
was gained. Twice afterward, on the 11th and 18th, was the 
fort unsuccessfully assailed. At last the Confederates were 
forced to abandon the island altogether. During seven days 
in August, Fort Sumter was subjected to a bombardment so 
destructive as to reduce it to a mass of ruins, and shells were 
thrown into the city of Charleston itself. 

X. Bragg, who had been compelled by Rosecrans to retreat 
into Georgia, having been re-enforced by troops from Lee's 

IX. Questions.— 46. What can you state of operations in North Carolina ? 47. 
Give an account of the operations of April 7th. 48. July 10th. 49. Of the assaults. 
50. What noted oflBcer was killed ? Ans. Colonel Shaw, " comraandinij the first 
regiment of colored soldiers from a free State ever mustered into the United States 
service." 51. What took place afterward, during a period of seven days ? 52. Where 
is Charleston? (See maps, pp. 79 and 129.) 53. Morris Island ? (See map, p. 129.) 
54. Where was Fort Wagner ? 55. What position on the island, beside Fort Wapner, 
did the Confederates hold? Ans. Battery Gregg, situated on the north point of the 
island. 56. Describe the Tar Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) 

X. 57. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek. 5S. How was Eose- 
crans's army saved from defeat ? 59. What losses were sustained in the battle? 60. 
What movement did Eosecrans make ? 61. Where is Chickamauga Creek ? (See 
map, p. 320.) 62. Chattanooga ? (Same map.) 



324 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

army under General Longstreet, turned upon liis pur- 
* suers near Chickaraauga Creek. The battle that fol- 
lowed, September 19th and 20th, was furious; and at the close 
of the second day General Thomas held a position from which 
the Confederates vainly by the most desperate efforts endeav- 
ored to force him ; this alone saved the Union army from utter 
defeat. On the following day, the entire array of Rosecrans 
fell back to Chattanooga. In this conflict the loss to the 
national army exceeded sixteen thousand men : the enemy's 
was certainly as large. 

XL The army of Rosecrans at Chattanooga was for a time 
in danger of starvation. Its lines of communication had been 
cut by the enemy, who also occupied a threatening position 
on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. At this time 
Thomas superseded Rosecrans, and General Hooker oppor- 
tunely arrived with re-enforcements. Generals Sherman and 
Grant also arrived, the latter holding the supreme command. 
Hooker stormed and carried Lookout Mountain, November 
24th, and on the following day, Bragg was routed and driven 
back into Georgia. The losses on both sides were very severe 

XII. In the mean time Burnside had been sent from Ken- 
tucky to drive the enemy from East Tennessee. Bragg, on 
being informed of this, detached Longstreet against him ; 
consequently Burnside was besieged in Knoxvillc for a period 
of fifteen days. During the siege the enemy made a fierce 
assault upon Burnside's defenses, November 29th, but were 
repulsed. The victory at Chattanooga having enabled Grant 
to send Sherman to the relief of Burnside, Longstreet was 
compelled to flee. He made good his retreat, succeeding at 
last in rejoining Lee's army in Virginia. 

XL QcESTioxs.— 03. What can you state of the concition of the army at Chatta- 
nooga? 04. W^hat relief came ? 05. What operations took place in November? 06. 
Where are the two mountains spoken of? Ans. Northern part of Georgia. 

XII. 07. On what expedition was Burnside sent? OS. What can you state <.-<! the 
siege and assault? 63. What compelled Longstreet to retreat ? TO. Where did he 
go ? 11. Where is Knoxville ? (See map, p. 192.) 



Lincoln's administration. • 325 



XIII. A great deal of activity was kept np for months by 
Generals Price, Mariiiaduke, and others, commanding portions 
of the Confederate army west of the Mississippi. They, how- 
ever, met with but little success. Marmaduke was repulsed 
at Springfield, January 8th, also at Cape Girardeau (ji/-ar-do), 
April 26th, and Price and he at Helena, Arkansas, July 4th. 
General Steele was afterward sent into Arkansas. He pushed 
the Confederates with vigor, and by the close of October re- 
stored most of the State to the national authority. Bands of 
guerrillas, however, continued to plunder and destroy ; the 
sacking of Lawrence in Kansas being one of the many out- 
rages thus committed. 

XIV. The navy of the United States during the year was 
very active. It was divided into six squadrons, and employed 
along the Atlantic seaboard and in the western rivers in 
blockading duties, and in movements co-operating with the 
armies of Banks, Grant, and others. A number of vessels 
were also employed from time to time in cruising after Con- 
federate privateers. The blockade became so effective as to 
be fully respected by the nations of Europe, Wilmington 
alone, of all the Confederate ports, on account of its wide and 
numerous inlets, being at all successful in maintaining an in- 
tercourse with Nassau (nas-smu'), and other British ports. 

XV. Cono-ress, by its several enactments, fully empowered 

XIII. Questions.— 72. What can you state of the activity of the Confederates 
west of the Mississippi ? T3. What look place at Springfield ? T4. At Cape Girar- 
deau ' 75 At Helena? T6. At Lawrence? TT. Where is Springfield? (See map, p. 
800.) TS. Cape Girardeau? (Same map.) T9. Helena? (Same.) 80. Lawrence? 

(Same.) 

XIY. 8L Into how many squadrons was the United States Navy divided ? 82. 
How was the navy employed? S3. How were other vessels employed ? 84. What 
is said of the efrectiveness of the blockade ? 85. Where is Wilmington ? (See map, 
p. 820.) 86. What is Nassau? Ans. Nassau is the capital of the Bahama I:^lands. 
ST. Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, p. 10.) 

XV. 8S. What power did Congress conf^n- upon the President? 80. How large 
was the navy at the close of the year ? 90. How many men were in the army ? 91. 
What power did the conscription act confer? 92. How was the great riot in New 
York brought about? 93. Give an account of the riot. 94 When was West Virginia 
admitted into the Union? (See note, p. 322.) 



326 

the President to cany on the war, placing at his disposal 
all the money and men needed. The navy numbered at 
the close of the year nearly six hundred vessels, carrying twenty- 
five thousand seamen, and the army consisted of not less than 
half a million of effective men, of whom above sixty thousand 
were colored troops. Among the congressional enactments was 
a conscription act, empowering the President to recruit the 
army by drafting. By virtue of this authority, he ordered a 
draft of three hundred thousand men. An opposition to this 
measure was at once excited, which culminated in a riot in the 
city of New York, commencing July 13th, while the draft 
was in progress, and continuing four days. Buildings were 
sacked and burned, the Colored Orphan Asylum among the 
number, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particu- 
larly against the colored people. At length the police, aided 
by a military force, quelled the riot, but not before at least a 
hundred of those engaged in it had been killed. 

EVENTS OF 1SG4. 
T. In February, 1864, Sherman,* at the head of twenty-five 
thousand men, marched eastward from Vicksburg, nearly 
across the State of Mississippi. An expedition from Mem- 
phis, designed to co-operate with him, met with so much op- 
position from, the enemy as to be compelled to put back. 
Sherman effected the destruction of many miles of railroad, 
and on his march back to Vicksburg was accompanied by 
about six thousand of the slaves whom he had liberated. In 
the same month an expedition from Port Royal, under Gen- 
eral Seymour, was made into Florida, which resulted in severe 
disaster, the Union force being defeated at Olustee, on the 
20th inst., with terrible slaughter. 

Events of 1SG4.— I. Questions. — 1. What march did Sherman make early in 
1S64? 2. What destruction did he effect? 3. What is stated of the slaves ? 4. Give 
an account of the battle of Olustee. 5. Where is Vicksburg? (See map. p. 300.) 6. 
Memphis? (Same map.) 7. To Avhat place did Sherman's expedition extend ? Ans, 
Meridian. (See map, p. 300.) S. Where is Olustee ? (See map, p. 320.) * Wm. T. 



Lincoln's administration. 327 

II. A concentration of forces took place at New Orleans 
early in 18G4 : these, according to the plan of General Banks, 
were to co-operate with Porter's fleet in an expedition np the 
Red River as far as Shreveport. General Smith, commanding 
about ten thousand troops from Vicksburg, preceded Banks, 
took Fort De Russy, March 14th, and, two days after, entered 
Alexandria. A column from the main army here joined the 
expedition. At Cane River the enemy undertook to check 
the further advance of the Unionists, but they were repulsed. 
Near Mansfield, on the 8th of April, they were entirely suc- 
cessful, and the Union army during the night retreated to 
Pleasant Hill : the enemy, following, renewed the attack on 
the following day, not, however, with a like result. Though 
the Unionists were successful in this last battle, their losses 
during the campaign were severe, and Banks ordered the army 
to fall back to the river. 

III. Meanwhile the fleet had made progress up the river, 
but the retrograde movement of the army decided Porter to 
return. On his way back he was almost constantly annoyed 
by the enemy's batteries and sharpshooters on the banks of 
the stream. The water too had fallen so much that, when his 
vessels approached the rapids near Alexandria, they could not 
pass. In this emergency, a plan proposed by Lieutenant-Col- 
onel Bailey was adopted, and under his direction a dam was 
constructed across the river, by which the boats were enabled 
to go over the falls. The army returned to New Orleans and 
the fleet to the Mississippi. General Banks during this expe- 

II. Questions. — 9. Of what forces was the Eed, Eiver expedition composed? 10. 
How far up the river did General Banks design to go? 11. What did General Smith 
accomplish alone ? 12. What took place at Cane Eiver? 13. At Mansfield? 14. At 
Pleasant Hill ? 15. Describe the Eed Eiver. (Sec map, p. 300.) 16. Where is Shreve- 
port ? (Same map.) 17. Fort De Eussy? (Same.) IS. Alexandria ? (Same.) 19. 
Mansfield? (Same.) 20. Pleasant Hill? (Same.) 21. Camden? (Same.) 22. Little 
Eock? (Same.) 

III. 23. What effect did Banks's retreat have upon Commodore Porter? 24. What 
annoyance did Porter experience ? 25. What difficulty did he meet near Alexandria ? 
26. How was the difficulty overcome ? 27. What movements did the army and fleet 
then make ? 28. What account can you give of General Steele's movements ? 



328 

dition had expected the co-operation of General Steele, 
from Arkansas. That officer made a successful advance 
as far as Camden, but the failure experienced by Banks left 
him no alternative other than a return to Little Rock. On liis 
way he was harassed by the Confederates, and though he 
defeated them in a battle fought on the 30th of Apr, his losses 
were severe. 

IV. The withdrawal of forces from Vicksburg to engage in 
the Red River expedition emboldened the Confederates under 
General Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky. The garrison at Union City surren- 
dered after a slight resistance. On the following day, March 
25th, two unsuccessful attacks were made upon Fort Ander- 
son, near Paducah. Early on the morning of the 12th of 
April an attack was made on Fort Pillow. The garrison, con- 
sistinof of between five and six hundred men, more than half 
of whom were colored troops, made a brave resistance, but 
the place at last was carried by assault, and three hundred of 
its defenders massacred. In North Carolina the Confederate 
soldiers were also successful, capturing Plymouth with the aid 
of the iron-clad ram Albemarle. In October, a little more 
than six months afterward, the Albemarle Avas sunk by Lieu- 
tenant Cushing, by means of a torpedo. The main defense 
of Plymouth being thus removed, the tov/n was retaken on 
the 31st of the same month. 

Y. The services which General Grant had rendered the 
country, added to his peculiar fitness as a commander of large 
armies, induced Congress to revive the grade of Licutenant- 
General, with special reference to him. This grade had been 

IV. Questions.— 29. Why did Forrest decide npon making a raid? oO. What 
took place at Union City ? 31. At Fort Anderson ? 32. At Fort Pillow ? 33. Give 
an account of the loss and recapture of Plymouth. 34. Where is Union City? (See 
map, p. 300.) 35. Paducah ? (Same map.) 3G. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) ST. Plymouth ? 
(See map. p. 320.) 

v. 8S. Why did Congress revive the grade of Lieutenant-General ^ 39. Give the 
previous history of the grade. 40. What was done in reference to General Grant? 
41. What preparations were begun ? 




Lincoln's administration. 329 

previously conferred on only two persons, Washington and Scott, 
and on the retirement of the latter, became extinct. Accord- 
ingly the President nominated Gen- 
eral Grant for this position, the 
highest in the military service of 
the country, and the nomination 
was confirmed by the Senate on 
the 3d of March. Vast prepara- 
tions were at once commenced for 
two campaigns, one against Rich- 
mond by the Army of the Potomac; 
and the other against Atlanta by an eneeal homas. 

army of a hundred thousand men under Gen. AV. T. Sherman. 
Early in May both armies began to move forward. 

VI. To oppose Sherman was an army sixty thousand 
strong, commanded by Gen. J. E. Johnston. The Union troops 
advanced from Chattanooga, and, by a flank movement, com- 
pelled Johnston to fall back to Resaca. From this position, 
after a severe contest of two days. May 14th and 15th, he was 
also obliged to retreat. Other battles were fought, the Union 
troops carrying line after line of rifle-pits, intrenchments, and 
fortifications — most of the time through a mountain region — 
outflanking the enemy and pursuing him to the strong fortifi- 
cations of Atlanta. Johnston's " retreating policy " was 
loudly condemned by the Confederates, and he was conse- 
quently superseded in the command by General Hood. 

VII. From the 20th to the 28th of July, Hood made three 



VI. Questions. — 42. "What army did Sherman have against him ? 43. From what 
place did Shcrma-a commence his movement? 44. What took place at Eesaca ? 45. 
"What account can you give of the operations before the fortifications of Atlanta 
were reached ? 46. Who succeeded Johnston in the command of the Confederate 
army ? 47. Why was Johnston removed ? 48. Where is Chattanooga? (See map, p. 
320.) 40. Kesaca? (Same map.) 50. Atlanta? (Same.) 

VII. 51. What can you state of the assaults made by Hood ? 52. Of Stoneman's 
expedition? 53. How did Sherman manage to divide the Confederate army ? 54 
What took place at Jonesboro' ? 55. Why was Hood compelled to evacuate Atlanta? 
^6. What were the losses of both sides ? 57. Where is Jonesboro' ? 



330 Lincoln's administration. 

furious assaults upon the Union troops before Atlanta, 
but eacli time lie Mas defeated with heavy loss. While 
besieging Atlanta, Sherman sent out cavalry expeditions to de- 
stroy the railroads by which it received re-enforcements of troops 
and supplies. General Stoneman, commanding one of these, 
not only failed to perform the task assigned him, but was de- 
feated, and thus the most important road remained in possession 
of the Confederates. This road Sherman, however, determined 
to cut. Moving with nearly the whole of his army for the 
purpose, he succeeded in getting between Atlanta and a large 
portion of Hood's army at Jonesboro, which force he defeat- 
ed ; and Hood, his army being severed, was compelled, Sep- 
tember 2d, to evacuate Atlanta. Sherman thus gained the 
object of his campaign, but at a loss in killed, wounded, and 
missing, of thirty thousand men : the enemy's loss during the 
same period exceeded forty thousand. 

Vni. As has been previously stated, 
the Army of the Potomac began to move 
toward Richmond early in May, crossing 
the Rapidan on the 4th of that month. 
Though General Meade commanded the 
army, General Grant was in the field and 
planned its movements, as well as the 
movements of the other armies. Lee, who 




held a position south of the Rapidan, rather than retreat, pre- 
pared to resist the progress of the advancing army. The conse- 
quence was a fierce contest, known as the battle of the Wilder- 
ness, which, commencing on the morning of the 5th of May, 
did not end till the close of the Vth, when Lee fell back toward 



VIII. Questions.— 58. "When did the army of the Potomac cross the Eapidan? 
59. By what other name is the Rapidan also known ? Ans. The Rapid Anna or the 
Rapid Ann. 60. Into what river does the Rapidan flow ? (See map, p. 330.) 61. 
Who commanded the Army of the Potomac ? 62. What was done by General Grant ? 
63. Give an account of the battle of the Wilderness. 64. What Union officer of note 
fell in that battle? Ans. General Wadsworth. 65. How many men were engaged in 
Ihe conflict ? 66. W^hat recommendation did the President make ? 67. Where is the 
Wilderness ? (See map, p. 330.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 331 

Richmond. Probably not less than two hundred and fifty thou- 
sand men on both sides were engaged in it, and the slaughter 
was terrible. The favorable result of the three days' conflict 
called forth a proclamation from the President, recommending 
the following Sunday, May ] 0th, as an occasion of " thanks- 
giving and prayer to Almighty God." This recommendation 
was generally complied with. 

IX. Near Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand, 
and here, during six days, some of the severest fighting of 
the war took place. The result was again to the advantage 
of the national arms, and once more the enemy fell back. 
By a series of successful attacks and flank movements, Lee 
was driven from one position after another, until, early 
in June, he was within a short distance of Richmond. In 
the mean time, important movements in co-operation with 
Meade were made by the forces in the Shenandoah valley 
and West Virginia. It had been designed to act against 
Lynchburg, but reven'ses prevented the execution of the plan, 
General Sigel, who was to have cut the western communica- 
tion of Lee, having met with defeat, on the 15th, near New 
Market. 

X. Another movement, in co-operation with Meade, w^as 
made by General Butler, from Fortress Monroe up the James 
River. Landing at a point on the south side of the river, 
just above the Appomattox, he made his position secure by 
strong intrenchments, and thus threatened both Petersburg 
and Richmond. Expeditions sent by him to cut the enemy's 

IX. Questions.— 68. Where did Lee make his next stand ? 69. Where is Spott- 
sylvania Court House? (See map, p. 330.) 70. What account can you £;ive of the 
struggle there' 71. "What Union officer of note was killed during the contest? 
Ans. General Sedgwick, on the 9th of May. 72. "What movement, in co-operation 
with Meade, was planned? 73. Where is Lynchhurg? (See map, p. 320.) 

X. 74, What movement did Gen. Butler make ? 75. What is the name of the place 
which Butler occupied? Ans. Bermuda Hundred. 76. Give nn account of Butler's 
operations while he was in command there. 77. What change in position was 
eflfected b.v the Army of the Potomac? 78. Where is Fortress Monroe ? (See map, 
p. 320.) 79. Describe the Appomattox. (Same map.) 80. The James. (Same.) 81. 
Where was Fort Darling ? (See map, p. 313.) 



332 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 

coramunications were not entirely successful, nor was an 
attempt made against Fort Darling. He also failed in 
demonstrations against Petersburg, Beauregard, on his way 
from the Carolinas to join Lee, having arrived there with a 
strong force to oppose him. His success, however, in gaining the 
position he did, was important to a movement made by Grant, 
by which the Army of the Potomac was transferred across 
the James to the south side of that river. 

XI. The career of three English-built privateers sailing 
under the Confederate flag was terminated this year. They 
had for months roamed the . seas, and by avoiding armed 
antagonists had succeeded in pillaging and destroying a large 
number of American merchantmen. More than sixty vessels, 
estimated w^ith their cargoes as worth not less than $10,000,000, 
had been destroyed by the Alabama alone. This privateer 
was at last discovered by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, 
in the French port of Cherbourg (sher'-hoorg). Oflf that har- 
bor an action took place between the two vessels on the 19 th 
of June, resulting in the sinking of the Alabama. Her com- 
mander, Captain Semmes, with forty of his crew, was picked 
up by a British vessel, and, without authority from Winslow% 
they were all carried to England. The Florida and Georgia 
were captured, the first by the Wachusett and the second 
by the Niagara. 

XII. A new expedition against Lynchburg was organized, 
General Hunter taking the place of Sigel. Moving up the 
Shenandoah valley. Hunter gained a victory over the enemy 
at Piedmont, June 5th, whence he marched on Lynchburg. 

XI. Questions. — S2. "What is said of the career of three privateers? SO. What 
had thoy done ? R4. "What destruction had the Alabama alone effected ? 85. Give 
an account of the action between the Kearsarge and the Alabama. 80. "What were 
the names of the other privateers? 87. By what vessels were they captured ? 

XII. SS. "What took place at Piedmont? 89. "^'hat can you say of Hunter's fur- 
ther movements ? 90. What invasion followed ? 9L What took jdace at Monocacy ? 
92. What danger was apprehended? 93. "Where is the Shenandoah valley? (Sea 
map, p. 320.) 94. Piedmont? (Same map.) 95. Martinsburg? (Same.) 96. Ilagers- 
town? (Same.) 9T. Monocacy? (Same.) 



Lincoln's administration. 333 

Finding that re-cnforcements from Lee were arriving there, he 
withdrew, closely followed by a Confederate force, into West 
Virginia. The valley being thus open, Lee detached twenty 
tliousand men, under General Early, to invade Maryland. 
Passing through Martinsburg, the invaders crossed the Poto- 
mac to Hagerstown, scouring the country in all directions for 
horses, forage, provisions, and money. With overwhelming 
numbers, Early defeated General Wallace at Monocacy (mo- 
noc'-ah-se), July 9th, producing great excitement in Washing- 
ton and throughout the Northern States, it being feared that 
the National Capital itself was in danger. 

XIII. Grant hurried off troops for the defense of Wash- 
ington, and these were rapidly joined by others from the 
loyal States. After threatening both Baltimore and Wash- 
ington, the Confederates, loaded with plunder, recrossed the 
Potomac. They were pursued by General Averill, and de- 
feated at Winchester, July 20th, but were in turn victorious 
on the 24th, their cavalry pursuing the Union troops to Mar- 
tinsburg. Again did they invade Maryland, penetrating even 
to Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania. This town they offered 
to spare upon the payment of $500,000, but, not receiving the 
money, they burned more than half of the place. On their way 
back into Virginia they met with opposition from bodies of 
Union troops, and were badly defeated by Averill, losing their 
artillery and many prisoners. 

XIV. For the defense of the Shenandoah valley, a strong force 
was at length organized, and put under the command of General 



XIII. QuESTTONS.— 98. What action did Grant take ? 99. What large cities did 
the Confederates threaten ? 100. What then did they do ? 101. What tooli place at 
Winchester? 102. What, four days after? 103. In which direction did the Confed- 
erates then go ? 104. How Avas Chambersburg made to suffer ? 105. Were the Con- 
federates pursued? 106. With what result? lOT. Where is Winchester? (See map, 
p. 320.) 108. Chambersburg ? (Same map.) 

XIV. 109. What was at length done for the defense of the Shenandoah valley T 
UO. Give an account of Sheridan's first battle there. 111. Of his second. 112. His 
\hird. 113. Where is Fisher's Hill ? (See map, p. 320.) 114. Stamitoi ? (Same map) 
115. Cedar Creek? (Same.) 



334 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 




Sheridan. On the morning 
^^^'^' of the 19th of September, 
Sheridan marched to attack Early, 
who, with an army largely re-en- 
forced, was near Winchester. After 
a stubborn engagement, occurring 
on the same day, the Union 
troops gained a complete \dctory. 
:>:S^"^^I$^?^"^^^5^^^> Q^^ the 2 2d, at Fisher's Hill, 
genekal SHERroAN. ^^^^ achicvcd another signal vic- 

tory, following up their success by a pursuit of the enemy 
as far as Staunton. After destroying barns and flour-mills, 
two thousand in all, so as to make the country untenable by 
a Confederate army, Sheridan returned northward. Before 
daylight, October 19th, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were 
suddenly attacked, he at the time being absent at Winches- 
ter, and were driven back four miles. Sheridan, arriving at 
this critical time, arranged his lines, repulsed an attack of the 
enemy, and, becoming the assailants in return, completely 
routed the enemy. The Confederates made no further at- 
tempt to invade the North by way of the Shenandoah val- 
ley. 

XV. Immediately after crossing the Army of the Potomac 
to the south side of the James, as previously stated. Grant 
laid siege to Petersburg. On the 30th of July a mine was 
exploded under one of the enemy's forts, so that a storming 
party might rush through the gap thus made, and, with the 
co-operation of other movements, the city be captured. The 
assault was, however, a disastrous failure. On the 18th of 
August an important advantage was gained by the seizure of 
the Weldon Railroad. To regain possession of it, the Con- 



XY. Questions. — 116. After crossing the James, to what place did Grant lay 
siege? 117. Give an account of the attempt made in connection with the mine ex- 
plosion. 118. The Weldon Eailroad. 119. What can you state of /)ther conflicts? 
120. How Is Petersburg situated ? (See map, p. 320.) 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 335 

federates made repeated and desperate assaults, but were as 
often repulsed. A number of conflicts took place by the 
two great armies of Grant and Lee, on both sides of the 
James, in September and October, yet Petersburg and Rich- 
mond, at the close of the year, were still held by the Con- 
federates, though it was evident their grasp was daily be- 
coming less firm. 

XVL Of all the achievements of 
the army or navy of the United 
States during the war, none were 
perhaps more brilliant than that of 
Admiral Farragnt in Mobile Bay. 
On the morning of the 5th of 
August, his fleet of monitors and 
wooden vessels, two abreast and 
lashed together, moved up the bay, 
the admiral beino; on board his flaof- 
ship, the Hartford, lashed to the ajj^mikm. i ui. 
main-top, the better to observe the operations, and give the 
necessary orders. The vessels succeeded in passing Forts 
Morgan and Gaines, with no serious disaster beyond the loss 
of the monitor Tecumseh, which was sunk by a torpedo. An 
engagement then took place with the enemy's fleet, consisting 
of the iron-clad ram Tennessee and three jjunboats. After a 
brief encounter, the Tennessee surrendered. Admiral Buchanan, 
the Confederate commander, being severely wounded ; one of 
the gunboats was captured, but the other two escaped. Mean- 
while a co-operative body of troops was landed, and Fort 
Gaines was taken on the Vth. Fort Morgan held out till the 
2Bd, when it too surrendered. 

XVr. Questions — 121. How is Farragufs achievement in Mobile Bay spoken of 
in comparison with other achievements? 122. What was the name of Farragut's 
flag-ship? 123. Where did Farragut take a position during the battle? 124. What 
disaster befell one of the fleet? 125. State what afterward took place. 126. What 
at Fort Guincs. 127. At Fort Morgan. 128. Did the two vessels that escaped roach 
Mobile ? Ans. One was so badly injured that she had to be destroyed. 129. Where 
is Mobile ? (See map, p. 300.) 130. Fort Morgan ? (Same.) 131. Fort Gaines? (Same.) 




336 



LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 



1864. 



Xyn. After the fall of Atlanta, Hood, with increased 
forces, assumed the offensive by attempting to destroy 
Sherman's communication ; but being followed by the latter he 
withdrew into northern Alabama. Leaving General Thomas 
to watch Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta, which city he 
destroyed, and on the 15th of November commenced his 
memorable march to the sea-coast. His army advanced 
through Georgia, living upon the country. The State capital 
and other large towns were occupied by him, and on the 10th 
of December the vicinity of Savannah was reached. Three 
days after, Fort McAllister was carried by assault, and by this 
achievement a communication was opened with the fleet. 

General Hardee, in command at 
Savannah, perceiving the prepara- 
tions which Sherman was making 
for a grand assault, effected his 
escape on the night of the 
20th, and on the following morn- 
ing the Union army entered the 
city. 

XVIII. In the mean time Hood 
advanced into Tennessee, while 
Thomas fell back toward Nashville. At Franklin, November 




30th, a fierce battle was fought, at the close of which the 



Nevada. — This State derived its name from the S'erra Nevada, the mountain range bounding it on 
the west. The two words, sierra and nevada, are Spanish, the former Bienifyinp mountain range, and 
the latter snow-clad or snow-covered. The State was admitted into the Union in 1864. 



XVII. Questions.— 132. What did General Hood do after the fall of Atlanfcv? 
133. Why did he withdraw into northern Alabama? 134 What great movement did 
Sherman then commence? 135. Give an account of his march. 136. Who, com- 
mandinsr the cavalry, rendered important service? Ans. General Kilpatrick. 137. 
When did Sherman's army reach the vicinity of Savannah ? 138. What success was 
had soon alter? 139. What success followed a few days later? 140. Where is Sa- 
vannah? (See map, j). 320.) 141. Fort McAllister? 

XVIII. 142. What advance did Hood make ? 143. "What took place at Franklin ? 
144. Give an account of ihe farther movements. 145. Of the hattle near Nashville. 
146. What movement did Hood then make? 147. Where is Nashville? (See map, p. 
192.) 148. Franklin ? (Same.) 149. Describe the Cumberland Eiver. (Same.) 



Lincoln's administration. 337 



Union army fell back to the outer line of the Nashville in- 
trenchments, three miles from the city. With a view to com- 
pel Thomas to abandon the defense of Nashville, Hood made 
preparations to blockade the Cumberland, and cut the railroads 
leading to the city ; but, before he could put his plan into 
execution, Thomas attacked him, December 15th, renewing the 
battle on the following day, and finally routing him with very 
great loss. Hood, with the remnant of his army, retired to 
Alabama. 

EVENTS OF 1865. 

I. The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction 
of Fort Fisher, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear River. 
This Avas the main defense of Wilmington. In December, 
1864, General Butler, with about six thousand troops, had 
effected a landing near the fort, for the purpose of operating 
in conjunction with Admiral Porter's fleet ; but, deeming the 
works too strong to be carried by his force, returned to Fort- 
ress Monroe. In January, 1865, the enterprise was renewed 
by General Terry, with eight thousand men, including Butler's 
force. Under cover of a fire from the fleet, the troops were 
landed on the morning of the 13th, and on the 15th the works 
were carried, after desperate hand-to-hand fighting. The fall 
of Fort Fisher carried with it the other defenses on the river, 
the Confederates were driven from Wilmington, and the city 
was occupied by the Federal troops on the 22d of February. 

II. General Sherman, having halted at Savannah only long 

Events of 1865.— I. Questions.—!. How is Fort Fisher situated? 2. Describe 
the Gape Fear River. (See map, p. 1G4.) 3. What can you state of Butler's prepara- 
tions to attack Fort Fisher? 4. Why did he not make Ihe attack ? 5. What force 
afterward made a successful attack ? 6. Give an account of the capture. 7. What 
were the consequences of the capture ? 

II. 8. When did Sherman move from Savannah ? 9. When did he take Columbia ? 
10. IIow was the capture of Charleston effected ? 11. What is said of Fort Sumter? 
12. Give a further account of Sherman's march northward. 13. At what place did 
the battle on the 16th of March occur ? Ans. Averysboro'. 14. The battle on tho 
19th and 20th? Ans. Benton ville. 15. What place did Sherman reach on the 13th 
of April? 16. What retreat did Johnson make? IT. Where is Ealeigh? (See map. 
p. 320.) 18. Goldsborough ? (Same map.) 19. Hillsboro' ? 
15 




338 Lincoln's administration. 

enough to refit his army, 
entered upon a campaign 
through the Carolinas, and by the 1st 
of February his whole force "was again 
in motion. On the iVth he captured 
Cokimbia, thus rendering it necessary 
for the Confederates to evacuate 
Charleston. General Gillraore, com- 
manding the land forces operating 
MAJOR-GENEEAL SHEEMAN. ^gaiust Charlcston, from the coast, 
took possession of the city on the 
18th, and the national flag floated once more from Fort Sum- 
ter. Sherman continued his march northward, entering North 
Carolina, while General Schofield from Newbcrn, and General 
Terry from Wilmington, co-operated with him. On the 16th 
of March, and on the 19th and 20th, he encountered the enemy, 
repulsing them in both engagements. On the 21st he occupied 
Goldsborough, and on the 13th of April reached Raleigh, 
Johnston retreating beyond Hillsboro'. 

III. Sheridan, in the mean time, was making a raid up the 
Shenandoah valley. At Waynesborough, March 2d, he 
attacked " and routed Early. Marching onward, through 
Charlottesville, he destroyed the I'ailroads and the canal by 
which Richmond and Lee's army received supplies, and finally 
formed a junction with the Army of the Potomac south of 
Petersburg. As the issue of the great struggle became more 
dubious to the Confederates, their Congress, after considerable 
opposition, passed a bill to increase their military forces by 
arming the slaves. Lee, seeing that he was hemmed in, deter- 
mined, if possible, to divide Grant's army, and, by getting into 



IIL Questions.— 20. "What was Sheridan doing in the moan time ? 21. Give an 
account of his victory there in March. 22. Wliat destruction did he effect? 23. 
What junction did he form ? 24. Wliat extraordinary measure did the Confederate 
Congress pass? 25. What determination did Lee form ? 26. Give an account of the 
attempt made by him to carry out his plan. 27. Where was Fort Steadman ? Ans. 
East of and near Petersburg. 



Lincoln's administration-. 339 

its rear, force it to abandon its lines. With this intention lie 
made a sudden dash at Fort Steadman, and captured it ; but 
there his success ended, for on the same day, March 25th, the 
fort was retaken, and, still later in the day, a forward move- 
ment, ordered by General Grant, was completely successful. 

IV. On the 29th of March the final movement of the 
national forces around Richmond began, and, after ten days' 
marching and fighting, the campaign was finished. On the 
3d of April both Petersburg and Richmond w^ere occupied by 
Grant's victorious troops, Lee and his army having fled the 
day before toward Lynchburg, and Jefferson Davis toward 
the sea-coast. The retreating troops were hotly pursued by 
Sheridan, and, on the 9th of April, Lee surrendered what 
remained of his army to General Grant. From this period 
the history of the war is but a record of national successes, 
in the surrender of the several remaining Confederate com- 
manders. 

V. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with 
ecstasy at a triumph so long struggled for, and the dawn of 
peace appeared ; but this feeling of joy was suddenly turned 
into mourning. In less than one week after Lee's surrender, 
April ] 4th, President Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado 
acting in sympathy with the Confederate cause, and an attempt 
was also made upon the life of -Mr. Seward, the Secretary of 
State. 

VL The intcllia:ence of this sad event filled every loyal 



lY. Questions.— 28. When did the great final military movement commence ? 
29. How long did it continue? 30. la what direction did General Lee retreat ? 31. 
When were Petersburg and Richmond captured ? 32. What direction did Jefferson 
Davis take ? 33. What further account can you give of Davis ? Ans. He was cap- 
tured at a place in Georgia, and then, at Fortress Monroe, put in close confinement. 
84. After Lee's surrender, what did the other Confederate commanders do ? 

Y. 35. What sad event took place ? 36. When was President Lincoln assassin- 
ated' ST. When did he die? Ans. He lingered a few hours in an insensible con- 
dition, expiring on the morning of the 15th. 3S. What attempt at assassination 
was made, but without success ? 

YI 39 How did the news of the President's death affect the people? 40. How 
did the people manifest their grief? 41. What may be truly said of Mr. Lincoln ? 



340 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 

heart throughout the land with overwhelming sorrow; 
* and even those against whom the murdered President 
had so long contended, expressed the strongest feeling of regret 
that so wricked and, to them, useless, if not baneful, an act 
should have been committed. The demonstrations of grief 
throughout the North Averc unprecedented, and for several 
weeks all the great cities were draped in badges and emblems 
of mourning. The funeral cortege of the deceased President 
was followed by hundreds of thousands of the citizens of the 
republic, as it wended its way from the capital to his former 
home at Springfield, where the remains were deposited ; and 
it may be truly said that upon no President since Washing- 
ton, and no personage in the history of the country, were the 
affections of the people more t\^arraly bestowed, and that none 
was ever more generally or more sincerely lamented. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. Upon the death of Mr. Lincoln, wdiich occurred on the 
morning of the 15th of April, the Vice-President, Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, was sworn into office, and thereupon 
assumed the duties of President of the United States.^' The 
assassin of the lamented Proeident eluded pursuit utitil the 
26th, when, on being tracked to his hiding-place and refusing 
to surrender, he was shot. It appearing that the assassination 
was part of a conspiracy to disorganize the Government, by 
the simultaneous destruction of its principal executive officers, 
a trial was had ; and, of the seven persons tried and found 
guilty, four were hanged and the others imprisoned. 

♦President Johnson retained O- (aoine;, cf his pre<;ecessor, which then consisted of William H. 
Seward, Secretary of State ; Hugh McCu.ioca Secretary ol the 'J'reasurv ; Edwin M. Stantoj., Secretary 
of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy , ames Hanan, Secreta/y o;' the Interior ; James Speed, 
Attorney-General ; and William £)ennison, Postmaster-General. 

Johnson's Administration.— I. Questions.—!. When did Mr. Lincoin's deatb 
occur? 2. "Who then became President? 3. "What was the fate of the person who 
shot Mr. Lincoln ? 4. What can you state of the conspiracy ? 



Progressive Maps No. 4r. 



Long, fronx 127 Greei\wicK 117 




Wm^ or Ml ItiisiSippij 

at the dose ^^ 
of the Great CivaWaiv 



■X.OTig-.fyoxrL 3o ~W^a. shin g-t oil 



JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



841 



II. Hostilities having 
ceased, the work of 
" Reconstructing the 
Union " began. On 
the 29tli of April, the 
President issued a pro- 
clamation removing re- 
strictions on commerce 
in the South ; and, a 
month after, a procla- 
mation of amnesty was 
addressed to a large 
class of those who had 
aided to establish the 
Confederacy. Three- 
fourths of the States 
having ratified the reso- 
lution of Congress pro- 
posing an amendment 
to the Constitution, 
by which slavery should 
be abolished, the formal 
announcement that slavery w^as constitutionally abolished was 
made on the 18th of December. 

III. Upon the assembling of Congress, in December, 1865, 
it appeared that the entire debt of the Government amounted 
to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars, the 
great bulk of which had been contracted in the prosecution 
of the war. To raise the enormous sums required during the 
contest, loans were offered, and were freely taken by the 




II. Questions.— 5. As soon as hostilities were ended, what began ? 6 What 
proclamation was issued April 29th? T. May 29th? 8. What can you state in rela- 
tion to the abolition of slavery? 

III. 9. The debt of the Government? 10. Of loans? 11. Duty on importations ? 
12. Taxes on incomes? 13. Revenue-stamps? 14. Gold, as an article of merchan- 
dise? 



342 Johnson's administration. 

loyal people. Still further to increase the ability of the trea- 
sury to meet the heavy drain upon it, the duty on importa- 
tions had been increased, taxes had been imposed on incomes 
and manufactures, and revenue-stamps required to be placed 
on bonds, mortgages, and other documents. 'A general sus- 
pension of specie payments by the banks of the North having 
taken place at the close of 1861, specie circulation soon gave 
way to that of paper, and gold became an article of merchan- 
dise, commanding a high premium. 

IV. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as 
the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. By the term Freedmen were 
meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the break- 
ing out of the late war, were slaves ; but who had afterward 
been declared free by proclamation of the President. The 
bill had for its object the supervision and relief of freedmen 
and loyal refugees. A second bill, amending and continuing 
in force the first, although vetoed by the President, was passed 
in July, 1866. 

V. It soon became evident that Congress and President 
Johnson were at variance on the subject of " Reconstructing 
the Union," the former being opposed to the restoration of 
the States recently at war with the Union to their former 
political standing, until certain guarantees of protection should 
be extended to the colored population, and other conditions 
complied with by the States. A Reconstruction Act was, 
however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the veto of the 
President, March 2d, 1867, and two supplementary Recon- 
struction Acts were also passed, in like manner. 

VI. In March, of the same year, a bill to regulate the 
tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the President's 

IV. When was the Freedint'irs Bureau Bill passed ? Who were meant by the 
term Freedmen ? What was the object of the Bill? What is said of the second 
Frcedmen's Bureau Bill? 

y. What so(in became evident as between Congress and the President? What 
position did Congress take? What is said of the Keconstruction Bill? Of the two 
Su])plementary Acts? 



JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



343 



veto. By this bill it was declared that persons holding, or 
appointed to, any civil office, by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, should be entitled to hold such office until 
a successor should be in like manner appointed and duly 
qualified. This law has since been essentially modified. 

VII. Daring the year 
1867, Nebraska was ad- 
mitted into the Union, 
and the territorial pos- 
sessions of the United 
States were very much 
enlarged by the addition 
of Alaska, .formerly 
known as Russian Ame- 
rica. This vast tract of 
land was purchased of 
Russia, the price agreed 
to be paid being $7,'200,- 
000 in gold. 

VIII. In August, 1867, 
the President suspended 
Mr. Stanton, the Secreta- 
ry of War from office, be- 
cause, " upon important 
questions, the views of 
the secretary differed from hi.s own." General Grant was ap- 
pointed to discharge the duties of the office. In December, 
the President notified the Senate of the change he had made, 
and of his reasons for so doing. The Senate having duly 
considered the reasons, passed a resolution of non-concurrence 




VI. state what you can in relation to the Tenure-of-office Bill. 

VII. What is said of the admission of Nebraska? What is saiii of Alaska? 

VIII. From -what office Avas Mr. Stanton suspended? By -whom was the suspen- 
sion made? Why was it made? What course in relation to the matter did the 
President afterward take? What course and action did the Senate take? What 
course did Mr. Stanton take ? 



\y 



344 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



in the suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, 
1868. Mr. Stanton resumed the exercise of the duties of 
Secretary of War. 

IX. On the 21st of February, the President sent a raessaire 
to the Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. Stanton from 
office, and had placed General Lorenzo Thomas in his stead 
until a successor should be appointed. This produced great 
excitement in both houses of Congress. The Senate passed a 
resolution notifying the President " tliat under the Constitu- 
tion and laws of the United States, he had no power to re- 
move the Secretary of War and designate any other officer to 
perform the duties of that office." 

X. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President John- 
son of high crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted by the 
House of Representatives. In accordance therewith, nine 
articles of impeachment, prepared by a committee of the 
House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; and seven mana- 
gers were thereupon selected from among the members of the 
House, to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. 

XL Two more articles of impeachment having been added, 
in which the President was charged with declaring that Con- 
gress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, the trial -was 
begun on the 30th of March. On the 16th of May a verdict of 
acquittal was declared on the eleventh article ; and, ten days 
after, a like verdict was rendered on two other articles, when 
the Senate, as a court, adjourned and the trial ended. On the 
same day. May 26th, Mr. Stanton resigned his position as 
Secretary of War. In the fall of the same year (1868), Gen- 
eral Grant was elected President to succeed Johnson. 

IX. What course did the President take in the following February? What was the 
effect in Congress? What resolution did the Senate pass ? 

X. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of Eepresentatives? 
What subsequent action was taken by the House ? 

XI. How many articles of impeachment, in all, were brought against the Presi. 
ilent? What char-e was made in the last two? What is said of the tria' ;• d the 
result? What course did Mr. Sianton then take? Who was elected President ot tho 
United States to succeed Johnsou? 



GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 



345 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. Though Virginia, 
Mississippi, and Texas 
did not jjarticipate in 
the presidential elect- 
ion of 1868, not having* 
complied with, the "re- 
construction" require- 
ments of Congress^ 
Ulysess S. Grant, of 
Illinois, for President, 
and Schuyler Colfax, 
of Indiana, for Vice- 
President, received a 
decided majority of 
the electoral votes of 
all the states. The 
inauguration of Grant 
took place on the 4th 
of March, 1869^; and 
during the first year 
of his administration, 
the three States, that 
had not been permit- 
ted to take part in the 
preceediiig national 
election, were restored to representation in Congress. The 
*' Reconstruction of the Union " was thus fuUy accomplished. 
11. In the summer of 1863 (July 23th), before Grant 
became president, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Con- 
stitution ha^dng been proposed by Congi'ess and ratified 
by three-fourths of the states, was declared adopted. By this 
provision equal rights are guaranteed to all persons born or 




* Presi.iput Cmnt's ca')inrt nftcr it was f'lllv frfrnrizefl. was r*>rFiitiite<l m fill'^wa: TTn-^ilt^n Fish, 
Serrefuv cl Rfilc; (^c^rrc S. Hv.itwell. Recretnrv t i'l'io 'Jreasurv; John A. Hnwlins. Pecrctnrv ' f \\nr; 
Adolpli K. n irio, Rrtcretary c f thoNnvy: Jio.ih ft. Cox. Peor.tnry cf tbo Interior; John A. J.Creswell, 
Postmaster-Gcntral; and E. Rockwooj Hoar, Attoracy-General. 



34:6 GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 



naturalized in the United States. The Fifteenth Amend- 

1870 

• ment, guaranteeing the right of suffrage to all citizens of 

the United States, without regard to ' 'race, color, or i^revious 
condition of servitude," was declared adopted on the SOth of 
March, 18/0. 

in. In October of the following year (1871), the most de- 
structive fii'e in the history of this country occured at Chicago. 
About eighteen thousand buildings were destroyed; and, in 
consequence, more than a hundred thousand persons were 
rendered homeless and dcstitude. Eoliof, fortunr.tely, came 
from all quarters, and with almost incredible dispatch. "Within 
ten days after the conflagration more than five million dollars 
were subscribed in this countiy and Europe, for the sufferers. 
Scarcely less destructive as regards the loss of property, and 
far more disastrous in the destruction of human life, were the 
forest fires that, during the same month, raged in Michigan, 
Wisconsin, and Minnesota. 

Grant's Administeation. — I. Questions. — 1. Which of the States did not parti- 
cipate in the presidential election of 1868 ? 2. Why did they not? 3. "WTien were 
they restored to representation in Congress ? 4. Who became Vice-President when 
Grant became President ? 

II. 5. What can you ttate of the l^th Amendment to the Constitution ? C. What 
of the 15th Amendment ? 

III. What can you etate in relation to the Chicago fire ? What, in relation to the 
forest fires during the same month ? 



TEKKITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 347 



TERRITOEIAL GEOWTH OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

I. Original Territory.— The territory of the Republic, at the 
close of the War of the Revolution, was bounded by the Atlantic 
Ocean, the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of 
Mexico. Such were the limits conceded by the treaty with Great 
Britain (September 3d, 1783); but from the region lying within them, 
the Spanish province of Florida must be excluded, as well as that 
part of the present State of Louisiana which lies east of the Missis- 
sippi, in defining the original domain of the United States. Out 
of that domain many new States have been formed, and to it large 
accessions of new territory have been made. 

II. Vermont. — This was the first of the new States. It was 
formed from territory which had been claimed by New York and 
New Hampshire, the former founding its claim on the grants made 
by Charles II. to the Duke of York ; the latter, on the colonial 
charter which it received at the commencement of its existence. 
New Hampshire was the most active in the settlement of the ter- 
ritoiy, her governor, during a period of eight years (from 1760 to 
1768), having made more than a hundred township grants within 
its limits. These were subsequently known as the " New Hamp- 
shire Grants." Before the- Revolution, however. New York suc- 
ceeded in obtaining jurisdiction over the whole territory, through a 
decision of the king, to which the governor of New Hampshire 
assented. But the settlers refused to acknowledge the sway under 
which they were thus arbitrarily placed, and continued their resist- 
ance until 1791 ; when. New York having relinquished her claim 
on the payment to her of $30,000, Vermont was admitted into the 
Union, making the number of States fourteen. 

III. The Northwest Territory.— The western portion of 
several of the thirteen original States extended to the Mississippi 

I. Questions.— What territory belonged to the United States when they began 
their existence as a nation ? To what nation did Florida belong ? 

II. Give the early history of Vermont. When admitted ? 

III. What were the original boundaries of the Northwest Territory ? 



348 TEERITOKIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

River ; their colonial charters, indeed, named the Atlantic Ocean 
as their eastern boundary, and the South Sea [the Pacific] as their 
western ; but these limits were restricted by the Treaty of 1783. 
One after another, these States surrendered their western territories 
to the general government; and, in 1787, the region north of the 
Ohio Kiver was organized under the name of the Northioest Terri- 
tory. From this territory five States have been successively formed : 
Oliio, in 1802; Indiana, in 181G; Illinois, in 1818; Michigan, in 
1837 ; and Wisconsin, in 1848. 

IV. The Southwest Territory.— The region south of the 
Ohio, although never oi'ganized under one territorial government, 
was generally known as the Southwest Territory. From it have 
been formed four States: Kentucky (previously a part of Virginia), 
in 1792; Tennessee (previously a part of North Carolina), in 1796 ; 
Mississippi, in 1817 ; and Alabama, in 1819 (both the latter being 
previously a part of Georgia). 

V. Maine.— Maine, in 1783, was a district of Massachusetts, 
having been purchased in 1677, from the heirs of Gorges and 
Mason. Thus it remained till 1820, when it was organized and 
admitted as a State, in conformity with the formally expressed will 
of its inhabitants. 

VI. The Louisiana Purchase.— Though the Spaniards, under 
De Soto, were the first to discover the Mississippi River, they 
made no attempts to explore it. This was first accomplished by 
the French, who traversed its entire length, and occupied certain 
portions of its valley on both sides, giving to the whole region the 
name of Louisiana, in honor of their King, Louis XIV. At the 
close of the French and Indian War (1763), France ceded to Great 
Britain all her American possessions east of the Mississippi and 

Questions.— Give the previous history of that territory. What States have 
been formed from that territory? 

IV. What was the Southwest Territory ? What States have been formed from 
the Southwest Territory ? 

V. Was Maine one of the thirteen original States ? Was Vermont ? Give 
the early history of Maine. 

VI. Who discovered the Mississippi ? Who explored it ? What else did the 
French do ? To what extent of territory did the French give the name of Louis- 
iana? 



TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 349 

north of the Iberville River, having in the preceding year ceded 
to Spain all her possessions west of the Mississippi and south of the 
Iberville. The latter territory was relroceded to France in 1800; 
and three years later (1803), was purchased by the United States 
for $15,000,000. From this vast region, which extended from the 
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, besides the State of 
Louisiana (admitted in 1813), have been formed Missouri (1821), 
Arkansas (1836), loioa (1846), Minnesota (1858), Kansas (1861), Ne- 
braska (1867), and the territories of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, 
and Dakota, together with a reservation for the Indians, known as 
the Indian Territory. 

VII. Florida.— This was a Spanish province up to 1763, when 
it was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, which the 
English had recently taken from Spain. By tlie treaty of 1783, 
this province was given back to Spain, to which it continued to 
belong till 1819, when it was ceded to the United States, on con- 
dition that the latter country would pay the claims of American 
citizens against Spain, to the amount of $5,000,000. Owing, how- 
ever, to a delay on the part of Spain to ratify the treaty, the title to 
the territory was not acquired by the United States till 1821. 

VIII. Oregon. — The entire region west of the Rocky Mountains, 
extending from latitude 42° to about 54°, was long known as Ore- 
gon.* It was claimed by the United States, because, among other 
reasons, its principal river had been discovered by Captain Gray, 
of the ship Columbia, of Boston, in 1792 ; and because, during the 
administration of Jefferson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and 
Clark, who commanded an overland expedition sent out by the 
United States Government. If, previous to 1819, Spain had pos- 
sessed any title to this region, she abandoned it in that year; since, 



» A writer of note says that the name Oregon was probably invented by Captain Carver, 
who made an early exploration of the rejrion. Another writer sives it as his opinion that 
the name was derived Irom the Spanish ong tno, wild sa<re, which grows in great abandance 
oa the Pacific coast. 

Questions.— How did they dispose of the part west of the Mississippi? 
The part cast ? How did we acquire the part west ? What States and Territo- 
ries have heen formed from the part bought of France ? 

Vn. Give the early history of Florida. How did we acquire i1 ? 

Vni. What region was long known as Oregon? What gave the United States 
a right to claim it ? How did the United States get a title from Spain ? 



350 TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 

by a clause in the treaty ceding Florida, she relinquished all her 
"rights, claims, and pretensions" to such territory. 

IX. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 184G, when, by 
treaty, the boundary-line between the possessions of the two nations 
was fixed at the 49th parallel, thus settling a controversy which 
had lasted several years, and which, at one time, threatened to 
produce a war between the two countries. The region thus finally 
yielded to the United States, was first organized as a territory, 
under the name of Oregon^ but now includes the State of Oregon ; 
(admitted in 1859) ; and the Territories of Washington and Idaho. 

X. Texas. — This State was once a part of the Republic of 
Mexico ; but, becoming dissatisfied with the Mexican rulers, the 
people revolted, and, in 1836, set up an independent government. 
In 1845, Texas was annexed to the United States. 

XI. California. — The war with Mexico gave to the United 
States a vast region between Texas and the Pacific Ocean, which 
had previously belonged to the Mexican Republic. The conquest 
of this region having been eff'ected during the war, its possession 
was confirmed by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, made in 1848, 
as well as by a subsequent treaty, known as the " Gadsden Treaty," 
made in 1853. By the terms of the first treaty, the United States 
agreed to pay to Mexico $15,000,000, and to assume debts due from 
her to American citizens to the amount of $3,000,000. By the 
terms of the second treaty, the United States paid an additional 
sum of $10,000,000, in order to secure a more southerly boundary. 
From the region thus acquired from Mexico have been formed the 
States of California (1850) and Nevada (1864), and the Territories of 
New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. 

XII. Alaska.— The Territory of Alaska, formerly known as 
Russian America, was ceded to the United States, by Russia, in 
1867, for $7,200,000. The name of Alaska having been given to it 
in the treaty, it has since retained it. 

IX. Questions.— What troubles did the United States have in relation to the 
ownership of Oregon ? How were the troubles settled ? What are the present 
divisions of Oregon? 

X. Give the early history of Texas. How and when was it acquired by the 
United States? 

Xr. By what name was Alaska formerly known ? How did we acquire the 
territory ? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 351 

XIII. Thus has the national domain increased from time to time, 
spreading from one ocean to the other, and gradually enfolding 
within its embrace every district of country that lay as an obstacle 
to the mighty march of its destiny. That " league of love " which 
first only clasped within its folds an empire of tlmteen sister States, 
with an area of 800,000 square miles, has been found sufficiently 
expansive to permit the embrace of a vast realm of thirty-seven 
States, and eleven Territories ;-including altogether an area of more 
than 3,000,000 square miles. 

" O God ! look down upon the land which thou hast loved so well, 
And grant that in unbroken truth her children still may dwell ; 
Nor while the grass grows on the hill, and streams flow through 

the vale. 
May they forget their fathers' faith, or in their covenant fail ! 
God keep the fairest, noblest land that lies beneath the sun — 
Our country, our whole country, and our country ever one ! " 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 

I. Population. — The first Census, — that of 1790, — showed a 
total population in the thirteen States, and the territory on each 
side of the Ohio River, of less than four millions (3,921,326). In the 
Northwest Territory the population was so small that no return was 
made. In the territory south of the Ohio, the number of inhabitants 
was about 37,000. The city of Philadelphia, then the largest city 
of the Union, contained only a population of 43,525, that of New 
York being more than 10,000 less (33,131) ; Cincinnati, settled in 
1788, was but a small hamlet (in 1805 its population was only 500) ; 
Boston contained only about 18,000 inhabitants ; and New Orleans, 
then a French settlement, less than 8,000. The great western cities 
of the present day were scarcely dreamed of 

XIII. Questions.— State how and to what extent the national domain has 
increased. 

Civil Progress of the Nation.— I. Questions.— What was the population of 
the United States in 1790 ? What was the population of Philadelphia ? of New 
York? of Boston? 



852 CIVIL PEOGEESS OF THE NATIOX. 

II. The population of the Union, as sliown by the Census of 
1870, is nearly forty millions (38,617,949). There are fourteen 
cities, the population of each of which exceeds 100,000, and seven 
in which the population is in excess of 250,000. The metropolis 
contains nearly one million of inhabitants, having grown, during 
our national existence, to that astonishing figure, from the small 
number mentioned above ; while Cincinnati has grown from 500 
in 1805, to more than 210,000. Chicago, which, in 1831, contained 
only about a dozen families, before the great fire of 1871 had a pop- 
ulation of 298,000. St. Louis, a small trading-village in 1803, when 
it came under the United States Government, now contains about 
313,000 people, and is the fourth city of the Union, being exceeded 
only by New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn. 

III. Commerce. — The commercial progress of the country has 
kept pace with the vast increase in its population, and the amazing 
growth of its cities. In 1790, the total exports from all the ports 
of the United States amounted to about twenty millions of dollars, 
and the imports to somewhat less. In 1870, the amount of exports 
was over five hundred millions, and the imports amounted to about 
six millions more than the exports. About two-thirds of all the 
imports of the United States arrive in New York, and about forty 
per cent, of all the exports are shipped from that port. 

IV. The tonnage of the United States has increased from 274,- 
377, in 1790, to 4,253,149, in 1870 ; while the number of American 
vessels (registered or enrolled) has increased during the same 
period to 29,015, of which about 3,500 were steam-vessels. This is 
considerably less than the number reported previous to the Civil 
War, the total tonnage in 1862-3 being more than 5,000,000. The 
vast increase in population on the borders of the Great Lakes, and 
along the great navigable rivers, has led to the establishment of an 
inland and domestic trade, of greater proportions than the foreign 
commerce immense as that is. The chief items of this trade are 
coal and lumber; but the cereals also constitute a considerable 
part. 

II. Questions.— What was the population of the United States in 18T0? What 
is said of fonrteen cities? Of seven? New York? Cincinnati? Chicago? St. 
Lonis? 

III. What is said in relation to the commercial pro^rress of the conntry? 

IV. What, in relation to the increase of tonnas;^? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE KATION. 353 

V. Manufactures. — During tlie Colonial period, the manufac- 
turing industry of the American people was repressed by penal 
statutes, the selfish policy of the British government dictating agri- 
cultural pursuits for the purpose of benefiting the commerce of the 
mother-country. Hence, a fi"ee market was opened to all the agri- 
cultural products, including the raw materials of manufacture ; and 
sometimes bounties were offered to stimulate still further their pro- 
duction. This policy was peculiarly fitted to increase the pros- 
perity of the Southern Colonies, while those of the North were 
scarcely able to subsist. 

VI. When, therefore, the nation commenced its existence, the 
manufacturing interests were of very little importance ; indeed, 
they had scarcely commenced to be developed. Before the war of 
1813, nothing was accomplished on a great scale in this direction; 
the embargo, however, gave a great stimulus to this interest. 
Since that period, an amazing expansion has been reached in every 
department of manufactures, but especially in those of cottons, 
woollens, and iron,— the three great staples, in the first of which 
this country is now exceeded by Great Britain alone. The princi- 
pal seats of this manufacture arc in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and New York. 

VII. The general use of furnaces, stoves, etc., for heating pur- 
poses, the innumerable applications of machinery, as a substitute 
for human labor, and for the propulsion of land-carriages, as well 
as for the purposes of navigation, render the iron manufacture of 
great importance in this country ; and, accordingly, it has developed 
into vast proportions. Its kindred department, mining — particu- 
larly of coal and iron — has, of course, kept equal pace with it. 

VIII. Snip-BuiLDiNG.— The first vessel built in New England 
was built in Medford, Massachusetts, for Governor Winthrop. 
She was launched on the fourth of July, 1631, and was called the 
* Blessing of the Bay," — a name which indicated, in anticipation, 
the great benefits which that section of our country was to experi- 
ence from this department of industry. Up to the commencement 

V. How was the manufacturing industry of the colonies repressed ? 

VI. What further is stated in respect to manufactures? 

VII. What is stated of the manufacture of iron and mining;? 

VIII. What history can you give of ehip-buildiug? 



354 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 

of the Civil War (ISOl) this branch of labor was among the most 
flourishing i:i the country; but the operations of Confederate cruis- 
ers, aided, as they were, by British influence and support, had the 
cff'ect to paralyze this, as well as every other branch of industry 
dependent upon navigation. 

IX. Printing and Book-Publishing. — Under our system of 
free government and free schools, the various pursuits connected 
with the printing and publication of newspapers, books, etc., have 
reached a condition of great activity and extent. The wide spread 
demand for information has stimulated the application of science 
and art to this branch of industry to the highest degree. The pro- 
cesses in use for the purpose a century ago would be, at the present 
time, comparatively valueless. One of the earliest inventions for 
improving the old printing-press was the Columbian press^ invented 
by George Clymer of Philadelphia, in 1818; and, more recently, 
the powerful cylinder presses constructed by Richard M. Hoe, of 
New York, have rendered it possible to keep pace with the daily 
demand for newspapers and books. By the cylinder press worked 
by steam, in connection with the stereotype process, as many as 
40,000 impressions of a newspaper can be taken in an hour. 

X. Agriculture. — This, the leading pursuit of our country 
during its entire histoiy, has made vast and rapid strides, both in 
processes and results, since the commencement of our national 
union. The great demand for labor has furnished very strong in- 
ducements for the invention and use of labor-saving machinery 
and implements, and the ingenuity of the American people has 
been strikingly illustrated by its innumerable achievements in this 
direction. Of these, the cultivator, the mowing machine, the 
reaper, the horse rake, the threshing machine, etc., are examples. 
Steam has been applied to the working of many of these imple- 
ments ; and, in this way, the work of one man is often made more 
eff'ective than that of a hundred a century ago. 

XI. In the northern sections of the country, the chief staples are 
the cereal grains, maize, wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., together with 

IX. Questions.— State what you can of priiitinji: and hook-publishing. 

X. What is the leading pui^uit of our countiy? By what means has agricul- 
ture made rapid strides ? 

XI. What are the staples in the northern sections of our country? In the 
southern? What is said in relation to cotton? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE XATIOX. 



potatoes and liay ; in the South, cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco 
take the lead. The increase in tiie production of tlu.'se various 
articles since the formation of our government has been am;izing. 
In 1790, the cotton raised amounted to less than 250,000 pounds; 
while in 1860, just previous to the great Civil War, the quantity 
cultivated reached the extraordinary amount of more than 2,030,- 
000,000 pounds, or nearly 4,000,000 of bales. In 1870, the crop 
amounted to a little over one billion and three quarters of pounds 
(1,767,000,000 lbs.). Mississippi occupies the first place as a cotton- 
growing State. 

XII. Canals.— In 1827, Edward Everett thus spoke of the inter- 
nal improvements of that period: " A system of internal improve- 
ments has been commenced, which will have the eflPect, when a 
little further developed, of crowding within a few years the pro- 
gress of generations. Already, Lake Champlain from the north 
and Lake Erie from the west have been connected with Albany. 
The Delaware and Chesapeake Bays have been united. A canal 
is nearly finished in the upper part of New Jersey, from the Dela- 
ware to the Hudson, by which coal is already dispatched to our 
market. Another route is laid out, across the same State, to con- 
nect New York by a railroad with Philadelphia. A water com- 
munication has been opened, by canals, half way from Philadelphia 
to Pittsbiu-g. Considerable progress is made, both on the railn^ad 
and the canal, which are to unite Baltimcn'e and Washington 
with the Ohio River. A canal of sixty miles in length is open, 
from Cincinnati to Dayton, in the State of Ohio; and another, of 
more than three hundred miles in extent, to connect Lake Erie 
with the Ohio, is two-thirds completed." 

XIII. The various enterprises here alluded to have all been 
completed. The Grand Erie Canal, in the Slate of New York, 
was opened in 1824, but not entirely completed till 182."). This 
magnificent public improvement owed its success to the genius of 
De Witt Clinton * and contributed in a very great degree to make 

* De Witt riinfoii whs horn in AfHrcli. 1/69. and \v.ts the som of (Jeiwril .lames Clinton, of 
Oranj^e Cnimtv. New York. He was ni;ivor of tlie city of New York ten \cats : aiid wis 
elecied jrovernor of the State m 1817, and aj^'aiii in 18-'aaiid 18.i6. His death occurred iii Feb- 
ruary, 1828. 

XII. Questions.— Repeat, in substance, what Everett stated in 1827. 

XIII. What is etatcd of the Grand Erie Caual? Of canals in the United 
States? 



356 CIVIL rnoGKEss op the nation. 

New York city what it is at preseut— the great emporium of the 
countr}'. It is 3Go miles in length, and was first estimated to cost 
$5,000,000. Since its completion, in 1825, it has been considerably 
enlarged. The total length of canals in the United States, in 1854, 
was nearly 5,000 miles; but since that period few undertakings of 
this kind, of any magnitude, have been commenced, their use as a 
means of communication having been superseded by the construc- 
tion of railroads. E.xtensive river improvements have also been 
accomplished in many parts of the couiitrj'. 

XIV. Raili50ADS. — The first great internal improvement in this 
country was the Philadelphia and Pittsburg Turnpike, which was 
completed near the close of the last century. The Cumberland 
Road, subsequently called the Great National Road, had its origin 
in an appropriation of $30,000 by Congress, in 1806, for the con- 
struction of a road over the Alleghany mountains, from Cumber- 
land, in Maryland, to the Ohio River. Other appropriations for 
the construction of this road were made from time to time ; and in 
1820 it had been completed tf) Wheeling, at an expense of $1,700,- 
000. Subsequently it was extended to Springlield, Ohio, and 
partially undertaken in Indiana and Illinois ; but being superseded 
by railways, it was never completed to the extent at one time con- 
temi>lated. 

XV. The first railroads constructed in the United States were the 
Quincy Railroad, used to transport granite from the quarries of 
Quincy, IMassachusetts (182G) ; and theMauch Chunk Railroad, for 
the conveyance of coal from the mines at that place to the Lehigh 
River in Pennsylvania (1827). The rapid construction of railroads 
in every part of the country since that time, presents a very 
striking evidence of the activity and enterprise of the people, and 
the civil progress of the nation. 

XVI. In 1848, the number of miles of completed railways 
amounted to G,000 ; in 18G0, this had increased to nearly 31,000, 
the construction and equipment of which cost more than one bil- 
lion of dollars ($1,151,500,289). In 1870, it had further increased to 
more than 53,000. Of all the enterprises of this character, the 

XIV. QUK- TioNi? — Give till! history of tlio Cumberland lioad. 

XV. Which w»TC the first railroads in this country? 

XVI. What further can you ttate in rehition to railroads iu this country ? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATIOX. 857 

Pacific Railroad is the most stupendous. This road extends from 
Omalia in Nebraska to San Francisco, and connects with the great 
lines from the east, bringing the great eastern cities within a 
week's journey from San Francisco, It 13 1,913 miles long be- 
tween the two points above mentioned. This great undertaking 
was completed in 18G9. Other railroads are also in contemplation 
across the western part of the country to tiie Pacific Ocsan. The 
Northern Pacific, already commenced, has its eastern tei'minus 
at Lake Superior (Duluth) and its w^eslern at Puget's Sound, in 
Washington Territory. 

XVII. Thus are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans bound together 
by an iron band, by means of which, in connection with the Trans- 
Pacific lines of steamships, China, India, and Japan are brought 
within a few weeks' travel of tlie great American marts, and the 
rich products of those realms are poured into them in boundless 
profusion. New sources of enterprise and wealth are also devel- 
oped in our own country by the same means, and additional 
incentives ofi'ered for settlement in the wild and uncultivated, but 
richh'- endowed, regions of our widel3'"-extended domain. 

XVIII. Telegraphs. — The demand for the rapid communica- 
tion of intelligence was by no means supplied by the locomotive 
and railroad ; and the agency of electricity has been brought in to 
supplement the deficiencies of steam. The inventicm of the electro- 
magnetic telegraph is due to Prof. Morse, who, in 1844, erected the 
first line, between Baltimore and Washington, a distance of forty 
miles. This line was extended northward, through Piiiladelphia 
and New York, to Boston, in 1845. From this comparatively 
small beginning a vast sj^stem of telegraphic lines has been con- 
structed, by means of which all the great centres of trade and 
population in the world have been brought into instantaneous 
communication. In 1850, the length of telegraph lines in the 
United States was 23,281 miles; in 1854, it had increased to 41,392 
mi^es ; and in 1858, to more than 50,000 miles. At the present time 
it cannot be less than 100.000 miles. 

XVII. Q,ue:;tions.— What facilities, as n-gards the trade with Ciiiiia, India, 
and Japan, are railroads and etcniiship^ givini? u? ? What incentives are offered 
for settlement in the wild and uncultivated regions of the west ? 

XVIII. What is scid in relation to telegraphs? When and by whom was the 
first telegraph lino erected? Between what points was it erected ? liow many 
milos of telegraph liuea are now (13T3) iu operation ? 



358 CIVIL PROGPvESS OF THE NATIOX. 

XIX. Atlantic Telegraph.- -Tlie first successful submarine 
telegraph was laid iu 1851, across Dover Strait, connecting Dover 
and Calais. Three unsuccessful attempts to establish a telegraphic 
cable across the Atlantic Ocean were made in 1857, 1858, and 18G5. 
In the first and last of these, the cable parted and was partially 
lost; in the second, it was laid, but almost immediately failed to 
convey signals. A fourth attempt, in 186G, proved entirely success- 
ful. The success of this gigantic enterpi-ise, persisted in under so 
many discouragements, was largely due to the untiring energy of 
Cyrus W. Field. The successful cable of 1866 was made in Eng- 
land, and laid by the Great Eastern, the largest steam-vessel ever 
constructed. She was built in London, and made her first trip 
in 1859. The Atlantic cable is about 2,000 miles long, and con- 
tains no less than 25,000 miles of copper-wire in the conductor, 
35,000 miles of iron-wire in the outside covering, and upward of 
400,000 miles of strands of hemp ; more than enough in all to go 
twenty-four times round the w^orld. Its strength is suflScient to 
bear a strain of nearly twenty-eight tons. 

XX. Education. — The establishment of Common Schools, in 
which all classes could be educated, has been a distinguishing fea- 
ture in the civil progress of the country. Several of the States 
have inserted in their Constitutions articles requiring the mainte- 
nance of public schools. In New England, the principle has been 
ever avowed and sustained, that it is the right and duty of govern- 
ment to provide the means for the instruction of the youth of all 
classes of society in the elements of learning. Other States have 
adopted this principle. In Massachusetts, by statute enacted in 
1647, "each town, consisting of fifty householders, was directed to 
maintain a school to teach their children to read and write, and 
every town of one hundred families was to maintain a grammar- 
school to fit youth for college." In the ecrly history of Connecti- 
cut, similar laws were passed. 

XXI. It has been uniformly a part of the land system of the 
United States to provide for public schools. In th3 organization 

XIX. Questions.— When and where was the first successful submarine tele- 
graph laid? What further can you state in relation to telegraph cables? 

XX. What constitutional requirements, as regards public schools, have been 
xnado by a. vcral States? What priuciplo haa'bcea eustainod in New England? 



CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 359 



of territories and the admission of States, the condition has often 
been imposed that a part of each township should be permanently 
applied for the use or support of such schools. In nearly all the 
States there is a larj^e fund devoted to the support of common 
schools, under provisions of State law. The special instruction of 
teachers hiis become a prominent feature in the educational systems 
of most of the States. Several of the States have a Normal .School 
fund. In most of the Slave-States, popular education was greatly 
neglected; but since the close of the Civil War, strenuous efforts 
have been made in many of the southern States to provide the 
means of educating all classes, including the children of the freed- 
men. The High Schools and Colleges of the country have also 
attained a high rank for scholarship and efficiency. 

XXn. Literature. — During the colonial period, America 
gained no prominence in any department of literary effort, except, 
perhaps, that of theology, religious disputation almost absorbing the 
intellectual energies of the age. Jonathan Edwards, by the publi- 
cation of his masterly " Treatise on the Will," at once secured for 
himself the respectful attention of thinkers in the mother-country; 
several of his sermons were republished in England. This distin- 
guished man died in 1786. Since that time American literature 
has been enriched by many works of genius in almost every depart- 
ment. In orator}'-, no nation can claim to have surpassed the 
United States; and the speeches of AVebster, Clay, and Everett 
will ever remain as monuments of the literary culture, as well as 
clearness and power of reasoning, of those distinguished men. 
Tliese are but the hrigld stars in a cluster of very brilliant names, 

XXIII. Irving's writings were the first to make American litera- 
ture popular abrond ; their genial spirit, inimitable humor, and 
elegant style attracting all classes of readers. In histor}', inde- 
pendently of what has been done to illustrate specially the annals 
of every part of our own country by a host of worthy writers, the 

XX r. Questions.— What is stated of the government land system in con- 
nection with intblic scliools? What condition has often been imposed? Wliat 
i:< stated of cummon school fnnds? Normal school fnnd? 

XXII. What is stated of American literature dimug the colonial period? Of 
Jonathan Edwards? Of American oratory? 

XXIII. Of Irving's writings? In relation to liistory? Fiction ? 



360 CIVIL PEOGKESS OF THE NATION. 

works of Bancroft, Hildretli, Prescott, and Motley have given our 
literature a high rank. In fiction, Cooper won for himself by his 
" Leather-stocking Tales," a very decided pre-eminence ; but Haw- 
thorne, as a literary artist, is doubtless decidedly superior. Pauld- 
ing, Simm, Kennedy, Neal, Brown, and Poe, occupy couspicuous 
places in this field of literary effort. 

XXIV. The effusions of American poets have deservedly ob- 
tained very high commendation and favor. These writers are a 
legion in number; and in this brief sketch, even a partial enumera- 
tion is impossible. Halleck, Willis, Longfellow, AVhittier, Bryant, 
have, however, won for themselves a conspicuous place in the 
popular esteem. James R. Lowell and Oliver W. Holmes, as 
humorous poets, have also attained a wide reputation. The two 
most prolific branches of American literature are educational 
works and journalism, in both of which the country has attained a 
rank which, without doubt, will compare favorably with that of 
any other nation. 

XXIV. Questions.— Poets and j)octr3'? Educational works and journalism? 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 361 



CHROI^OLOGICAL TABLE 

OF IMPORTANT EXTENTS RELATING- TO THE HISTORY OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 

1492. America discovered by Christopher Cohimbus, Oct. 12 

1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastiaft Cabot, . . . July 3. 

1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
Continent of South America discovered by Columbus, Aug. 10. 

1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon, April 6. 

1513. Tlie Pacific Ocean discovered by VascoNuiiezdeBalbca, Sept. 29. 

1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Yasquez de Ayllon. 

1521. Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez. 

1524. Coast of North America explored by John Terrazzani. 
1528. The conquest of Florida undertaken by Pamphilo de 

Narvaez. 
1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by James Cartier,. June. 
1539. Ferdinand de Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 
1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 
1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance. 

1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 

1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards, Sept. 18- 

Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards, Oct. 1. 

1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert.. 

1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Caro- 

lina. 

1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 

1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, May 24. 

L605. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 

1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters, . . April 20. 

1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company, May 23. 

The Plymouth Company began a settlement on the 

Kennebec River, Aug. 21. 

1C08. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain, July 3. 

1609. Virginia received its second charter, • June 2. 

The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson, . . . Sept. 21. 

1610. "The Starving Time" in Virginia. 

1612. Virginia received its third charter, March22. 

1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe, April 



362 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1613. French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia destroyed 

by Samuel ArgaU. 

1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith. 
New York settled by the Dutch. 

1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Yirginia. 

1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies, Aug. 

Charter granted to "The Council of Plymouth," Nov. 3. 

Massachusetts nettled at Plymouth, Dec. 21. 

1621. Treaty with Massasoit made, April 1. 

1622. First Indian massacre in Yirginia, April 1. 

1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover . .. 

1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor, Oct. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, April 6. 

1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. 
Harvard College founded. 

1637. The Pequod War. 

1638. Delaware settled near "Wilmington, April 

1641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts. 

1643. Union of New England colonies formed, May 29. 

1644. Second Indian massacre in Yirginia, April. 

1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland. 

1650. Nortli Carolina settled on the Chowan River. 

1651. The " Navigation Act" passed by Parliament. 

1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 
1655. Civil "War in Maryland. 

New Sweden conquered by the Dutch, Oct. 

1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 

1664. New York became an English Province, Sept. 8. 

New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. (now Elizabeth). 

1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 
1673. Yirginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 

1675. King Philip's war commenced, by an attack upon Swan- 

zey, July 4. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 
1680. Charleston founded. 

New Hampshire made a Royal Province, Sept. 28. 

1682. Pennsylvania settled. 

Delaware granted by the Duke of York to "William Penn, Aug. 31. 
1686. Andros arrived at Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 30 

1689. King William's War commenced. Attack upon Dover, July 7. 

1690. Schenectad3^ burned by the French and Indians, Feb. 8. 

Port Royal taken by the English under Pliipps, May. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 363 

1692. " Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed, 

1G97. King William's War terminated by the "Treaty of 

Ryswick," Sept. 20. 

1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. 

1710. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the English,. . . Oct. 13. 

1713. Queen Anne's War terminated by the "Treaty of 

Utrecht," April 11. 

1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces, July. 

1732. Washington born in Westmoreland county, Yirgina, . Feb. 22. 

1733. Georgia settled at Savannah, Feb. 12. 

1741. "The Negro Plot" in New York. 

1744 King G-eorge's War commenced in America. 

1745. Louisburg captured by the English, '. June 28. 

1748. King George's War terminated by the "Treaty of Aix 

la Chapelle," Oct. 18. 

1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddle, Oct. 31. 

1754. Washington dehvered St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddle,. Dec. 11. 

The battle of the Great Meadows, May 28. 

Congress of Commissioners met at Albany June. 

The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 

1755. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, .... June. 

Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, July 9. 

The British defeat by Dieskau near Lake George, Sept. 8. 

Dieskau defeated by the British at Lake George, Sept. 8. 

1756. Great Britain declared war against France, May 17. 

France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. 

The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego, Aug. 14. 

Indians defeated at Kittanning, Sept. 8. 

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. 

The massacre at Fort William Henry, Aug. 1 0. 

1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga, .... July 6. 
Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . .. July 8. 

Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 26. 

Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. 

Grant defeated by Aubury near FortDuquesne Sept. 21. 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. 
Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson,... July 25. 

Battle of Montmorenci, July 31. 

Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 

Quebec surrendered to the English, .... Sept. 18. 

1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery of 

Quebec (battle three miles above the city), April 28. 



364 CEKONOIOGICAI. TABLE, 



1760. Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to the 

English, ......... r .,. . ... Sept. 8. 

1763. The peace of Pavis between Great Britain and F'-ance, Feb. 10. 
Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain, Feb 10. 

1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament,c. March 8. 

A colonial Congress met at Now York, , . . . . . . ... Oct. 7. 

1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, .,,.... .... March 18. 

1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed, . .. June 29. 

1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston, , . . Sept. 27. 

1770. " The Boston Massacre.". ,.,.,,.,....,., , , March 5. 

All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament, ... April 12. 

1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, .... Dec. 16. 

1774. "Boston Port BiU" passed by Parliament,.. ., . , . . March. 31. 
" The First Continental Congress" met at Philadelphia, . Sept. 5. 

1775. The battle of Lexington, ... . , . April 19. 

Ticonderoga, New York, captured by Allen and Arnold, May 10. 
Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans,. , May 12. 

"Washington elected commander-in-chief, ...,,„ June 15. 

The battle of Bunker Hill, o June 17. 

Washington took command of the army, ., < July 12. 

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. 

Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 

1776. Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. 1. 

Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17. 

The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, June 28. 

The Declaration of Independence, July 4. 

The battle of Long Island, New York, Vug. 27. 

The cit}' of Nev,- York abandoned by the Americans,... Sept. 15.- 

The battle of White Plains, New York, Oct. 28. 

The battle of Fort Washington, New Y'ork, Nov. 1 6. 

Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British, Nov. 18. 

Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. 

The battle of Trenton, New Jersey, Dec. 26. 

1777. The battle of Princeton, New Jersey, Jan. 3. 

Tryon's first expedition cgainst Connecticut, April. 

Meigs's expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor,. May 23. 

Invasion of New York by Burgo}Tic, June. 

Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. 

The battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, July 7. 

Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. 

Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, July 27. 

Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger, .... Aug. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 365 



1777. The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler, Aug 6. 

The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. G. 

The battle'of Benningtoii, Vermont, Aug. 16. 

The battle of Brandywiue, Penusylvania, Sept. 11. 

The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of Stillwater, .. . Sept. 19. 

The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20. 

Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26. 

The battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania, Oct. 4. 

Forts Chnton and Montgomery taken by the British,. . Oct. 6. 

The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater, Oct. 7. 

The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 

The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey, Oct. 22. 

The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania,.. . . Oct. 22. 

Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. 

Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 16. 

"Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Dec. 11. 

1778. American Independence acknowledged by France, ... . Feb. 6. 

Treaty of AUiance with France, Feb. 6. 

British commissioners sent to America. 

Philadelphia evacuated by the Britisli, June 18. 

The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, June 28. 

The battle of AYyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre, July 3, 4. 

The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, July 11. 

The battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29. 

Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. 

Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. 

The massacre at Cherry Valley, New York, Nov.11,12 

The battle of Savannah, Georgia, Dec. 29. 

1779. Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British, Jan. 9. 

The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia, Feb. U. 

The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia, March 3. 

Tyron's second expedition against Connecticut, March. 

Stony Point, New York, captured by the British, . May 31. 

Verplanck's Point, New York, captured by the British, June 1. 

War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 26. 

The battle of Stono Ferry, South Carolina June 20. 

Tryon's third expedition against Connecticut July. 

The battle of Stony Point, Now York, July 15. 

British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee, . . July 19. 

The battle of the Peuobscot, Maine, Aug. 13. 

Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. 

" The battle of the Chemung," New York, Aug. 29. 



366 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1779. Savannah besieged by the French and Americans, .... Sept. Oct. 

Jones's naval battle off tlie coast of England, Sept. 23. 

D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 

1780. Charleston besieged by the British, Ap. May. 

The battle of Monk's Corner, South Carolina, April 14. 

Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12. 

The battle of Waxhaw, South Carohna, May 29. 

The battle of Springfield, New Jersey, June 23, 

French fleet arrived at Newport, Rhode Island, July 10, 

The battle of Rocky Mount, South Carolina. July 30. 

The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina, Aug. G. 

Tlie battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 16. 

The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 18. 

Arnold's treason. 

Andre executed as a spy at Tappan, New York, Oct. 2. 

The battle of King's Mountain, South Carolina, Oct. 7. 

The battle of Fishdam Ford, South Carohna, Nov. 12. 

The battle of Blackstocks, South Carolina, Nov. 20. 

1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. 

The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina, Jan. 17. 

The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. 

Arnold's depredation in Virginia, Jan. 

Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene, Jan. Feb. 

Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 

The battle of Guilford Court-House, North Carolina, . . March 15. 

The battle of Ilobkirk's Hill, South Carolina, April 25. 

Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene May, Jun. 

The battle of Ninety-Six, South Carolina. June 18. 

Colonel Ilayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. 

Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sept. 

The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut, Sept. G. 

The battle ot Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, Sept. 8. 

The siege of Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. 

The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 

1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30. 

1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American 

army, April 1 9. 

Savanuah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, July 11. 

Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 

American army disbanded by orders of Congress,. . , . Nov. 3. 

New York evacuated by the British Nov. 25. 

Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British, Pec. 14 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



367 



1783. "Washington resigns his commission, Dec. 23. 

1787. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 

Constitution of the United States ogreed on by the 

convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 

1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New 

York, March 4. 

Washington inaugurated President of the United States, April 30. 

1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oct.17,22 

1791. United States Bank established at Philadelphia. 

Vermont admitted into the Union, Mar. 4. 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union June 1. 

1793. The difficulties with France. 

1794. "Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug. 20. 

" "Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 

1795. "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain ratified, June 24. 

Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers, 

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union June. 1. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United 

States, March 4 

1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. 

1800. The seat of government removed to AYashington. 

Treaty of peace conducted with France, Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. 

War declared against the United States by Tripoli. .... June 10. 

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 

1 803. Louisiana purchased of France April 30. 

Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 

1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 15. 

The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 1 1. 

1805. Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27. 

Treaty of peace concluded witli Tripoli, June 3. 

1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, May 16. 

Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21. 

1807. British '' Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade 

with France, Jan. 7. 

American frigate Chesaneake attacked by the Leopard. . June 22. 
Britisharmed vessels ordered to leave the United States, July. 2, 
British " Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with 

France and her allies, Nov. ] 1. 

Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. 

.Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree," Dec. 17. 



368 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1801. Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 

1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted 

by Congress, March 1. 

James Isladison inaugurated President, March 4. 

1811. Action between the President and Little Belt,.. ...... May 16. 

Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 7. 

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union April 8. 

"War against Great Britain proclaimed by the L'nited 

States, June 19. 

Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull, July 12. 

Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, ^Michigan, July 17. 

■ The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan, Aug. 5. 

The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. 

British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, . Aug. 13. 

Surrender of Detroit, Michigan by General Hull, . . Aug. 16. 
British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution,. . Aug. 19. 

The battle of Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 1 .3. 

British brig Frohc taken by the Wasp, Oct. 18. 

British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. 
British frigate Java taken by the Constitution, Dec. 29. 

1813. The brtttle of Frenchtown, Michigan, Jan. 22. 

British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. 

Madison commenced a second presidential torm, March 4. 

The battle of York, Canada, April 27. 

Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, , . . May 1. 

The battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 5. 

Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americans, May 27. 

The battle of Sackett's Harbor, New York, May 29. 

American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, . . June 1 . 

The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, Aug. 2. 

American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. 

Creek AVar commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims, Aug. 30. 

British brig Boxer taken by the "Enterprise, Sept. 5. 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 

The battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. 5. 

The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 

1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,.. . March 27. 
American frigate Essex taken by the British war ves- 
sels Phoebe and Cherub, March 2a 

The battle of La CoUe Mill, Canada, March 30. 

British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. 

British sloop Reindeer taken by the Am. sloop Wasp . June 28. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 369 



1814. Fort Erie captured bj the Americans, July 3. 

The battle of Chippewa, Canada, July 5. 

The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridge water, Canada, July 25. 

The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Aug. 15. 

The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, Aug. 24. 

The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. 

British sloop Avon taken by the Am. sloop Wasp,. . . Sept. 1. 

McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. 

The battle of Plattsburg, New York, Sept. 11. 

The battle of North Point, Maryland, Sept. 12. 

The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland, Sept. 13. 

The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama, Sept. 15. 

The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Sept. 1 7. . 

The British driven from Pensacola by Gen. Jackson, . Nov. 7. 

The battle on Lake Borgue, Louisiana, Dec. 14. 

Hartford Convention, Dec. 

The battle nine mUes from New Orleans, Dec. 23. 

Treaty of peace between the United States and Great 

Britain, Dec. 24. 

1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

The U. S. frigate President captured by a British 

squadron, Jan. 15, 

The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution, Feb. 20. 

The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23. 

War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. 2. 

Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 

1816. Bank of United States rechartered for twenty years, . . . April 10. 
Indiana admitted into the Union, Dec. 11. 

1817. James Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. 

Mississippi admitted into the Union, Dec. 10. 

The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 

1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians, . March. 

Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30. 

Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24. . 

Illinois admitted into the Union, Dec. 3. 

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union Dec. 14. 

1 820. Maine admitted into the Union,. March. 15 

Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, Oct. 

182 1. Missouri admitted into the Union, Aug. 20. 

1824. Lafayette visited tlie United States, Aug. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, , . . March 4 

1826- '^eath of the two ex-presidenta, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 



370 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 

1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, July 4, 

1832. " The Black Hawk War." 

"NullificaLion" in South Carolina, declared Nov. •24th. 

1833. Eemoval of the Government funds from the U. S. Bank, Oct. 

1835. War with the Seminoles commenced. 1 

Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles,) Dec. 28. 
Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles, . . . Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. 

1837. Michigan admitted into the Union, . . Jan. 2G. 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, Marcli 4. 

The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25. 

1838. "The Canadian Rebellion." 

1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. 

Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4. 

John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6. 

1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
The '• Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 

1845. Joint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed by 

President Tyler, March 1. 

Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. 

James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4. 

Texas admitted into the Union, Dec. 29. 

1846. Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, Texas,.. . Aoril 26. 

Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. 

The battle of Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. 

The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. 

Congress declared " war existed b}' the act of Mexico," May 11. 
Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras, . . May 18. 

Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 24. 

The battle of Bracito, Mexico, Dec. 25. 

Iowa admitted into the Union, Dec. 28. 

1847. The battle of Buena Vista, Mexico, Feb 23. 

The battle of Sacramento, Mexico, Feb. 28. 

The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 27 

The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, April 18. 

The battle of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, .... Aug. 20. 

The battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico, Sept. 8. 

The battle of Chapultepec, Mexico,.. Sept. 13. 

City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14 
The battle of Huamantla, Mexico, Oct. 9. 

I s-48. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 371 



1848. Wisconsia admitted into the Union, May 29. 

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 

1850. Tlie death of President T^iylor, July 9. 

Millard Fillmore inaugurated President,. July 10. 

California admitted into the Union, Sept. 9. 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 

1854. •' Kansas-Nebraska Bill " passed, May ;]i. 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. 

1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union, May 11. 

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, Feb. 14. 

John Brown's raid into Virginia, Oct. IG. 

186 \ Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina, Dec. 20. 

1861. Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Geoigia, 
Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and North 
Carolina declared. 

Steamer Star of the West, off Charleston, fired into,. Jan. 9. 

Kansas admitted into the Union, Jan. 29. 

" Southern Confederacy " formed at Montgomery, 

Ala., Feb. 4. 

Jeff. Davis inaugurated President of the " Confed- 
eracy," Feb. 18. 

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the 

United States, March 4. 

Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, A p. 1 2, 13. 

President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. 

Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. 

The President issues a second call for troops, May 4. 

Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3. 

Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, June 10. 

Union victory at Romney, Virginia, June 11. 

Union victory at Booneville, Mis ouri, June 1 7. 

Meeting of Congress in Extra Session, July 4. 

Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5. 

Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia,. July 11. 

Battle near Ccntreville, Virginia, July 18. 

Confederate Congress meets at Richmond, July 20. 

Battle of Bull Run, Virginia. July 21. 

Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri, Aug. 2. 

Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri, Aug. 10. 

Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C, captured, Aug. 29. 

O^nfederatea take Lexington, Missouri, Sept. 20. 



372 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

1861. Battle of Edward's Ferry, or BaU's Bluff, Virginia,. . Oct. 21. 

Capture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet, Nov. 7. 

Battle of Belmont, Missouri, Xov, 7. 

Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, Nov. B. 

1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, Jan. 19. 

Fort Henry captured by Union fleet, Feb. 6. 

Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, Feb. 8. 

Fort Donelson captured by Union forces, Feb. 16. 

Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., Mar. 6, 8. 

U. S. ves. Congress and Cumberland sunk by the 

Merrimac, * March 8. 

Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac,. . . March 9. 

Newbern, N. C, captured by Union troops, !March 14. 

Battle at Winchester, Virginia, March 23. 

Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tenn., Ap. 6, 7. 

Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, April 7. 

Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured by Union fleet, -. . . . April 11. 

New Orleans captured by Union forces, April 25. 

Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5. 

Norfolk, Va., surrendered to the Unionists, May 10. 

Confederates retreat from Corinth, Miss., May 28, 29. 

Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, June L 

Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Unionists, June 6. 

Seven days' contest on the Virginia peninsula, Juno 25 to July 1. 

The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Aug. 9. 

Pope's battles between Manassas and "Washington, . .Aug. 23, 30. 

Battle near Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30. 

Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, Sept. 5. 

Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Sept. 14. 

Harpers Ferry surrendered to the Confederates, Sept. 15. 

Battle of Antictam, Maryland, Sept, 17. 

Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, Sept. 17. 

Battle of luka, Mississippi, Sept. 19. 

Battle of Corintli, Mississippi, Oct. 4. 

Battle of Perry villo, Kentucky, Oct. 8. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dec. 13. 

Union Repulse at Vicksburg. Mississippi. Dec. 29. 

Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro', Tennessee,. Dec. 31. 

1863. Tlio President's E^raancipp.tion Proclamation issued,. Jan. 1. 
Battle of Murfreesboro' /esumed and ended, > Jan. 2. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 373 

1863. Aikansas Post captured by Union forces, Jan. 1 i . 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 7. 

Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi,. . April. 

Battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi May 1. 

Batilo of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, 3. 

Battle of Paymond, Mississippi, May 12. 

Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 14. 

Battle of Champion Tlill, Mississippi, May 16. 

Battle at Big Black Paver, Mississippi, May 11. 

Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, June. 

West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20. 

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvaui:i, July 1-3. 

Vicksburg surrendered by-the Confederates, July 4. 

Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates, July 8. 

Great riot in New York city, July 1 ."5-1 6. 

Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio, July 21. 

Morgan captured near Xew Lisbon, Ohio, July 2G. 

Fort Wagner, S. C, captured by Union troops, Sept. G. 

5attle of Chickamanga, Georgia, Sept. 19, 20. 

llnoxville, Tcnn., invested by the Confederates, .... Xov. 18. 

Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Cieorgia, Nov. 24. 

Union victory at Missionary Pidge, Georgia, Nov. 25. 

Union victory at Kaoxvillc, Kentucky. Nov. 29. 

?v864. President orders a draft for more men, Feb. L 

Battle of Olustee, Florida, ■. . . Feb. 20. 

Grant created Lieutenant-General. March 3. 

Fort De Pussy, La., captured by Union troops, March 14. 

Battle of Cane Piver, Louisiana, March 26. 

Battle of Mansfiekl, or Sabine Cross Ponds, La., April 8. 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9. 

Fort Pillow, Tcnn., captured by the Confederacies,. . . April 12. 

Plymouth, N. C, surrendered to the Confederates,. . April 20. 

Army of the Potomac commenced a forward move- 
ment, Ma^ 3. 

Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5-7. 

t March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced, May 7. 

Battles near Spottsjdvania Court House, Virginia, . . May 9-21 

Battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 15. 

Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15. 

Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the 

James, <■ June 14, 



374 CSEONOLOGICAli TABIjr:. 

1864. Battb between the Kearsargo and Alabama, June 10. 

Invasion of Mairrland by Early's army, July 5. 

Battle of Llonocacy, Maryland, , . . July 0. 

Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 20, 22, 2n. 

Chambersburg, Pa., racked and parlly burned, July CO. 

Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay, Ala. , Aug. 5. 

Atlanta, Ga. , captured by Union army, Gept. 2. 

Battle of Winchester, Virginia, Sep;. 10. 

Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia, S:pt. 22. 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Virgnia, Oct. 10. 

Nevada admitted into the Union, Oct. CI. 

Battle cf FrankLn, Tennessee, ITov. 30. 

Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. IG. 

Savannah, Ga., captured ly Union army, Dec. 21. 

18G5. Fort F'sher, IT. C, captured by Union troops, .... Jan. 15. 

Columbia, G. C, occupied by Union troops, Feb. 17. 

Charbston, S. C, occupied by Union troops, .... Feb. 10. 

"Wilmington, N. C, captured by Union troops, .... Feb. 22. 

Battle of Benton vilb. North Carolina, Mar. 19, 20. 

Battb near Goldsboro', North CarcLna, March 21. 

Petersburg and Bichmond captured, April 3. 

Surrender of Lee's array, April 9. 

President Lincoln assassinated, Aj^ril 14. 

Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. 

Slavery declared constitutionally abolished Dec. 18. 

18G7. Nebraska was admitted into the Union March 1. 

Ala<'ka v/as purchased for 07,200,0C0, .... June 20. 

1863. The House of Kep. impeached President Johnson. . Feb. 24. 

The President was declared acquitted, April 26. 

The 14th Amendment was declared adopted, July 28. 

1860. Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President, March 4. 

1870. The 15th Amendment declared adopted, Feb. 22. 

1871. The Great Fire of Chicago, Oct. 7, 8, 9. 



QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL REVIEW. 377 

QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL REVIEW. 

(One of these questions, in most cases, is sufficient for a lesson ; and then the pupil 
had better answer it in writing in the form of a composition.) 

PACK 

1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1524 * 

2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 11, 12, 13 

3. Of the Cabots and their American discoveries 13, 14 

4. Of Amerigo Yespucci and his two voyages to South America. . 13 

5. Of Ponce de Leon and his two v®yages to Florida 14, 15 

6. Of Balboa and his discovery of the Pacific 15 

7. Of De AyUon and his two expeditions to Carolina 15, 16 

8. Of Cortez and his conquest of Mexico 16, 17 

9. Of Narvaez and his expedition to Florida 17 

10. Of De Soto and his expedition for conquest and wealth 17, 18 

11. Of Yerrazani and his North American explorations 18 

12. Name in order the principal events from 1524 to 1583 298 

13. Give an account of Cartier and his two voyages to America. . . 18 

14. Of the Huguenots and their settlements in America 19, 20 

15. Of the two attempts made by Gilbert to settle in America. . 20, 21 

16. Name in order the principal events from 1583 to 1608 * 

17. Give an account of Raleigh and his attempts at settlement. . 21, 22 

18. Of Gosnold, his voyage in 1602, and efforts in Virginia.. .22, 27, 28 

19. Of the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies 23, 24 

20. Name in order the principal events from 1608 to 1616.. . . * 

21. Give the history of Jamestown to the end of Ratcliffe's rule 25, 27, 28 

22. Give the further history to the close of Smith's rule. 28, 30, 31, 32 

23. Till the commencement of the Revolution.. . 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 

24. Name in order the principal events from 1616 to 1637 * 

25. Giveanaccountof Captain John Smith. 27, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38 

26. Of the Pilgrims and their settlement in New England. 38, 39, 40, 41 

27. Of New Hampshire till the beginning of the Revolution. ... 43, 44 

28. Of Connecticut till the beginning of the Revolution. 45, 46. 47, 48, 49 

29. Of Roger Williams, and Rhode Island till the Revolution. 49, 42, 50 

30. Name in order the principal events from 1637 to 1663 * 

31. Give an account of the " Union of the New England Colonies." 52 

32. Of the persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts 52, 53 

33. Of King Philip's War 53, 54, 55—34. King WiUiam's War 56, 57, 58 
35. Of Queen Anne's War, 58, 59—36. Of King George's War, 59, 65 

37. Of Henry Hudson, his voyage and discoveries 60 

38. Give the history of New York under the Dutch governors 61, 62, 63 

39. Its subsequent history till the Revolution 63, 64, 65 

40. Name in order the principal events from 1663 to 1682 * 

* Sco the Chnmological and other tables at the end of the History. 



378 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

41. Give the colonial history of New Jersey 66, 67, 68. 

42. Name the events in the colonial hstory of Maryland, 10, 11, 72, 73. 

43. In the colonial history of Fennsylvania 73, 74, 75, 76, 77. 

44. Name in order the principal events from 1682 to 1710 * 

45. In the colonial history of North and South Carohna...78, 79, 80. 81. 

46. In the colonial history of Georgia 81, 82, 83. 

47. Name in order the principal events from 1710 to 1753 * 

48. Of 1754 —49. Of 1755.— 50. Of 1750. * 

51. Of 1757.— 52. Of 1758.— 53. Of 1759 * 

54. Give an account of Gen. Wolfe 100, 104, 105, 106. 

55. Give an account of Gen. Montcalm 95, 90, 97, 101, 106. 

5G. Give the causes of the Revolution. 110, 11 1. 112, 11.3, 114, 115. 116. 

57. Name in order the principal events from 1760 to 1775 * 

58. Name in order the principal events of 1775 * 

59. Of 17 76.— 60. Of 1777.— 61. Of 1778 * 

62. Of 1779. —63. Of 1780.— 64. Of 1781 * 

65. Of 1782.— 66. Of 1783 * 

67. Give an account of Gen. Joseph Warren. 121 

68. Of Gen. Schuyler 123, 146, 148, 149 

69. Of Gen. Montgomery 124, 100, 123 

70. Of Gen. Putnam 131, 120, 132, 133 

71. Of Gen. Charles Lee 134, 128, 135, 138, 139, 155, 156 

72. Of Gen. Gates 151, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 175 

73. Of Gen. Sullivan, 135, 157, 158, 162.-74. Gen. Lincoln, 159, 160, 164 

75. Sir Henry Clinton, 119, 121, 128, 130, 131, 140, 150, 151, 155, 156, 

158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 174, 182, 187. 

76. Gen. Howe 119, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142,155 

77. Cornwallis, 128, 134, 136, 137, 140, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 

179, 182, 185. 

78. Arnold, 172, 119, 123, 124, 125, 148, 150, 169, 170, 171, 183, 175, 184 

79. Gen. Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 157, 175, 252 

80. Gen. Greene 178, 175. 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 

81. Gen. Morgan 177, 124, 125, 176, 177 

82. Gen. Marion,168, 165, 180.-83. Gen. Sumter. ..180, 165, 168, 180 

84. Name the battles of 1775.— 85. Of 1776.-86. Of 1777 191 

87. Of 1778.-88. Of 1779.-89. Of 1780.-90. Of 1781 191 

91. Name the events of Washington's administration, 194, 195, 196, 

197, 198, 199, 200. 

92. Of John Adams's administration 200, 201, 202 

93. Of Jefferson's administration 203, 204, 205. 206, 207, 208 

94. Name in order the principal events from 1782 to 1787 * 



GENKRAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 379 

I'A(.E 

95. From 1787 to 1792.— 90. From 1792 to 1799 * 

97. From 1799 to 1805.— 9G. From 1805 to 1809 ^ 

99. From 1809 to 1812 * 

100. Name in order the principal events of 1812 ,....* 

101. Of 1813.— 102. OflSU- 103. Of 1815 * 

104. Name in order the principal events from 1815 to 1818 * 

105. From 1818 to 1826—106. From 1826 to 1836 * 

107. Give an account of Gen. "Wayne 100, 142, 161, 197, 198 

108. Of Gen. St. Clair 145, 146, 197 

109. Of Dr. Benjamin Franklm 129, 90, 137, 186 

110. Name the battles of 1812.— 111. Of 1813.-112. Of 1814... 243 

113. Give an account of the war with Algiers 244, 245, 246 

114. Give an account of Henry Clay 242, 243, 257, 288, 289 

115. Of John C. Calhoun * 

116. Name the events of Monroe's administration 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 

117. Give an account of Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 252 

,118. Name the events of John Quincy Adams's administration 253, 254 

119. Of Jackson's administration 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 

120. Account of Jackson 255, 223, 224, 240, 241, 249, 254, 256, 257 

121. Of Van Buren and his administration 262, 254, 261 

122. Of Harrison and his administration 263, 211, 218, 219, 220 

123. Of Tyler and liis administration 264, 265, 266 

124. Name in order the principal events from 183G to 1845 * 

125. Name in order the principal events of 1845 * 

126. Of 184G.— 127. Of 1847 * 

128. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1846 284 

129. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1847 285 

130. Give an account of Gen. Taylor 286, 260, 270, 271, 287 

131. Of Fillmore and his administration 288, 289 

132. Of Pierce and his administration 289, 290, 291 

133. Of Buchanan and his administration 292, 209, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296 

134. Of President Lincoln 297 

135. Name in order the principal events from 1847 to 1860 * 

136. Name the presidents in the order of their succession * 

137. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original States. ... * 

138. State when and where each was settled * 

139. Name the events connected with the early history of Boston 42. 

55, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127. 

140. New York.— 141.— Baltimore.— 142. Philadelphia. 
143. 'Charleston. — 144. Savannah. — 145. Albany. 

146. Give an account of Gen. Washington 194, 88, 89, 90, &c 

14 



380 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



147. Huw was slavery the cause of the Great Civil War ■? 291, 292, 298 

148. Wliat iStates passed secession ordinances? * 

149. Give an account of tlie Battle of Bull Hun, with its conse- 

quences 299-302 

150. Of General Scott 232-234, 257, 278-283, 299, 303 

151. Of atiiiirs west of the Mississippi in 18G1 . . . 301,303,304 

152. Name in order the most important events of 1861 .... * 

153. By what acts were the English connected with the contest 

in America during the year 1861 ? . , ... 304, £05, 306 

154. What did General Grant accomplish during 1862? . . 307,310 

155. Describe McClellan's movements during that year . . 309-317 

156. Foote's. — 157. Burnside's. — 158. Curtis's. — 159. Pope's. 
160. Farragut's. — 161. Banks's. —162. Jackson's. — 163. Lee's. 

164. Name in order the most important events of 1862 .... * 

165. What proclamations did Lincoln issue ? . 298, 209, 303, 318, 331 
106. Describe Bosecrans's movements during 1863 . . . 318-326 
167. Burnside's. — 168. Hooker's. — 169. Lee's. — 170. Meade's. 
171. Grant's. — 172. Banks's. — 173. Morgan's. — 174. Bragg's. 

175. Name in order the most important events of 1863 .... * 

176. Give an account of Sherman's movements during 1864. 326-337 

177. Banks's. — 178. Forrest's. — 179. Grant's. 

180. GeneralJ. E. Johnston's. — 181. Hood's. — 182. Lee's. 

183. Butler's.— 184. Semmes's. — 185. Sigel's. 

186. Sheridan's —187. Farragut's. — 188. Thomas's. 

189. Name in order the most important events of 1864 

190. Give the history, as far as you can, of Fort Fisher 

191. Describe Sherman's movements during 1865 . . 

192. Describe bow Richmond at last was taken . . 
103. Name in order the most important events of 1865 

194. State how Johnson became President .... 

195. By what process was slavery in the United States aboli 

196. Belate the events which led to Johnson's impeachment 342-344 

197. What were the subsequent events in the case ? 344 



* 
. . 337 
337-339 
338, 339 

* 

. . 340 

shed? 341 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4TH, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- 
nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers 
of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws 
of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to 
the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : — that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer- 
tain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers 
from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form 
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new gov- 
ernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to 
effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- 
tate that governments long established, should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience 
hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to sutler while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train 
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
is their right, it is their duty, to throw otf such government, 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has 
been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to aher their former sys- 
tems of government. The history of the present king of 
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, 
all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute 
tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submit- 
ted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation 
till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, 
he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish 
the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestima- 
ble to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppo- 
sing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the 
people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, in- 
capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large 
for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, ex- 
posed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; 
for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of for- 
eisiners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of 
land«. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing 
his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
stance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for 
any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, 
and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex- 
ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern- 
ments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- 
soever. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of 
his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and per- 
fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the 
executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them- 
selves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for 
redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have 
been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose char- 
acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, 
is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wantino; in attention to our British breth- 
ren. Wc have warned them, from time to time, of attempts 
made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- 
tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
tliem, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 
usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the 
necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as 
we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war — in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of 
these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; 
and that, as free and independent States, they have full power 
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent 
States may of right do. And, for the support of this declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- 
dence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, 
and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Oon<rress, en- 
grossed, and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerrj. 

Rhodii Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver AVolcott. 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Pliilip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



Ntio Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Ca3sar Rodaey, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone. 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
roUton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun,, 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
WiUiam Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Perm. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, juu., 
Thomas Lynch, jun., 
Arthur Middloton. 

G<iorgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 




UNITED STATES. 
iTie device of the Seal of the United States was adopted June '-'0, 1782, as follows: " Arms- rale- 
wayt of thii t«tiii jneces, ar^eiit and gules; a chief azure; the escutcheon on the breast of the American 
eagle displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive-branch, and in his sinister a bundle of thir- 
teen arrows, all proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto, " E fliiribus Unnm." For 
the Crest — over the head of the ea^Ie, .... a srlory, on breakins through a cloud, proper, ana surround- 
ing thirteen stars, forming a constellation, argeni, ou an azure field." 



ORIGIN OF THE 

CON^STITUTION OF THE UISTTED STATES. 

I. When the Revolutionary struggle coramenced, tliere 
were three forms of Colonial government in force among the 
colonies, namely : the Provincial or Royal, the Proprietary, 
and the Charter. 

II. The Provincial or Royal government was that which 
was under the control of a governor, who, appointed by the 
king, administered affairs according to instructions from his 
royal master. The colonies of this class were New Hamp- 
shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 

Oeigin of the Constitution.— I. Questions.—!. "What forms of government 
existed among the colonies previous to the llevolution ? 

II. 2. What was the Provincial or lioyal government? 3. Which of the colonies 
were Provincial or Eoyal ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



III. The Proprietary government was that which was under 
the control of one or more proprietors, Avho derived their 
authority by grant and privileges conferred by the king. 
Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, were subject to the 
proprietary rule. 

IV. The Charter government was that wherein certain 
political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, were charter 
governments. 

Y. In July, 1775 — a year before the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence — Dr. Franklin submitted to Congress a sketch of 
Articles of Confederation between the colonies. By this plan 
it was proposed to establish a Confederation, and continue it 
until a reconciliation with Great Britain should take place ; 
or, in the failure of that event, to make it perpetual. It ap- 
pears, however, that Franklin's plan was never discussed. 

VI. On the 11th of June, 1776, — the very day on which 
the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence 
was chosen — Congress resolved that a committee should be 
appointed to prepare and digest a form of Confederation, to 
be entered into by the colonies. 

VII. On the 12th of July following, this committee, con- 
sisting of one from each State, reported a draft of Articles of 
Confederation, which was considered and debated from time 
to time, until the 15th of November, 1777, Avhen, with some 
amendments, it was adopted. 

VIII. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
by all the States except Delaware and Maryland, and by 

III. Questions. — 4. What was the Proprietary government? 5. Which of the 
colonies were subject to the Proprietary rule ? 

IV. 6. What was the Charter Government? 7. Which of the colonies were pro' 
vided with charters ? 

v. 8. When was a sketch of Articles of Confederation first submitted to Congress ? 
9. By whom was it submitted ? 10. What was proposed by Dr. Franklin's plan ? 

VI. 11. When was the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence 
appointed? 11. What resolution was passed by Congress on that day? 

VII. 13. Of how many persons did the committee consist ? 14. When did they 
submit their report ? 15. What was done with the report ? 

*l 



10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Delaware, in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the 
part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 1st of 
March, 17S1, the day on which they were signed by the 
delegates from that State. 

IX. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
were not adequate to the wants of the Government. They 
were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
settling of controversies between the States, and the making 
of treaties with foreign nations; and especially deficient in 
not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liquidate 
the debts incurred during the war. 

X. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, 
for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ; but 
it was thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an 
entirely new form of government, instead of making any at- 
tempts to amend the defective one then in existence. Accord- 
ingly, after four months' deliberation, the present Constitution, 
— except some changes which were made in after years, — was 
adopted by the Convention on the l7th of September, 1787. 

XI. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, 
in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it 
with earnestness and thoroughness. It met with considerable 
opposition, but, by the 4th of March, 1789, when it went 
into operation, it had been adopted by all the States, with 
the exception of Xorth Carolina and Ilhode Island.* 

* Delaware adopted it on the 7th of December, ITS"; Tennsylvania, on the 12th of December ; New 
Jersey, on the ISth of December. GeorKia, on the 2d of January, 17S8; Connecticut, on the 9th of Janu- 
ary ; Massachusetts, on the 6th of February ; Maryland, on the 28th of April ; South Carolina, on the 23d 
of May ; New Hampshire, on the 2l8t of June ; Vir^rinia, on the 26th of June ; New York, on the 26th of 
July; North Carolina, on the 21st of November, 17SJ ; uud R.iode Island, on the 29th of May, 1790. 



VIII. Questions.— IG. When did the States ratify the Articles of Confederation? 
17. When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect? 

IX. IS. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- 
tion ? 19. In what respects were they deficient ? 

X. 20. What convention was held in May, 1TS7? 21. What was done by the 
convention ? 

XI. 22. To whom was the Constitution submitted? 23. Where was it discussed ? 
24. When did it go into operation ? 25. Which of the States had adopted It at that 
time? 



THE COlSrSTITTTTIOl^ 

OP 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
provide for the common defense, promote the general wel- 
fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 
posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Preamble.— 26. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called? 27. 
What is the object of the preamble ? A «us.— To state the purposes of the Constitution. 
23. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble? 29. By whom was 
the Constitution ordained and established? 30. Eccite the preamble. 31. How 
many and what departments of government are established under the Constitution ? 
A71S.— Three : the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 32. What is the legis- 
lative department? ^;w.— The power that enacts the laws. 33. What is the execu- 
tive department? ^.i.s.-The power that enforces the laws. 34. What is the judi- 
cial department ? 4n,s.— The pov/er that interprets the laws. 
ARTICLE I. 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec 1—35. Of Avhat does Article first of the Constitution treat? 36. In whom 
is the legislative power vested ? 37. Of how many and what branches does Congress 
consist ? 



12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION II. 

1st. Clause. The House of Representatives shall be coin- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the people of 
the several States, and the electors in each State shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the State legislature. 

2c? Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

3d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor- 
tioned among the several States which may be included within 
this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall 
be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, 
including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- 
cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.* The 
actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the 
first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within 
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not 

Sec. II.— 1«^ Clause. — 88. By -whom are the representatives chosen ? 39. IIow 
often are they chosen ? 40. What qualifications are requisite for electors or repre- 
sentatives? 41. "What is an elector? Ans. — One who has the right to vote in choos- 
ing an officer. 2d Clause.— 42. IIow old must a person be before he can be a repre- 
sentative? 43. IIow long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 44. "What 
is the requisite in regard to his habitation ? 45. Now name the three qualifications 
requisite for a representative. Scl Clause. — 46. IIow are representatives and direct 
taxes apportioned among the States ? 47. IIow are the respective numbers of the rep- 
resentative population of the several States to be determined? 4S. "What provision is 
ma<le in regard to Indians ? 49. What is meant by " all other persons ?'' Ails. — Slaves. 
50. "When was the first census or enumeration to be made? 51. IIow often thereafter is 
the census to be made? 52. IIow many inhabitants at least are required for one rep- 
resentative? 5:1 If a State should not have that number, what is the law? 54, "Was 
the first representation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several 
States? 55. "Which State at first sent the greatest number of representatives? 56. 
Which two states sent the smallest number? 57. Of how m:my members did the 
first House of Ilepresentatives consist? 53. Of how many d(V3S the present House 
consist? Ana. — 

* See Article XIV. p. 89. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have 
at least one representative ; and uotil such enumeration shall 
be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three, Massachusetts eig-ht, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations one, Connecticat five, New York six, New 
Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 
Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and 
Georgia three. 

Ath Clause. AYhen vacancies happen in the representation 
from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs 
of election to fill such vacancies. 

oth Clause. The House of Ivcpresentatives shall choose 
their speaker and other ofiicers ; and shall have the sole power 
of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clauae. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legis- 
lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one 
vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 

Mh Clanse. — 59. How arc vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled ? bth 
Clause. — 60. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representatives chosen ? 
Gl. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 62. What sole power has 
the House"? 63. What is meant by impeachment? ^?i.9.— An impeachment is an 
accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of 
his official duties. 

Sec. III. — \st Clcnise. — G4. Of whom is the Senate composed ? 65. By whom are 
the senators chosen? 63. For how long a period are they chosen? 67. How does 
the mode of electing a senator dilFer ^rom that of a representative ? Ans. — A senator 
of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his State; a representative is 
chosen by the people. 63. How do their terms of office diff'er? Ans. — A senator is 
chosen for six years; a representative for only two. 63. How many votes is each 
senator entitled to ? 70. Have the large States any more senators than the small 
ones? Id Clause. — 71. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? 
72. In what order Avere their seats of office vacated ? 73. What proportion of the 
Senate is elected every secon.l year? 74. How often is one-third elected? 75. 
When may the executive of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate ? 76. For how long 
a time does a senator so appointe<l hold his office? 77. How is the vacancy then 
filled ? 78. Now state how vacancies In the Senate are filled. 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators 
of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the sec- 
ond year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, 
so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if 
vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the re- 
cess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may 
make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 
legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3c? Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citi- 
zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4:th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 

bth Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and 
also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-presi- 
dent, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the 
United States. 

6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all 
impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all 
be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United 
States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person 
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

Bd Cldtine. — 79. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 80. IIow 
long must he have been a citizen of the United States? SI. "What is required of 
him in regard to residence? S2. Now name the three requisites for a senator. S3. 
How do they differ from those of a representative? (See page 12.) 4</t Clmi^e. — 
Sk Who is president of the Senate ? 85. When only is he entitled to vote ? 5ih 
Clause.— S6. What officers are chosen by the Senate? 87. What is meant by a 
" president pro I'empor^e f"' Atis. — A " president pro tempore"" is one chosen only for 
the time being. SS. W'hcn docs the Senate choose ti. "-pvcsUlont pro tempore f Oili 
Claicse. — S9. What sole power has the Senate ? 90. What sole power has the House? 
(See page 13.) 91. Under what s<ik-mnity does the Senate sit for the tri.al of 
impeachment? 92. When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? 93. Who 
presides when the president of the United States is tried? 94 W hut proportion 
of the Senate Is necessary to a conTiction ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THK UNITED STATES. 16 



*lth Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification 
to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the 
United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- 
ment, according to law. 

SECTION IV. 

\st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at 
any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing senators. 

2c? Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in 
December, unless they shall by law appoint a diflPerent day. 

SECTION V. 

\st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns, and qualifications of its ovni members, and a majority 
of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in 
such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may 
provide. 

2c? Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 

Wi CJ((use. — 95. How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment? 96. To 
what is the convicted party further liable? 

Sec. IV. — 1.9^ Clorifie. — 97. What is prescribed by each State legislature in regard 
to elections for senators and representatives? 98. What power has Congress over 
such regulations? ^d Clause. — 99. How often does Congress assemble? 100. On 
■what day is it prescribed that the meeting shall take place? 101. May a different 
day be appointed ? 102. How? 

Sec. v.— 1.S'< Cla use. 103. Of what is each house constituted the judge ? 104. W hat 
proportion constitutes a quorum? 105. What is meant by a quorum? Ans. — By a 
quorum is meant a sufficient number to do business. 106. What i)ower do a smaller 
number possess, as regards adjourning? lOT. What else may they do, as regards ab- 
sentees? M Clause . — 108. What power has each house, over the rules of its pro- 
ceedings? 109. What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? 



16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas 
and nays of the members of either house on any question, 
shnll, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on 
the journal. 

4th Clause. Neither house, during the session of^ Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two 
houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a 
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in 
all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be 
privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session 
of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from 
the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they 
shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Sd Clause. — 110. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? 
111. How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress? 112. What part of its 
journal may either house witlihold from publication? 113. When shall the yeas and 
nays be entered on the journal? ith Claufie. — 114. For Avhat length ff time may 
either house adjourn without the consent of the other? 115. Howls each house 
res'ricted, as regards the place to which it may adjourn ? 

Sec. VI. — Ist Clmise. — IIC. Are members of Congress compensated for their ser- 
vices? 117. How is the compensation determined? IIS. Are members of Congress 
pai<l by their States, respectively, or by the general government? Ans. — The sena- 
tors and representatives in Congress are not compensated for their Services by the in- 
dividual States, but by the general government, out of the treasury of the United 
Slates. 119. What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? 120. 
What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows 
to Congressmen ? 121. In what does treason consist? (See page 82.) 122. What is 
felony? Ans. — A felony is understood to mean a crime punishable with death. 123. 
What is meant by a breach of the peace? Jns.— " A breach of the peace is a viola- 
tion of the public order." 124. For what arc members of Congress not to be ques- 
tioned? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. l7 



2<i Clause. Xo senator or representative shall, during the 
time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office 
under the authority of the United States, which shall have been 
created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
during such time ; and no person holding any office under the 
United States, shall be a member of either house during his 
continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

\st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments as on other bills. - 

2fl? Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a 
law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, wdth his 
objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed 
to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of 
that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together 
with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- 

2d Clauae. — 125. To what offices cannot members of Consress be elected? 
'120. Suppose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then? 

Sec. VII.— 1«« Clame.—\21. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
revenue originate ? 12S. What power has the Senate over such bills? 2d Clause. 
—129. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be done with it? 
130. What must the president do with the bill? 131. What is the president's act of 
objecting to a bill called? Ans.—The president's act of returning a bill with his ob- 
jections, is called a veto. 1.32. Why was the veto power given to the president? 
^ns.— The veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the execu- 
tive department of the government against the encroachments of the legislature ; also 
with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. 1-33. When 
the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent? 13i. 
When is the bill sent to the other house? 135. What accompanies the bill to the 
other house? 13G. Then what does that other house do with the bill? 137. If two- 
thirds approve of the bill, what then ? 138. Now state how a bill may become a 
law, notwithstanding the veto of the president. 139. When the two houses re- 
consider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes? 140. What record of names 
is imperative ? 141. State how a bi'l may become a law, even though the president 
has neither signed nor vetoed it. 142. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, 
though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 



18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that 
house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 
of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be 
entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill 
shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sun- 
days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, un- 
less the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in 
which case it shall not be a law. 

3rf Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be 
presented to the president of the United States ; and before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules 
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power 

l5^ Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
cises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defense 
and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 

Zd Clnufse. — 143. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect? 144. What is 
the object of the provision ? Am. — If it were not for the provision, Congress might 
pass law.% ciUing theai orders or resolutions, and thus evade the president's veto, 
145. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it 
take ? 14*1. In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the 
president no veto power ? 

Sec. YIII. — \st Clause. — 14T. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
Imposts, and excises? 148. What arc taxes? Ana. — Contributions of money exacted 
by government from individuals, for public purposes. 149. How many kinds of taxes 
are there? Auk — Two kinds; direct and indirect. 150. What are direct taxes? 
A718. — Those laid directly on the person or property of individuals. 151. What are 
indirect taxes? Anfi. — Those laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption 
of goods. 152. What are duties? ^ws.— Taxes on the importation and exportation 
of goods. 153. What are imposts? Aii^. — Taxes on goods imported. 154. Whataro 
excises ? Ans.— Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States ; 

^d Clause. To resfulate commerce with foreio-n nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

Ath Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout 
United States ; 

bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and 
of foreign coin, and to fix the standard of weights and meas- 
ures; 

Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit- 
ing the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

^th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8/A Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors 
the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 

Qth Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
Court ; 

M Clause.— 155. What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money? Sd 
Clause.— 15&. What, in regard to regulating commerce? ith Clause.— lol. What, in 
regard to a rule of naturalization ? 158. What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. — 
The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 159. How 
long must a person ret-ide in the United States before he can be naturalized? Ans.— 
Five years at least. 160. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies ? 161. 
What is meant by bankruptcies? Ans. — A person is a bankrupt when he is unable 
to pay his just debts. 5th Clause. — 162. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
money? 163. What, in regard to the value of money? 164. What, in regard to for- 
eign coins? 165. What, in regard to weights and measures? Gtli Clause. — 166. 
What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? Tlh Clause.— IGI. What, in 
regard to post-offices and post-roads? 8t7i Claiise.—IQS. In what way may Congress 
promote the progress of science and arts? 169. For how long a time is the author 
of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it ?• ^7?..s'.— Twenty-eight years. 
170. What is the right called? ^?js.— A copyright. 171. May a copyright bo renewed? 
Ans.— At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright may bo renewed 
for the further period of fourteen years. 172. For how long a time is the inventor 
of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of manufacturing it? J ?is.— Fourteen 
years. 173. What is the right called? Ans.— A patent right. 174. Can a patent 
right be extended? ^ins.— The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the 
end of the fourteen years, to extend the patent right for the further period of seven 
years. 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



10//i Claitsf. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offenses against the hiw of 
nations; 

11 /A Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and wa- 
ter ; 

12th Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropri- 
ation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
years ; 

13 th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; 

lith Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- 
lation of the land and naval forces ; 

loth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
.execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
repel invasions ; 

I6(h Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as 
may be employed in the service of the United States, reserv- 
ing to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, 
and the authority of training the militia according to the dis- 
cipline prescribed by Congress; 

17 th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 

9i7i Claum. — 175. What i)owcr has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals? \^t'h 
Clause. — 176. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. ? 177. What is piracy? 
Ans. — Kobbery on the high seas. 178. "What is meant by the term "high seas?" 
An. — The " high seas"" .arc all the waters oft he ocean beyond the boundaries of low- 
water-mark. ll^A Clau.^e. — 179. What power has Congress in regard to declaring 
war? ISO. What, in regard to "letters of marque and repriEal ?" ISl. What aro 
" letters of marque and reprisal ?" Ans. — Commissions gr.anted by the government to 
individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or 
subjects of a nation that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has 
committed. 1S2. VVh.at power has Congress in regard to rules concerning cai>tures? 
V2th Cltiuse.. — 1S3. What power has Congress in regard to armies? 1S4. In what 
way is such power restricted ? 1.3//i Chi ufse. — 1 S5. What power has Congress in regard 
to a navy? \-lf7i- Chtuse. — 1S6. What power, in regard to the government of the land 
and naval forces? 15^/i Cluuse. — 1S7. What power, in regard to calling forth the 
militia, etc. ? IWA Cltiiise. — ISS. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and 
disciplining the militia? ISO. What, in regard to governing the militia? 190. Whai 
reservations are secured to the respective States ? \~ith Clause. — 191. Wh.at power has 
Congress in regard to the seatof government, and to places purchased for certain pur- 
poses set forth ? 192. What is the district occupied by the seat of government called ? 
Alls. — The DistHct o/ Colnmhia. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 

whatsoever, over sacli district (not exceeding ten miles sqiian) 
as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance 
of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased 
by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dockyards, and other needful buildings; — and 

I8th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and 
all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Govern- 
ment of the United States, or in any department or officer 
thereof. 



SECTION IX. 

1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, 
shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be 
imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
each person. 

26? Clause. The privilege of the v/rit of habeas corpus shall 
not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the public safety may require it. 



193. How large was the District of Columbia originally ? Ans.~A tract ten miles 
square. 194. From what States had it been derived? A7is. — Maryland and Virginia. 
195. Is the District of Columbia at present ten miles square? Ans. — The portion 
which had been derived from Virginia having been ceded back to that State in 1S46, 
the District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Potomac. 196. 
What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property in a State, 
for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? IS^A Clause. — 19T. What general powers 
are conferred upon Congress in regard to making laws? 

Sec. IX. — \si Clause. — 198. What restriction was imposed upon Congress, in regard 
to the migration or importation of certain persons ? 190. Who were meant by " such 
persons ?" ^ws.— Slaves. 200. What was the great object of the clause? Ans.—Tt) 
enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United States, 
after the year 1808. 201. In what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, 
without actually forbidding it ? 202. When was the importation actually prohibited ? 
Aiifi.— On the first of January, 1S08. 2d Clau.oe.—'203. What Is said of the writ of 
habeas corpus ? 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dd Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. 

4th Clause. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, 
unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein be- 
fore directed to be taken. 

5tk Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any State. 

Gth Clause. No preference shall be given, by any regulation 
of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those 
of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be 
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

^th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

Sth Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
United States : and no person holding any office of profit or 
trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

204. "What is a writ of habeas corpus ? ^4hs.— A written command from a judge or 
other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before 
him. 205. What is the object of the writ? ^7M.— The objectof a writ of habeas corpus 
is to provide a means of redress for all manner of illegalimprisonment 206. Kepeat 
the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 207. In what cases may the privi- 
lege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended ? 3d Claune. — 208. What is said of 
bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? 209. What is a bill of attainder ? Am.—^xs. 
act of the legislature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons 
supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 210. What is an ex jwstfdcto law? Ana.—S. 
law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at 
the time of its commission. Ath Clause.— 1\\. In what way may Congress lay a capi- 
tation or other direct tax ? 212. Wh.at is meant by a capitation ? Ann. — A direct tax 
upon individuals. 213. How is the census to be taken? (See page 12.) 5th Clause. 
—214. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported 
from any State? &th Clause.— 2\b. What preference is forbidden in relation to a reg- 
ulation of commerce or revenue? 216. What freedom have vessels that are bound 
from one State to another? Ith Clause. — 217. Under what circumstances only can 
money bo drawn from the national treasury ? 21S. What publication must be made 
in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money? Sth Clause. — 219. What 
is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 220. What is said of office-holders 
accepting presents, etc. ? 221. Under what circumstances may an oflice-holder ac- 
cept a present ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 



SECTION X. 

1st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin 
money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and sil- 
ver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attain- 
der, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Con- 
gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except 
what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection 
laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by 
any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be 
subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

dd Clause. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, 
lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time 
of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another 
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- 
ally invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 
■ delay. 

222. Eepeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 

Sec. X. — \st CUmse. — 223. What prohibition is placed upon the several States as 
regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 224. What, as regards letters of marque 
and reprisal? 225. What, as regards the coining of money? 22G. What, as regards 
bills of credit? 227. What is meant by bills of credit? Ans. — Bills of credit, within 
the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the 
people. 22S. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 229. What 
prohibition is placed upon individual States, in regard to a bill of attainder ? 230. 
What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 231. What, in regard to a law impairing an 
obligation? 282. What, in regard to a title of nobility? 233. Eecite the clause just 
considered. 2cl Clause. — 234. What prohibition are individual States under, as re- 
gards imposts or duties? 235. In what case only, may a State lay any imposts or 
duties? 236. What are inspection laws? -4n.s.— Laws requiring certain articles of 
commerce to be examined by officers called inspectors. 237. What is the object of 
inspection laws ? Ans. — To protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part 
of tlie producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of articles 
produced. 23S. What disposition must be made of the net produce of all duties and 
imposts laid by individuals ? 239. What are the inspection laws of individual States, 
as regards imports or exports, subject to? Srf Clause.— 2iQ. What prohibition are 
individual States under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage? 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE II. 
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a presi- 
dent of the United States of x\inerica. He shall hold his 
office during- the term of four years, and, together with the 
vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as fol- 
lows : 

2c? Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to 
the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or 
representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit 
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

241. What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. — A duty of tonnage, or a tonnage duty, is a 
tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 242. "What prohibition are individual 
States under as to the keeping of troops? 243. What, as to the keeping of ships of 
war? 244. What, as to an agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
power? 245. What, as to engaging in war? 246. Under what circumstances, then^ 
may a State engage in war? 

APwTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. I.— 16^ Clause.— 2il. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat? 243. 
In whom is the executive power of the United States vested? 249. What is the 
president's term of office? 250. Howoftenmay a president be re-elected? An.<i. — The 
Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re- 
elected. 251. Who was the first president of the United States? Ans. — Washington. 
252. For how many terms did Washington serve? Ans. — Two. 253. Why was not 
Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. — At the close of his second term of office, 
Washington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 251. — What has been the effect 
of his declination ? Ans. — Washington's example, in declining to be elected for a third 
term, has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been guided. 
255. IIow many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See History, p. 
309.) 256. Which has the longest term of office; the president, a senator, or a repre- 
sentative? 257. What term has each? 25S. What is the vice-president's term of 
office? 259. "Who was the first vice-president of the United States? Ans. — Johp. 
Adams. 260. B}' whom are the president ami vice-president chosen ? Ans. — The 
president and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 2a 
dause. — 261. In what manner does each State appoint electors ? 262. What num- 
ber of electors is each State entitled to? 263. Who are prohibited from being 
electors ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- 
sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 
And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The presi- 
dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav- 
ing the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 
have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president; and if no 
person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in 
like manner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be 
taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the Stales, 
and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the 
electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of 
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State 
with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted 
for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as 
vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
the government of the United States, directed to the president 
of the Senate ; — the president of the Senate shall, in the pres- 
ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person 
having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be 
the president, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 

TIIE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

264. "What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution prescribing 
the proceedings to betaken to electa president and vice-president? Ans. — It has 
been repealed, and its place supplied by ihe twelfth amendment to the Constitution. 
265. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet? 266. In what 
way do they A-ote ? 267. What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom 
they shall not vote ? 268. How is it required 'hat their ballots shall be made out? 

2 



2C CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

bcr of electors appointed : and if no person have such major- 
ity, then from the persons having the higliest numbers, not 
exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the 
House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 
the president. Bat in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
one vote : a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority 
of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
House of Representatives shall not choose a president, when- 
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president 
shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other con- 
stitutional disability of the president. 

2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes 
as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; aiid if no 
person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on 
the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president : a quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 

2G9. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare? 270. What provision 
must bu complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands? 271. After the 
lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed ? 272. To what place 
are thi^y then transmitted? 273. What does the president of the Senate do with the 
Certificates? 274. How is it determined who is elected president? 275. Now de- 
scribe the manner in which the electors choose a president. 276. In the event of no 
choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 277. From 
h )W many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- 
dent? 273. In what w.iy must the choice be made? 279. How are the votes taken 
in choosing the presi.lent? 2S0. How many votes is each State entitled to? 2S1. 
IIow many is each entitled to, when voting by electors? 282. In choosing the presi- 
dent by the House of Representatives, how many cons itutc a quorum ? 2S3. In such 
case, how many States are necessary to a choice? 23-1. Whenever the right of choos- 
ing a president devolves upon the House of Representatives, f.U what time may the 
right be exercised? 285. Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre- 
si-ntatives choose a president. 233. In the event of both the electors and House of 
Repn-sentatives failing to choose a president, what takes place? 257. IIow is it deter- 
mined whom the electors have chosen for vice-president? 288. In the event of no 
person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen? 
289. When choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 
200. IIow many are necessary to a choice? 201. What is said of the eligibility to the 
oflicc of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 

of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be 
necessary to a choice. 

3fZ Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of 
the United States. 



4:th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choos- 
ing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their 
votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United 
States. 

bih Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither 
shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years 
a resident* within the United States. 

Qth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on 
the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for 
the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 

4th Clause. — 292. What I)o^vel• has Congress over the time of choosing the electors? 
298. What, as to the day on which the electors shall vote? 294. In the event of Con- 
gress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness 
is prescribed ? 295. When are the electors chosen ? Ana. — On the Tuesday next after 
the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 296. Where do the 
electors meet to give their votes ? An.'i.—ln their respective States, at a place ap- 
pointed by the legislature therecf. 297. What place is usually appomted for their 
meeting ? J.?is.— The capital of tl cir State. 29S. When do the electors meet to give 
their votes ? Ans. — On the first ^Zednesday in the last December of each presidential 
term, bth Clause.— 29^. Wb3v person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible 
to the office of president? oOO. How old must a person be to be eligible to that 
office? 301. How many ye&ro must a i)erson, to be eligible to that office, have 
resided within the Unitec'. fetatec? 802. Now state the legal qualifications of a 
president. 803. Kecite the c'-ai.se relating to the qualifications. &th Clause.— SOi. 
In ;vhat contingencies does iae (>ii?e of pre.sident devolve on the vice-president? 
306. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, 
etc., of the president ? 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then 
act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until 
the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 

7^/i Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for 
his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased 
nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been 
elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

%th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the office of president of the United States, and will, to the 
best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitu- 
tion of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

\st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of 
the several States, when called into the actual service of the 
United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the 
principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and 
he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for of- 
fences against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

806. "What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president? 807. 
In the case of removal, etc., of both president .and vice-president, what officer shall, 
by law of Congress, act as president? Ann.— The president of the Senate, ]jr(> tem- 
pore, shall act as president. SOS. What is to be done, in case there is no president 
of the Senate? .4;i.s.— Then the speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as 
president 309. How long shall such officers, acting jis president, continue to act? 
1th Clitme. — 310. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensation 
to be allowed to the president? 311. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any 
other emolument? 312. Recite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 
313. Wh.at is the salary of the president? ^ ?;.«*.— $25,000 a year, together with the 
use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 314. What is the siilary of the 
vice president? ^n«.— $S,000 a yeai. Sth name.—HW. What does the ]>resident 
do. just before entering on the execution of his office? 816. Repeat the oath or 
afflrmfttion taken by the President. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 



2d Clause. lie shall have power, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of 
the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose 
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which 
shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest 
the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, 
in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of 
departments. 

3fi Clause. The president shall have power to ffil up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next session 

SECTION III. 

He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information 
.of the state of the Union', and recommend to their consideration 

Sec. II.— Ut Clause.— Ul. In what relation does the president stand toward the 
army and navy? 31S. When only can he command the militia? 319. Whose opin- 
ions may he require in writing? 320. Upon what subjects may he require the opin- 
ions ? 321. Is he bound to be guided by such opinions ? Ans.—llc is not. 322. What 
executive departments have been established by Congress ? ^ws.— Six, namely : (1) 
Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of War, (4) De- 
partment of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Department, and (6) Department of the 
Interior. 323. For what purpose were they established ? Ans. — For the purpose of 
aiding the president in the executive and administrative business of the govern- 
ment. 324. How are the heads of the departments appointed? Ans.—&j the presi- 
dent, with the advice and consent of the Senate. 325. How is the attorney-general 
appointed? Ann.— In like manner with the heads of the departments. 326. Of 
whom does the president's cabinet consist ? Ans.—Oi the heads of the Departments 
and the attorney-general of the United States. 327. What powet has the president 
in relation to reprieves and pardons? 32S. What is a reprieve? ^ws.— A limited 
suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 329. With 
what exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and 
pardons? Id Clause.— SSO. What power has the president relative to treaties? 
331. In whom is the appointing power vested ? 332. What is the first step in 
making an appointment? 333. What offices are enumerated, for which the presi- 
dent and Senate make appointments? 334. What may Congress do ia relation to 
' he appointment of inferior officers ? M Clause.— SSb. What vacancies can the presi- 
dent fill? 386. When does such appointment expire? 



30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he 
may, on exlraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either 
of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to 
such time as he shall think proper; he shall i-eceive ambassadors 
and other pubUc ministers; he shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the oflScers of the 
United States. 

SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
for, and conviction of, treason, briber}^ or other high crimes 
and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 
THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 

Sec. III. — 337. What information is the president required to give to Congress? 
33S. What recommendations is he required to make? 339. In what way are the re- 
commendatifins made? Ans. — By means of written messages. 340. Was the i-ead- 
ing of written messages always the practice? Atis. — The first two presidents, 
Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses of Congress, and make their 
recommendations by verbal addresses, 341. Is Congress obliged to adopt the presi- 
dent's recommendations ? Ans — Congress is under no obligation lo adopt the recom- 
mendations of the president. 342. When may the president convene both houses? 
343. May he convene only one house? 344. When? 345. When may the president 
a.ijourn Congress? 346. What is the duty of tHe president respecting ambassadors, 
etc.? 347. What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws? 34S. What is 
his dutj^ respecting the granting of commissions? 

Sec. IV.— 349. For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 
350. How may the removal be ettectcd ? 

ARTICLE III. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. I.— 351, Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 3.")2, In what is 
the judicial power of the United States vested? 353. IIow long do the judges hold 
their offices ? 354. What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? 355. 
How can the judges be removi-d from office? (See page 14.) 356. IIow is the su- 
preme court of the United States organized? Aihi. — The supreme court of the Uni- 
ted States is composed of one chief-justice and eight associate justices, any five of 
whom constitute a quorum. 357. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. — 
16,500 a year. 858. What is the salary of each associate justice ? Ans, — $6,000 a year. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 

one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress 
may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, 
both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices 
during good behavior , and shall, at stated times, receive for 
their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in 
law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or Avhich shall be made under 
their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall 
be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; be- 
tween a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens 
of different States ; between citizens of the same State claim- 
ing lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, 
or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 

2c? Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, 
the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the 
other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have 

Sec. II. — '\st Clause. — 359. Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United 
States courts have jurisdiction. 360. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, etc. 
861. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 862. The fourth, concerning 
controversies with the United States. 863. The fifth, concerning controversies be- 
tween States. 364. The sixth, concerning controversies between a State and citi- 
zens. 865. The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. 366. The 
eighth, concerning controversies between citizens claiming lands. 867. What is the 
last of the nine subjects? 2d Clause. — 368. In what cases has the supreme court 
original jurisdiction? 369. "What is meant by original jurisdiction ? Ans. — The 
original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or commences. 370. 
"What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? ^ns.— The appellate jurisdiction of a 
court is that in which the decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal. 3(7 
Chnise.—ol\. Before whom must the '-trial of all crimes" be held? 372. What 
cases are exceptions to the law? 373. By whom are impeachments tried? (See 
page 14.) 874. Where must the trial of a crime committed Avithin a State be held? 
875. Where, when not committed within a State ? 376. Repeat the entire clauae v-ist 
considered. 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

appellate jnrisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep- 
tions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. 
Sd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- 
peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the 
State Avhere the said crimes shall have been committed ; but 
when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 
place or places as the Congress may by law have directed, 

SECTION III. 

16/ Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist 
only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene- 
mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- 
victed of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the 
person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the pub- 
lic acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner 

Sec. III.— \st Ckruse.—8'l. Of how many things does treason against the United 
States consist? 378. "What arc the two things? 379. What is necessary to a con- 
viction of treason? 2(1 Clause. — SSO. What power has Congres-* relative to the 
punishment of treason? 8S1. What punishment has Congress accordingly declared? 
Alls. — Congress has declared that the punishment of treason shall be death by hang- 
ing. 3S2. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 3So. 
What is meant by attainder? Ans. — Attainder means a staining, corruption, or 
rendering impure. 3S4. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Ans. — By "cor- 
ruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor; nor can 
ho either retain those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 

ARTICLE IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

Sec. I.— 885. Of what does Article lY. treat? 886, How are the public acts, etc.. 
of the several States, to be treated in each State ? 387. How are they to be j)roved f 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, 
and the effect thereof. 



SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to 
all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, 
felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found 
in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of 
the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed 
to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Zd Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, 
under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- 
quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from 
such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of 
the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

Is^ Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected 
within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be 
formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of 
States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States 
concerned, as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter- 
ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; and 

Seo. II.— 1st Clause. — 388. What privileges and immunities are the citizens of each 
State entitled to ? 2d Clatise.—SS9. What is said of persons charged with crime, 
fleeing into another State? Sd Clause.—S90. What is said of persons escaping 
from service or labor ? 391. What persons are referred to in the third clause ? Ans. — 
Fugitive slaves, and persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. 

Seo. III.— Is^ Clause. — 892. By whom may new States be admitted into Ihe 
Union? 393. What is said of the formation of new States? 394. How many States 
belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See page 10.) 895. 
How many belong to the Union now? 2d Clause. — =396. What power haa Congr^'ss 
respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States? 897. 
What construction as to claims is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ?_ 
3* 



84 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to preju- 
dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular 
State. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot 
be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitu- 
tion ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of 
the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amend- 
ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and 
purposes, as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conven- 
tions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may be proposed b.y the Congress ; provided, that 
no amendment which may be made prior to the year one 
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be 
deprived of its equal sufifrage in the Senate. 

Sec. IV.— 39S. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several States 
In respect to their form of government ? 399. In what two events are th« United 
8tat«3 bound to protect individual States ? 

ARTICLE V. 

MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 

400. Of what does Article V. treat? 401. In what two ways may amendments to 
the Constitution be proposed? 402. What two ways are provided for ratifying 
amendments? 403. What three restrictions upon the power of making amendments 
were originally imposed by the Constitution ? 404. Why have two of the restric- 
tions lost their force ? 405. What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred to, de- 
clare ? 406. What permanent restriction upon the pow«r of making amendments 
Btill exists in full force 1 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 36 



ARTICLE VI. 

1st Clause. All debts contracted, and engagements entered 
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
against the United States under this Constitution as under the 
Confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United 
States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in 
every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitu- 
tion or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

dd Clause. The senators and representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and 
all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States 
and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirma- 
tion to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall 
ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust 
under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the States so ratifying the same. 



AETICLE VI. 

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

Ut Clause.-^iOl. What debts and engagements does the Constitution, recognize? 
2d Clause.— 40S. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? 409. By what 
are the judges in every State bound? Sd Clause.— 410. Who, besides the judges, 
are bound to support the Constitution? 411. In what way shall they be bound? 
412. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests? 

AETICLE VII. 
413. How many States were necessary to ratify the Constitution, in order to its 
establishment? 414. Where did the Convention meet which framed the Constitu- 
tion?— J.ms. Philadelphia. 415. In what year was it framed? (See p. 10.) 416. 
Who was the president of the convention? Ans.—Georgn Washington. 417. How 
many delegates signed the Constitution? 418. Which of the thirteen States was 
not represented in the convention ? J.7is.— Ehode Island. 419. How many States 
ratified the Constitution before it went into effect? ^tis.— Eleven. 420. Which 
of the thirteen States did not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? .Ins.— North 
Carolina and Rhodo Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been 
ratified by the other eleven States and had gone into operation. 



36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES- 



AMEJ^DMEI^TS, 

rBOPOSED BT 00NGKES3, AND RATIFIED BY THB LEOISLATTTBEB OF THE SBVEBAI. 
STATES, PTTESTTANT TO THE FIFTH AKTIOLE OF THE ORIGINAL C0N8TITCTI0N. 

ARTICLE I. 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg- 
ing fehe freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of 
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern- 
ment for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE 11. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of 
a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE IIL 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and eflPects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but 
upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and par- 
ticularly describing the place to be searched, and the person 
or things to be seized. 

AMENDMENTS. 
421. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded ? Ans.—A]l the 
amendments to the Constitution, with the exception of the 12th, may be regarded as 
a declaration, securing to the people and States certain rights, beyond the possibility 
of being encroached upon by Congress. 1st At^ticle. — 422. What declaration does the 
first amendment make, respecting religion ? 423. What, respecting the freedom of 
speech ? 424. What, respecting the freedom of the press ? 425. What, respecting 
the right of petition? 2d Article. — 426. What is the declaration respecting the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms? Sd Article. — 42T. What is said of quartering 
soldiers? 4th Article. — 428, What is said of searches and seizures? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3^ 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of 
a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or 
in the mijitia, when in actual service in time of war or public 
danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense 
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com- 
pelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 
to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
which district shall have been previously ascertained b}^ law, 
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have com- 
pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VIL 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 
preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
re-examined, in any court of the United States, than according 
to the rules of the common law. 

429. What is said of the issuing of warrants? 5th Article. — 430. "What is said of 
holding persons to answer for crimes? 431. What is said of a second trial for the 
same offense? 432. What is the meaning of the clause, that no person shall "be 
twice put in jeopardy," etc.? Ajd^. — It means that no person shall be a second time 
tried for the same oflPcnsc. of Avhich he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 483. 
When shall not a i)erson be compelled to witness against himself? 434. What guar- 
antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 435. When only can 
private property be taken for public use? 6tk Article. — i36. What right shall a per- 
son accused of crime enjoy ? 437. What right, as to the witnesses against him ? 438. 
What right, as to the Avitnesses in his favor ? 439. What right, as to the assistance of 
counsel? 1th Article. — 440. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be pr& 
eerved ? 



38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE VIII. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor crael and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall 
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- 
stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
States respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XL 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, comiiioiiced or 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XIIL* 

Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, 
or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. II. — Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appropriate legislation. 



For the twelfth amendment, see pnpe 25. 



411. In what way only shall the rc-examinati jn of facts tried by a jury be made? 
nth Article.— ii2. What is said of bail, fines, r nd punishments ? 9/A A)ticI<>.—4A3. 
What is said of ritrhts retained by the people? 10th Article. — 444. What is said (;f 
;he powers reserved to the States ? llth Article. — i45. What i said of the restriction 
upon the judicial power? IZth Article. — Section I. — 44fi What Is said of slavery 
and involuntary servitude? Sec. II. — What power has Congress with reference to 
this subject? Give the history of Article XIII. of the Constitution. (See history, p. 
341.) 14//i. Article.— V\'\\Gn was the 14th Article adopted? Aiwi. Having b. en 
ratified by three-f.urths of the States it was declared adopted on the 2S!h of July, 
ISCS. Sec. I.--Who are declared to be citizens of the United States? What restric- 
tion is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immunities of citi- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 

ARTICLE Xiy. 

Section I. — All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No 
State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. II. — Representatives shall be apportioned among the 
several States according to their respective numbers, counting 
the whole number of persons in each State, excluding India-ns 
not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the 
choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the 
United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and 
judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature 
thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, 
being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United 
States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in re- 
bellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such State. 

Sec. hi. — No person shall be a Senator or Representative 
in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or 
hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or 
under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a 
member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 

zens ? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons? What, with 
regard t<» the protection of the law given to jicrsons ? Sec. II. — How are representa- 
tives and direct tc^xes apportioned among the States? IIow does this j)rovision of 
the Constitution differ from the one formerly in force? (See Article I , Sec. II., 3d 
clause, p 12.) When shall a reduction he made in the basis of representation to 
which a State may be entitled? Sec. III.— What; class of persons, in consequence of 
their rebellious acts, are deprived of certain exalted privileges? Name the privi- 
leges winch are withheld from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that 



40 CONSTITLTTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

as n member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or 
judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies there- 
of. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. — The validity of the public debt of the United 
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay- 
ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing in- 
surrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or eman- 
cipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and 
claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Sec. V. — The Congress shall have power to enforce, by ap- 
propriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section I. — The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, 
or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con- 
dition of servitude. 

Sec. IL — The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 



class to have the privileges accorded him? How? Sec. IV.— What shall not be 
questioned as regards the debts of the United Suites? What debts, obligations, and 
claims are declared illeffal and void? "What restriction is imposed upon the General 
Government and individual States. with res[)ect to such debts, obligations and claims? 
Sec. v.— What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provisions of Arti- 
cle XIV. 9 



A NEW WORK FOR SCHOOLS. 



A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene : 

For Educational Institutions and Families 

By Dr. Joseph C. Hutchison, President of (lie New York Patliological 
Society; Vice-President of the Neio York Academy of Medicine ; Surgeon 
to the Brooklyn City Hospital ; and late President of the Medical Society 
of the State of New York. 

HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED. 

I Tlie demand for a book on these subjects, adapted to the wants of Iligh- 
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lisliers believe this work, written by one who is a master of the subjects, 
will fully meet such demand. 

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Physioloj,'y and Hygiene in lanjjuage po clear and concise ai? to be readily compre- 
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2. THE ARRANGEMENT for theu?e of the book in the claPS-room, it is believed, will be 

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at the bottom of the page, and another for topical reviews, at the end of the chapters. 

3. THE ENGRAVINGS are numerous, of great artistic merit, and are far superior to 

those in any other work of the kind, among them being two elegant colored plates 
—one showing the Viscera in Position, the other, the Circulation of the Blot)d. 

4. THE SIZE of the work will commend itself to teachers. It contains less than 300 

pages, and can therefore be easily completed in one or two school terms. 

The publishers are confident that teachers will find this work full of 
valuable matter, much of which cannot be found elsewhere in a class 
manual, and so presented and arranged that the book can be used both 
with pleasure and success in the school-room. 

WHAT IS SAID OF IT. 

From Prof. Austin Flint, Jr., Professor of Physiology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
New York City, and author of -^ Physiology of Man,"" etc., etc. 
It seems sound, compact, and just the thing for schools, and I sincerely hope that 
it may be appreciated for what it is worth, for we are certainly in need of books of 
this kind. I congratulate you on its excellence in matter, manner, and appearance. 

From Prof. D. G. Eaton, Professor of Natural Science, Packer Col. Institute, Brooklyn, N. T. 

After a somewhat careful examination of Dr. Hutchison's Physiology, I am satisfied it 

is better anapied to the use of schools than any other text-book on that subject with wliich 

I am acquainted. I trust it will And a ready sale, and be introduced into all our schools. 

From Prof. Janus P. White, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics, Buffalo Medical College, N.Y. 

It is, in my opinion, incomparably superior to any of its predecessors. 
From the Hon. Henry Kiddle, Superintendent of Schools, New York City. 

Dr. Hutchison's recently published "Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene," seems to 
me to be a most excellent work. The matter is well selected and arranged, and the 
topics treated in a lucid and interesting manner. Its copious and beautiful illustrations, 
and its various lists of" Questions for Topical Review,'' make it not only an attractive 
but very convenient class manual. 

From Prof. Samuel G. Armor, M. D., Professor in Long Island College Hospital, late 
Professor in Michigan University. 
I have carefully examined Hutchison's Physiology and Hygiene, and take great 
pleasure in stating that I regard it as a most excellent summary of the essential and 
well ascertained facts of physiological sciences. The text is remarkably concise and 
free from technicalities, and yet with a clearness of statement and an attractive sim- 
plicity and fullness ol illustration which renders the work admirably adapted to purposes 
of in.-truction. Many of the popular works on physiology now iu use in schools, acade- 
mies, and colleges do not reli»3Ct the present state of the science, and some ot them 
abound in absolute errors iu statement of facts. The work which Dr. Hutchison has 
given to the public is free from these objectionable features, and as such I give it my 
hearty commendation. 



From Prof. John Ordrortaur, Professor of Physiology in the Univerfdty of Vermont and 
also in the National Medical College., Washington, 1). C. 
I have read it from i>reface to colojjhon. and find it a most dcsirahle text-hook for 
pchools. Its maitcr is jiidicioiisiy scleciod. lucidly i)rusc'iiti'd. attraclivcly treated, and 
pointt'dly illustrated by menmrable facts: and as to ilie plaies and diairrams. they are 
not only clear and intullii,'il)io to licjrinncrs, but beantifnl specimens of en^jraving. I do 
not see ihat any belter preseniaiiou of the subject of pliysiolojjy could be given within 
the same compass. 

From P7vf. Frank IT. Hamilton, M. />., Professor of Surgery, Bellewe Med. TIos. Col., N. Y. 
It Piipi)lies a want which ha? lonir been felt in one of the most important depart- 
ments of elementary teachinir. Similar works have bi-en writtiii. but iliid is llie first 
which I have seen written by a thorough stndent and master of his subject. 

From Noah K. Davies. LL.D., President of Bethel College, PussellvUl€y Ky. 
It is an admirable school-book, better than any of many i have seen, "We adopt 
it, and will have a class in it ne.Kt term. 

From Pennsylvania School Journal. 
This is the most attractive test-book on the subject that ha? come under onr notice. 
The type is larL-^e. there does not seem to be too much matter, and the illiisirations. ex- 
cellent in themselves and printed on heavy paper, serve admirably in conveyini>: detinite 
impressions upon each division of the subject treated, liead Jean Mace's •'•.Mouthful of 
Bread." and 'Servants of the Stomach" along with the study of this work, and we do 
not sec that the matter of Physiology can be better i)resented either for pupil or teacher. 

From Prof. Homer B. Sprague, Piincipal of Addphi Academy. Brooklyn, N. Y. ; late 
I'lofessor of Rhetoric at Cornell Cniveisity, N. Y. 

Your " Physiology and Hygiene" is a chirminir treatise, and is admir-ibly adapted for 
use as a text-book in schools. By its prei)aratiou you have rendered a iJal service to 
the cause of education. 

From the New York Medical Record. 

This work is designed mainly for a text-book in schools and academics, and con- 
sequently treats of the various subjects connected witli physioloi,'y and hyi,n<;ne in ar ele- 
mentary manner. It is written in a wonderfully Cl)nci^e style, and. for a work • f its 
size, we are surprised at the amount ol useful "inlomiaiion it contains. The descrip- 
tions of the various apparatus and their functions are rendered |>ra<tically interesting 
to the young student by the ^killful interpolation of many very valuable collateral hints, 
comparisons, and facts. The illustrations are admirable and well chosen, ami, with a 
copious glossary, leave nothing to be desired in tlie way of making every part of the 
work perfectly intelligible to the merest tyro. We unhesitatiii'My recommemi it to the 
teachers of the young as oik; of the best works of the kind that has been published, and 
predict for it a well deserved popularity. 

From Prof. White, Professor of Nat. Sciences in Iowa State University. (In Iowa Union.) 
This new addiiiim to the already numerous text-books upon physiology and hygiene 
is among the best we have examined. The author proceeds witii his subject in that 
etraigiit forward, direct manner which is so sati.-lttetoiy to the student and teacher, and 
the subject-matter is conveniently and naturally arranged. It seems to have been the 
auihor"s aim, while including all the latest lacts of the science, to present nothing but 
such as is ihe common property of all physii/logisis. Therch>re, hie book is free from 
lho^c personal ••hobbies" whicu mar so many of our text-books on this suiyect. 

Fro?n Prof. George F. Barker, M. D., Professor of Phy.<tiological Chemistry in Yale College^ 
and author of Barker s Elenxeids oj Chtmistnj. (In -College Courant.'") 
Of course, from the well known reputation of Dr. Hutchison as a medical man, we 
expected that his work would be accurate, well written, and fully up to the times. In 
this we are not disappointed. In an easy, familiar ^lyle, the author describes ilie orgaiis 
of the body, their proper functions, and the means to be employed in preserving their 
healthy action; consideriuij in this, their anatomy, phy>iology, and hygiene in an iu- 
Ibrmal way, wuich is so attractive to tlie student, and at ilie same time is instructive 
to the general reader. Of course, the anatomy and physiology will be at once conceded 
sound, but in tliese days when every smaiierer in these thin.;s pushes into notice his 
crude theories of hygiene, each difl'ereut from the other; when treatises on heath, 
and health journals, olien wholiy unreliable and sensational, load our book-shelves, and 
are eagerly M)ught by a penph; ardently hoping to tind in tliem the elixir of l.fe, we im- 
agine Dr. II. 's judicious and excellent hygienic views will be criticized. If Dr. U.'s 
book could be read and followed l)y tliese people, they might not tind the elixir of lile, 
it is true, but it is quite certain they would 8>.cure to lnem:^elveb a longer lile in which 
to look for it. 

The volume is printed in the very best manner, on elegant paper, and lar^c type, and 
is attractively bound, lletail price, $l.Gl). A copy will be sent to Teachers for exauiiua- 
tiou on receipt ol half-pricv. Very liberal terms for first introduction. 

PubUshcii by CLARK & MAYNAKD, 6 Barclay Street, New Vork. 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 



PRACTICAL BOOKS BY A rKACTICAL TEACHER. 



A Grammar-School History of the United States. 

Uy John J. Anderson, A.jM., late Principal of Grammar School No. 
31, New York City; Author of a Manual of General llistor}-, A Picto- 
rial School History of the United Stales, etc, etc. Illustrated with 
more than 40 Maps. IGmo. 258 pages. 

Characteristic Features.— 1. The narraMve is written -with great clearness and 
concit=cnePs, and i:* brought down to the present time. 2. Unimportant matters are en- 
tirely omitted, or only incidentally alluded to. 3. The history and the geo<:raphy are 
tanght to<jethor. 4. The book is fully supplied with iMaps, and the locatit>n of every 
place mentioned is accurately !-hown. 5. All the i)roper names are accurately pronounced 
in connection with the names as they occur. 0. The plan affords frequent and systematic 
reviews by topics. 7. Two entirely difl'ercnt sets of questions run throu<;h the book. 
8. It contains the Constitulicn of the United States, with full explanations and class- 
exercises. 9. It contains Wasiiin^ton's Farewell Address. 10. It contains, at the close 
of the book, a complete resiivie of the whole history, arran^^ed for topical study and 
recitation. 11. It contains but "260 pa'jcs. \l. It is sold at a moderate price. 

The piibli.<hers believe that teachers who are tired of the cutnben^ome hUtorus of cur 
country now largely in vse, and desire a book with which they can produce satisfacloi^y 
results, will fnd that this work will exactly meet their wants. 



DErARTMENT OF PURLIC INSTRUCTION, 

Sii))erinteii,dent'>s Office. City of Xeio York. 

"I have carefully examined Anderson's Histories, adopted by the Hoard of Education, 
and used in the I'ublic Schools of this city, and chi-erfiilly commend them to the favorable 
reirani of teachers and School otticers. as well adapieil lo the purposes of instruction in 
this branch of study, »ud as excellent and comprehensive compendiums of the leadiu;^ 
events of history." S. S. KANDALL. i<upt of Schools. 

"Anderson's Histories have been in nse in the Grammar Schools of this ciry from the 
date (»f iheir publication, and. as far as I know, have liiveii the lijfrhesi de:,'ree of satisfac- 
tion. They are wriitcii in a clear, concise style, aie unusiia ly accurate, ard abound in 
trxercises nhich only a jjractical teacher could have con>ln]cte(l. and which make them 
invaluable 6Ya.>6' J/a"/t«a/o>\ They can scarcelv fail to i>n)ve accepialde wherever practi- 
cally tried." ilE.NKV KIDDLE, .4.v/^ Supt of Schools. 

From Fifty-seven PHncipals of Grammar Schools in the City of New York. 
'•We are using Ander«^oirs Histories in our schools witli comjjleie success. For clap.a- 
room instruction I hey are, we believe, superior lo any other works on ihe subject with 
which we are acquainted." 

Department op IVblic Instruction. 

SuperiiiteiidenVs OJii, •€, Urooktyn. 
"This is to certify that I am well acquainted with Aiulerson's llistoiies. they having 
been in the Public Schools of this city during the last tliree years. After having seen a 
variety of woikson the subject tried here. I am coiilident that Andeijso.v's are decidedly 
the best for class-room insiniction. They rive the teacher just the aid he needs to 
produce satisfactory results, and 1 therefore give them my unqiialilied reconimeiidalion." 

J. \V. LJULKLEY. Sup' t of Schools. 
" Mr. Anderson has. I think, found the golden mean in nearly every feature that should 
characterize a judicious school history." 

JAMES CIJUIKSHAXK, AssH Sup' t of Schools. 

From the PnU'CipaU of the Grammar Schools in ihe Vity of Brooklyn. 

"It gives us pleasure, after usii>g Anflerson's Mtsiorics in our schools during the last 

two years, to say tiiat we like them. The plan of instruction, combining the geography 

w'.ih the chronology of the narrative, is one which u'lves the books a decided superiority 

ovsr ihu works of other authors on the subject. They liave our hearty commeiulaiion." 



PuBLisuED RY CLARK k MAYNAPtD, New York. 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 



Andeison's Manual of General History. 

Beini? au Oulline History of llie Work! from the Creation to the Pres- 
ent Time. Fully ilkistraled with Maps. By John J. Axdehson, A.iM., 
Late Principal of Grammar School No. 31, New York City — Aulhorof a 
Grammar School History of Ike United Stales, and of a Pictorial School 
History of the United Stales. 1 vol. 12mo. 420 jiages. 
CuAUACTERiPTic Featckes.— 1. The latest authorities have been consulted; and the 
1 arrative, which is written with cleamese and concij^eness, is bronght down to the prcB- 
cnt time. 2. Unimportant matters are entirely omiited, or only incidentally alluded to. 

3. The book is euppliud with twenty-three maps, several of which are ele<,'anlly colored ; 
and on these the location of every important i)lace mentioned is accurately ^howu. and 
the successive revolutions in the diflerent nations of Europe and Asia clearly delineated. 

4. The pronunciation of all the proper names is accurately ^'iven in connection with tlie 
names as they occur; and a pronouucinj,' index is added, by which the whole eubji-ct may 
be reviewed l)y topics. 5. The plan affords frequent and systematic reviews, both ac- 
cording to the chronoiogj- and by topics. 

College or the City ok New Yor.K, Neio York, March 21. 18fi9. 

"From such examination as I have been al)Ie to irive tlie Manual of Gem-nil History, 
by John J. Anderson. A..M.. I have formed the foliowiiiLr opinion as to its merits, lis i)lan 
is comprehensive and judicious. The dt;tails are can.;fu I ly chosen, and i)resente<l with 
clearness and accuracy. !Sui)erHuou8 and tedit)U6 matti-r ie excluded; yet iiolhint,' of 
importance and wiihin the jrrasp of yomii,' jjupils is ijassoti over in silence. At the same 
time, i would not hesitate to make trial of it as a syllabus or frami-work for the more 
amjde and minute inquiries of a collej^e course. As a collection of lacts to be coiumiitid 
to memory by students, whether of the liiirher grade or the lowt-r. it a])pL'ar> to me 
to be superior to any other school-book on thesuliject. It is particularly worthy of praise 
for its comini,' ri<;ht down to the present time; and it is alto;:ether the work ol a hiij^hly 
iutelli"ent teacher for in tellisrent scholars. To both tliesi- classes of jji-rsous 1 heartily 
reconmieud it. '•fllAKLES E. ANTIION, 

"•*■ Professor nf H'lstory, etc., UolUge City of New YorkV 
From Trof. Thomas n. Burrowes, President Aoricultural College, Penn., in the Penn- 
sylvania Schawl Journal. 

"In a veiy small compass this book (Anderson's Manual of General History) >^ves the 
whole History of the world, from the Creation to the end of President .loiinson's lenn of 
office in this country: and {rives it. too. in as pleasant and attractive style as probably is 
possible in a narrative which admits of nothin*,' more than the briefest mention of the 
thousands of event? to be recorded. We like especially the maps illustratinu the chief 
historical periods— such as those of the Persian Emjiire, ancient Greeee. the Homan IJu- 
pire, that of Ciiarlemaune and the contemporary monarchs, etc. These are very instruc- 
tive. We can endorse this as a j,'00d compend of j,'eneral history." 
Frcnn Prof. Wm. Preston Johnson. Prof, of Hiatory and English Literature, Washington 
College, Lenngton. Va. 

"It is very hard to make a good elementary history, but the author appears to know 
how to teach and what to teach. His combination of geography with historical teaching 
is necessary, and he seems to give proper weight, but not ..ndue place to chronology." 
From R. M. Lusher, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, La., and Agent for the 
Peabody Educational Fund. 

"This Manual is one of the bi!St compilations I have ever seen, and it certainly must 
effect a reform in the teaching of hisiory in high schools and academies. The maps and 
chronological recapitulations in the body of the work are an invaluable feature." 
From Prof. Thomas Emerson, Pnncipal IFigh-School, Wobui'n, Mass. 

"Your Manual of General History has already been introduced into our High-School, 
and subjected to the only real test of the merits of a book — daily use in the class-room. 
It is the best compend of genirral history I have yet seen. In the general division of the 
subject in the choice, and arrangement of the details, in the clearness and simplicity of 
the language, in the omission of the endless and uninterestinjjr minuiiie with which many 
kcxt-books on this subject are cumbered, you have been highly successful. Unlike most 
compeiids of history, the narrative is wtdl connected ana pleasing, thereby attracting 
rather than repelling the student. Nor are the maps among the least valuable features of 
the book. You have fully recognized the principle that the study of History and Geog- 
raphy should go hand in hand It is extremely gratifying to find a bo«)k that 

furnishes the pupil with the leading facts of history in so attractive a manner, and leaves 
to the veacher so large an opportunity for oral instruction." 

Published by Clark & Maynard, 5 Barclay St., New York. 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HItiTORIES. 



A School History of England. 

Illustrated with Maps. By Joiix J. Axdetisox, A.M., Author of a 

Grammar School History of the'United States, a Pictorial School History of 

the United States, a Manual of General History, etc., etc. liJmo. 302 pa^jcs. 

Trice $1.60. 

1.— One of the aims of the author is to give not only the political and niihtary Lletory 

of the country, but ali^io to show its progret<8 from time to time in civilization. 2.— The 

pronunciation of proper names is given in connection with the rames as they occur. 

3.— In addition to the maps with the text, the work contains six finely engraved and 

beaatirully colored historical maps, showing the geographical changes in the country at 

di'f'Jient periods in its history. 4.— An Appendix contains an expor^ition of the leading 

fef.tnres of the English Constitution, and a geographical and historical account of the 

B/itish Possessions. 5.— The work is fully supplied with Chronological and Gent-alogical 

Tables, Biographical Notes, Subjects topically arranged by means of Review Qm-Btions 

and a Pronouncing Index. 6.— The volume embraces only 300 pages, and may therefoie 

be easily completed in one or two school terms. 

From The Christian Union (Eev, Henry Ward CEEcnEU, Editor). 

With an accurate perception of the essential events of history, and a power of con 
cise statement that amounts to a gift, Mr. Anderson, without making his history colo: 
less, has made it briel ; and without either i)resupposing historical knowletlj^c on the 
part of young persons, or overwhelming them with the customary details that are cer- 
tain to be forgotten, he has succeeded in drawing the course of events in broad, larire 
outlines that we should think likely to endure in the pupil's memory. So admirable, 
indeed, is the book in this respect, that it would prove of no sma 1 service to siudents 
of greater maturity than those for wlioni it is designed, either in settling the relative 
b>ii» ring and proportion of what they have read disconnectedly, or as a framework ui)on 
wliich to rear the fuller narratives of sjjecial histories. In the detailed execution of his 
'vork, also, Mr. Anderson has embodied many features of great utility— chronological 
and genealogical tables, maps showing the political divisions of Great Briiain at difter- 
e'.t periods since the Rom m Invasion, marginal dates calculated to keep i he sequence 
of events before the pupil's mind, in a word, all those appliances to wliose neglect is 
largely due the usual unproductiveness of historical study at school. We have rarely 
seen a text-book that seemed to fullill its purpose more eliicienlly than this. 
From The Liberal Christian. 

We think this the best school history we have seen. In less than three hundred 
pages we have a clear, inteliiLrible account, extending from the earliest i)eriod of which 
anything is really known of the history of Great Britain down to the present time. The 
student using this book will necessarily become well acquainted with the geography of 
the country, as there is a system of Progressive Maps, showing the divisions of the cotm- 
try at dillereiit periods of its hi>tory. * * * * There are many things told in an in- 
cidental way of the biography of the most distinguished men of the country, which will 
very much tend to excite a wish for additional reading and knowledge. A i»retty 
thorough examination of the work leads us to the opinion that its excellence leaves 
little to be desired in a school history. If we could have had such a book at the right 
time, in our school days, it would have saved us a great deal of valuable time. 
F)0?n Prof. Eben S. Stearns, Pnncipal of the Robinson Female Seminary, Exeter, N. U. 

Prof. Anderson's History of England seems to me, as the result of a close examina- 
tion, eminently adapted to the school-room. Conscious, apparently, that a compend of 
history must, from the nature of the case, exchule much ol narrative and interesting 
detail, the author has, with remarkable skill and judgment, seized upon the most salient 
points and presented them in such appropriate and forcible language, and so happily, 
vliat the student is beguiled through the driest abstractions. In tiiis concise, yet vivid, 
manner, all that is essential to a general knowledge of English history is ottered for study 
within limits which can be readily comi)assed by the circumstances of most schools and 
seminaries. The well drawn maps connecting geography with history, the carefully 
arranged chronological tables with which the work abounds, and the pronunciation of 
proper names constitute also distinctive and most valuable features. The introduction 
of dates, of course not to be dispensed with, has been so arranged as not to interfere 
with the narrative, or to unncessarily burden the student's memory. Certainly, no other 
work of the kind, which I have ever examined, has impressed me so favoral ly as this; 
and I shall be much disappointed if it does not so commend itself to teacners as to 
speedily obtain the very highest place among text-books. 

Published by OLAEK & MAYNARD, Ne w York. 



J 



Bloss's Ancient History. 

Illustrated by colored Maps, and a Chronological Chart. For the use 
of Schools and Families. Revised and improved by John J. Anderson, 
A. M., Author of a Scries of School Histories. 1 vol. 12mo. 450 pages. 

This work is a condensed history of the world as known to the Ancients 
of Europe anc Asia. The narrative begins with the Creation, and, con- 
tinuing through the histories of Assyria, Egypt, and Rome, ends with the 
dowrfall of the Roman Empire. The style is exceedingly graceful and 
h^>{>f, combined with great brevity and clearness of statement. The 
study of Ancient Ilistoiy, which is usually so dry and uninteresting to the 
pupil, is, by the use of this work, made attractive and agreeable. The 
work contains large colored IMaps and a Chronological Chart, and in 
addition to questions at the bottom of the pages, has a different set of 
questions at the end of the Sections, for topical review. It has also a full 
pronouncing index. 



From Miss Mart E. Thalheimer, Teacher of Ilistory in the Packer Collegiate 

Institute. 
Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, March 8th, 1869. 

"Bloss's Ancient History, as edited by Mr. Anderson, is used now for the second j-ear 
in three Departments of tlie Packer Institnte. ***** For my own part, I have 
only to express a very high appreciation of the work, for the clear and attractive stylo of 
che narrative, and the irreat interest it has awakened in my classes. I know of no other 
School Ilistory which is at once so condensed and so entertaining, which, includin!? so 
many nations and such various periods of time, manages to maintain so much of the 
charm o[ J\i\ easy flowing narrative with tVie accuracy of a general outline."' 

F7'07n Dr. T. S. Pinneo, Author of a /ferief of EnglisJi Grammars, Guide to Composi- 
tion., <£"C., <S:c. 
"I have used Bloss's Ancient Ilistory in my classes with decided success. In style, 
in selection and arrangement of matter, in the union of comprehensiveness with brevity, 
and in it** power of securing attention and interest, I know of no work that surpasses 
it. I can cordially recommend it as a model class-book." 

Fro7n Prof. A. :MARKnAM, Principal Milwaukie Academy, Milwaukie, ^yis. 
" I have examined Bloss's Ancient Ilistory with very great pleasure and satisfaction. 
The Maps and Chronological Chart are excellent, and contribute largely to the value and 
completeness of the work. The interesting style in which the book is written cannot 
fail to render it an attractive text-book fur the student. It is just such a text-book as 
we have long needed.'" 

From Hon. A. E. Rankin, Secretary of the Vermont Board of Education. 
" Anderson's Bloss's Ancient Ilistory comprises in scarcely more than 400 pages an in- 
telligible outline of Ancient Ilistory. from the Creation of man to the Fall of the Roman 
Empire. It is the best text-book in this department that has come under my notice. 
The style is char, concise, and attractive. The work exhibits the same care in systematic 
arran< emcnt and judicious collocation of related facts, which have commended his series 
of Uni'ed States Histories to the intelligent teacher. It is easy to sec that Mr. Ander- 
son has spent many years as a practical teacher." 



Puhlished hy CLARK & ^lAYNAim, 

D barclay btreet, New York. 



A NEW WORK FOR SCHOOLS. 



A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene : 

For Educational Institutions and Families 

By Dr. Joseph C. Hutchison, President of ilie New York Pathologicctl 
Society; Vice-President of the New York Acddemy of Medicine ; Surgeon 
to the Brooklyn City Hospital ; and late President of Oie Medical Society 
of the State of New York. 

HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED. 

The demand for a book on these subjects, adapted to the wants of High- 
Schools, Academies, Seminaries, and Colle^ s, is general ; and the pub- 
lishers believe this work, written by one who is a master of the subjects, 
will fully meet such demand. 

1. THE PLAN OF THE WORK is to present the leading facts and principles of human 

Physiolo^'y and Hygiene in language so clear and concise as to be readily compre- 
hended by pupils in schools and colleges, as well as by general readers not familiar 
with the i^ybject. 

2. THE ARRANGEMENT for the use of the book in the class-room, it is believed, will be 

found satislactory. It is properly divided into paragraphs, with one set of questions 
at the bottom of the page, and another for topical reviews, at the end of the chapters. 

3. THE ENGRAVINGS are numerous, of great artistic merit, and are far superior to 

tho!?e in any other woik of the kind, among them being two elegant colored plates 
—one showing the Viscera in Position, the other, the Circulation of the Blood. 

4. THE SIZE of the work will commend itself to teachers. It contains less than 300 

pages, and can therefore be easily completed in one or two school tenns. 

The publishers are confident that teachers will find this work full of 
valuable matter, much of which cannot be found elsewhere in a class 
manual, and so presented and arranged that the book can be used both 
with pleasure and success in the school-room. 

WHAT IS SAID OF IT. 

From Prof. Austin Flint, Jr., Professor of Physiology in Bellevue ITospiial Medical College, 
New Yoik City, anil author of -^ Physiology of Man,"" etc., etc. 
It seems sound, compact, and just the thing for schools, and I sincerely hope that 
it m;iy be aj)i)reciiited for what it is worth, for we are certainly in need of books of 
this kind. 1 congratulate you on its excellence in matter, manner, and appearance. 

From Prof. D. G. Eaton, Professor ofNattirql Science, Packer Col. Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

After a somewhat careful examination of Dr. Hutchison's Physiology, I am satisfiidit 

is better a^ apied to the use of schools than any other text-book on that subject wiih which 

1 am acquainted. I trust it will find a ready sale, and be introduced into all our schools. 

From Prof. James P. White, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics, Buffalo Medical College, N. Y. 

It is, in my opinion, incomparably superior to any of its predecessors. 
From the Eon. Henry Kiddle, Sviierintendent of Schools, Neio York City. 

Dr. Hutchison's recently published "Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene," seems to 
me to be a most excellent work. The matter is well selected and arranged, and the 
topics treated in a Incid and interesting manner. Its copious and beautiful illustrations, 
and its various lists of " Quest ious for Topical Review," make it not only an attractive 
but very convenient class manual. 

From Prof. Samuel G. Armm, M. D., Professor in Long Island College Hospital, late 
Professor in Michigan University. 
I have carefully examined Hutchison's Physiology and Hygiene, and take great 
pleasure in stating that I regard it as a most excellent summaiy of the essential and 
wed ascertained (acts of physiological sciences. The text is remarkably concise and 
free Irom technicalities, and yei with a clearness of statement and an attractive sim- 
])licity and liiUness ol illustration which renders the work admirably adapted to purposes 
of in^trllction. Many of the popular works on physiology now in use in schools, acade- 
mies, and colleges do nt)t reHect the present state of the science, and some ol them 
abound in absolute errors in statement of facts. The work which Dr. Hutchison has 
given to the public is free from these objectionable features, and as such I give it my 
hearty commendation. 



